| 词条 | Northwest Forest Plan |
| 释义 |
HistoryThe Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) is a series of federal policies and guidelines governing land use on federal lands in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It covers 10 million hectares within Western Oregon and Washington as well as a small part of Northern California.[1] The NWFP was adopted in 1994 by the Clinton administration as the outcome of a series of studies and hearings that began in 1993;[2] in response to over-harvesting of old growth forests, threatening northern spotted owl populations. During the development of the NWFP, President Bill Clinton directed 10 federal agencies responsible for forest management, fisheries, wildlife, tribal relations, and national parks to work together with scientists on a region wide forest plan that would be "scientifically sound, ecologically credible, and legally responsible." [3] A multi-disciplinary team of scientists known as the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team was assigned the task of identifying management alternatives that would meet the requirements of applicable laws and regulations, including the Endangered Species Act, the National Forest Management Act, the Federal Land Policy Management Act, the Clean Water Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act.[4] GoalsThe plan provided for five major goals:
The NWFP was originally drafted with the intent of protecting critical habitat for the northern spotted owl, though the plan came to include much broader habitat protection goals. The plan is still in effect today and is intended to last for 100 years. Declining northern spotted owl populations led to the plans implementation. The owl's main source of habitat is old growth forests which have become scarce the last few decades. Not only has over-harvesting of old growth forests led to declining northern spotted owl populations, but also competition from the barred owl. An invasive species originally native to the Eastern region of North America. A small percentage of old growth forests still remain in parts of Washington and Oregon state. The plan has shifted emphasis from logging for economic gain to conservation and preservation of aquatic reserves including endangered fish stocks.[5] ManagementThe federal lands falling under the purview of the NWFP are predominantly National Forests, but Bureau of Land Management lands, National Parks, National Wildlife Refuges, and military bases are also covered by the Plan. In addition, the US forest service holds a lot of the authority and management decision making processes within the plan area. The NWFP is highly controversial in that it called for strongly decreased timber yields within National Forests,[6] Even though the Northwest Forest Plan is implemented to conserve late succession, it is also important that there is a process in the beginning to protect in the early succession of younger trees.[7] See also
References1. ^DellaSala D, Baker R, Heiken D, Frissell C, et al. 2015. Building on Two Decades of Ecosystem Management and Biodiversity Conservation under the Northwest Forest Plan, USA. Forests. Vol 6. 3326-3352 2. ^1 "Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) Overview", Regional Ecosystem Office, November 28, 2006. (Accessed 2007-02-07.) 3. ^3.DellaSala D, Baker R, Heiken D, Frissell C, et al. 2015. Building on Two Decades of Ecosystem Management and Biodiversity Conservation under the Northwest Forest Plan, USA. Forests. Vol 6. 3326-3352 4. ^3. DellaSala D, Baker R, Heiken D, Frissell C, et al. 2015. Building on Two Decades of Ecosystem Management and Biodiversity Conservation under the Northwest Forest Plan, USA. Forests. Vol 6. 3326-3352 5. ^(Franklin, 2014) Franklin J, Johnson N. 2014. Lessons in policy implementation from experiences with the Northwest Forest Plan, USA. Biodiversity and Conservation. Vol 23. 3607-3613 6. ^{{citation|publisher=ERTHFX|via=KUOW-FM (Seattle)|location=|title=Looking Back: The Northwest Forest Plan's New Conservation Paradigm|date=April 6, 2015|url=http://kuow.org/post/looking-back-northwest-forest-plans-new-conservation-paradigm}} 7. ^{{cite journal | title=The Northwest Forest Plan: Origins, Components, Implementation Experience and Suggestions for change | journal=Conservation Biology | year=2006 | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=277–87 | doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00385.x | pmid=16903089 | last1=Thomas | first1=Jack Ward | last2=Franklin | first2=Jerry F | last3=Gordon | first3=John | last4=Johnson | first4=K Norman}} External links
9 : Forestry in the United States|United States federal public land legislation|Protected areas of the United States|United States Forest Service|United States Department of the Interior|Pacific Northwest|History of California|History of Washington (state)|Land use in Oregon |
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