| 词条 | Norton Mound Group | ||||||||
| 释义 |
| nrhp_type = nhl | image = Norton Indian Mounds.jpg | caption = | nearest_city= Grand Rapids, Michigan | coordinates = {{coord|42|56|11.69|N|85|43|19.13|W|display=inline,title}} | locmapin = Michigan#USA | area = | architect= | architecture= | designated_nrhp_type= December 21, 1965[1] | added = October 15, 1966[2] | governing_body = Local | refnum=66000396 }} Norton Mound Group, (also known as Norton Mound Site (20KT1) and Hopewell Indian Mounds Park), is a prehistoric Goodall Focus mounds site near Grand Rapids, Michigan. SignificanceAccording to the National Park Service's Statement of Significance: "These are the most important and best-preserved Hopewell mounds in the western Great Lakes region. HistoryThe Norton Mound Group was the center of Hopewellian culture in that area, from ca. 400 B.C. to A.D. 400. These mounds were probably constructed in the first century AD.[3] The name "Norton Mounds" comes from Captain A.N. Norton, who owned this property in the 1800s. The mounds were first excavated in 1874 by W. L. Coffinbury. This excavation revealed numerous burials rich in grave offerings. Further excavations were undertaken by H. E. Sargent in 1915. In 1936, Mrs. W. B. Stiles deeded the land that many of the mounds were located on to the city of Grand Rapids, and the area became a city park.[3] The site was listed on the Michigan Register of Historic Sites in 1957,[4] and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.[1][5] Later excavations in 1963-1964 by James B. Griffin provided information on mound construction methods.[3] According to the National Park Service, "Severe erosion, flooding, and nearby development threaten the Mound Group."[1] "The Public Museum of Grand Rapids has been awarded funding to complete a Cultural Landscape Management Plan that will assess the site's condition. Public awareness of the NHL has increased due to ongoing development of the Millennium Park."[1] That plan was completed in February 2007. DescriptionThe site of the mounds is located between Indian Mounds Drive and Interstate 196 about two miles south of Grand Rapids and near the Grand River.[3][1] The Norton Mounds site covers approximately 55 acres and is currently closed to the public.[4] The Norton Mounds were once part of a more extensive grouping of mounds that included the Converse Mounds (20KT2), a grouping of nearly thirty mounds near what is today downtown Grand Rapids. The Converse Mounds were razed in the nineteenth century as Grand Rapids expanded, and no trace remains of them today.[6] As of Coffinbury's initial exploration in 1874, there were 17 mounds in the group.[7] In 1936, these 17 mounds were labelled A through Q. The three largest mounds are located near the river, with the other mounds arranged in a curved line behind them. By 1963, only eleven of the 17 were substantially untouched, and four had been completely obliterated.[3][8] The remaining mounds range from 30 feet in diameter and 1.5 feet in height to 100 feet in diameter and 15 feet in height.[8] The mounds are built of a series of layers, starting with a layer of black dirt, then a layer of "ash" (probably the remains of leafy branches), then a mound fill cap, and finally a layer of natural sod. Below these layers are burial pits; these are primarily below ground level, although in the largest mound (mound M), the burial chambers are above the level of the surrounding grade. The burial pits are shallow and rectangular in shape.[3] Burial pits contained human remains, and nearby burial goods. The burial goods included jars, cups, dishes, spoons, arrowheads, pipes, tools, beads, pearls, and shell items.[3] {{clear}}References{{commons category|Norton Mound Group}}1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url = http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=274&ResourceType=Site |title = Norton Mound Group |accessdate = May 3, 2008 |work = National Historic Landmark summary listing |publisher = National Park Service |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030923013628/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=274&ResourceType=Site |archivedate = September 23, 2003 |df = mdy-all }} 2. ^{{NRISref|2007a|dateform=mdy}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal |title = Excavating the Hopewell Burial Mounds at Grand Rapids |first = Robert |last = Smith |journal = Research News |volume = 16 |number = 8 |date = February 1966 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N9FVAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false }} 4. ^1 {{cite web |title = Museum Sites |publisher = Grand Rapids Museum |url = http://www.grpm.org/about/ }} 5. ^Note: A National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination document should be available upon request from the National Park Service for this site, but it appears not to be available on-line from the NPS Focus search site. 6. ^{{cite book |title = The Michigan Roadside Naturalist |first1 = J. Alan |last1 = Holman |first2 = Margaret B. |last2= Holman |publisher = University of Michigan Press |year = 2009 | ISBN = 9780472024599 |pages = 98-99 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=l8tsCuZN87cC&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q&f=false }} 7. ^{{cite journal |title = Notes Upon Some Explorations of Ancient Mounds in the Vicinity of Grand Rapids, Kent County, Michigan |first1 = Wright L. |last1 = Coffinberry |first2 = E. A. |last2 = Strong |date = 1876 |journal = Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume = 24 |pages = 293-297 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W8vBiSLkPKMC&pg=PA293#v=onepage&q&f=false }} 8. ^1 {{cite web |title = Norton Mound Group |publisher = State of Michigan |url = http://www.michigan.gov/som/0,4669,7-192-29938_68915-54607--,00.html }} Further reading{{refbegin}}
External links
6 : Goodall Focus|National Historic Landmarks in Michigan|Geography of Kent County, Michigan|Mounds in the United States|National Register of Historic Places in Kent County, Michigan|Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan |
||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。