| 词条 | Notiomastodon |
| 释义 |
| name = Notiomastodon | fossil_range = Middle Pleistocene-Early Holocene (possible Early Pleistocene record) ~{{Fossil range|1.2|0.006|earliest=2.5}} | image = Notiomastodon.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Restoration | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Mammalia | ordo = Proboscidea | familia = †Gomphotheriidae | genus = †Notiomastodon | genus_authority = Cabrera, 1929 | species =N. platensis | binomial =Notiomastodon platensis | binomial_authority = (Ameghino, 1888 [originally Mastodon]) | synonyms =
}} Notiomastodon is an extinct proboscidean genus of gomphotheres (a distant relative to modern elephants) endemic to South America from the Pleistocene to the Holocene[1] living for about 1.8 million years. TaxonomyProboscideans in South America were first described by Georges Cuvier in 1806,[2] but he failed to give them specific names beyond "Mastodon". Fischer in 1814 assigned the “mastodonte des cordillères” specimen the first specific name "Mastotherium hyodon".[3]{{rp|340}} In 1824, Cuvier classified the fossils of "Mastodon andium" as the "mastodonte des cordillères" specimen, and "Mastodon humboldtii" to the "mastodonte humboldien".[4] Due to the Principle of Priority, this meant that "Mastodon andium" was invalid, as "Mastotherium hyodon" was named first from the same specimen. Today, neither tooth is considered diagnostic to any specific taxon.[5] Notiomastodon,{{refn|group="nb"|From the {{lang-grc|νότιος}} ({{transl|grc|nótios}}, "southern")[5]}} "southern mastodon" was named by Cabrera (1929). It was assigned to the Gomphotheriidae by Carroll (1988). For centuries, the taxonomy of gompotheres, including Notiomastodon had been subject to debate, with many generic and specific names for similar South American gompotheres. The genus is currently under dispute, whether it should belong to Notiomastodon or Stegomastodon[5][8][6] as regardless of genus, the species is considered synonymous with Haplomastodon by most authors, as the specimens were not considered morphologically distinct from this species.[7][8][9] This article treats Notiomastodon separately because in phylogenetic analyses, Notiomastodon/Stegomastodon platensis specimens are not sister taxa, which would make the genus polyphyletic.[5][14][10] However, some authors think this is inconclusive, as they think the North American Stegomastodon material is too scarce and fragmentary to make a definitive statement.[11] EvolutionNotiomastodon belongs to the family Gomphotheriidae, a group of animals distantly related to modern elephants and mammoths. Notiomastodon seems to have had a 4-million-year-long ghost lineage, diverging from the clade that contains Rhynchotherium and Cuvieronius around the Late Miocene. This would imply that Notiomastodon had been evolving in southern Central America, where the fossils are poorly sampled, prior to its migration into South America during the Pliocene or Pleistocene.[5]PhylogenyThe phylogenetic position among trilophodont gomphotheres according to Mothé et al., 2016 is:[12] {{clade|label1={{extinct}}Gomphotheriidae (Gomphotheres) |1={{clade |1={{extinct}}Gomphotherium |label2= |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Gnathabelodon |label2= |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Eubelodon |label2= Brevirostrine clade |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Stegomastodon |label2= |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Sinomastodon |label2= |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Notiomastodon |label2= |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Rhynchotherium |2={{extinct}}Cuvieronius }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} DescriptionN. platensis is known from MECN 82, a 35-year-old male that would be around {{convert|2.52|m|abbr=on}} tall, with an estimated weight of {{convert|4.4|t|LT ST}}.[13] It had two tusks (one on either side of its trunk), like other members of the Gomphotheriidae. Unlike close relative Cuvieronius, its tusks were not twisted, but their length and shape are observed as greatly variable depending on the individual.[5]Paleobiogeography{{main|List of gomphothere fossils in South America}}Notiomastodon has been described as the 'lowland gomphothere'.[7] The genus tended to inhabit seasonally dry, open forests, with a range lining most of the South American coastline and lowland interior, bar the Guiana Shield, with particularly large concentrations along the coast of Peru and in northeastern Brazil.[14] In contrast, the other representative of South American gomphotheres, Cuvieronius, inhabited the mountainous Andes region from Ecuador to southern Peru and Bolivia, as well as lowland areas in north-east Peru.[15]The diet composition of Notiomastodon varied widely depending on location, but probably primarily consisted of a mix of C3 shrubs and C4 grasses, whilst also serving as a primary disperser of the seeds for a variety of different plant species.[16] BehaviourNotiomastodon probably had a similar population structure and behaviour to extant elephants.[17]Notes1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Shoshani|first1=Jeheskel|last2=Tassy|first2=Pascal|title=Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior|journal=Quaternary International|volume=126–128|year=2005|pages=5–20|issn=1040-6182|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2004011}} 2. ^{{cite journal|last=Cuvier|first=Georges|title=Sur différentes dents du genre des mastodontes, mais d'espèces moindres que celle de l'Ohio, trouvées en plusieurs lieux des deux continents|journal=Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle|volume=7|pages=401–420|year=1806}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Fischer|first=Gotthelf|author-link=Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim|title=Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrata in Usum Praelectionem Academiae Imperialis Medico-Chirurgicae Mosquensis Edita: Vol 3. Classium, ordinum, generum illustratione perpetua aucta|trans-title=Illustrated Zoognosia in Synoptic Tables, Produced from Lectures in the Imperial Medico-Surgical Academy of Moscow by the Author, Gotthelf Fischer: Vol. 3, Classes, Orders, Genera, Enlarged Throughout with Illustration|edition=1|volume=3|publisher=Nikolai Sergeyevich Vsevolozhsky|location=Moscow|language=la|date=1813|url=https://archive.org/details/zoognosiatabulis31814fisc}} 4. ^{{cite journal|first=Georges|last=Cuvier|title=Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, ou l'on rétablit les caractères de plusieurs animaux dont les révolutions du globe ont détruit les espèces|date=1824|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002004474|publisher=Chez G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne}} 5. ^{{LSJ|no/tios|νότιος|ref}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last=Mothé|first=Dimila|last2=Avilla|first2=Leonardo|title=Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea)|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|date= 15 February 2015|volume=110|pages=23–25|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.013}} 7. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Lucas|first=Spencer G.|last2=Yuan|first2=Wang|last3=Min|first3=Liu|date=2013-01-01|title=The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095383615301292|journal=Journal of Palaeogeography|volume=2|issue=1|pages=19–40|doi=10.3724/SP.J.1261.2013.00015|doi-broken-date=2019-03-16}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Mothé|first1=Dimila|last2=Avilla|first2=Leonardo S.|last3=Cozzuol|first3=Mario A.|title=The South American Gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography|journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution|year=2012|issn=1064-7554|doi=10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3|volume=20|pages=23–32}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last=Mothé|first=Dimila|last2=Avilla|first2=Leonardo S.|last3=Cozzuol|first3=Mário|last4=Winck|first4=Gisele R.|title=Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands|journal=Quaternary International|volume=276–277|pages=2–7|date= 25 October 2012|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018|bibcode=2012QuInt.276....2M}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last=Ferretti|first=Marco P.|title=Anatomy of Haplomastodon chimborazi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the late Pleistocene of Ecuador and its bearing on the phylogeny and systematics of south American gomphotheres|journal=Geodiversitas|volume=32|issue=4|pages=663–721|date=2010|doi=10.5252/g2010n4a3}} 11. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Labarca|first=R.|last2=Alberdi|first2=M.T.|last3=Prado|first3=J.L.|last4=Mansilla|first4=P.|last5=Mourgues|first5=F.A.|title=Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, en el Pleistoceno tardío de Chile central/New evidences on the presence of Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, in the Late Pleistocene of Central Chile|journal=Estudios Geológicos|volume=72|date=18 April 2016|url=http://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/view/941/1075}} 12. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Mothé|first=Dimila|last2=Ferretti|first2=Marco P.|last3=Avilla|first3=Leonardo S.|title=The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha|journal=PLOS ONE|date=12 January 2016|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0147009|pmid=26756209|pmc=4710528|volume=11|issue=1|page=e0147009}} 13. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Larramendi | first1 = A. | year = 2016 | title = Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 61 | issue = | pages = | jstor = | doi = 10.4202/app.00136.2014 | url = https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app61/app001362014.pdf | format = | accessdate = }} 14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Dantas|first=Mário André Trindade|last2=Xavier|first2=Márcia Cristina Teles|last3=França|first3=Lucas de Melo|last4=Cozzuol|first4=Mario Alberto|last5=Ribeiro|first5=Adauto de Souza|last6=Figueiredo|first6=Ana Maria Graciano|last7=Kinoshita|first7=Angela|last8=Baffa|first8=Oswaldo|date=2013-12-13|title=A review of the time scale and potential geographic distribution of Notiomastodon platensis (Ameghino, 1888) in the late Pleistocene of South America|url=https://www.ipen.br/biblioteca/2013/19588.pdf|journal=Quaternary International|series=Quaternary in South America: recent research initiatives|volume=317|pages=73–79|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.031|bibcode=2013QuInt.317...73D}} 15. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal|last1=Mothé|first1=Dimila|last2=dos Santos Avilla|first2=Leonardo|last3=Asevedo|first3=Lidiane|last4=Borges-Silva|first4= Leon|last5= Rosas|first5= Mariane|last6=Labarca-Encina|first6=Rafael|last7=Souberlich|first7= Ricardo|last8= Soibelzon|first8=Esteban|last9= Roman-Carrion|first9=José Luis |last10= Ríos|first10=Sergio D.|last11=Rincon|first11= Ascanio D.|last12=Cardoso de Oliveira|first12=Gina|last13=Pereira Lopes|first13=Renato |title=Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)|journal=Quaternary International |volume=443|pages=52–64|date=30 September 2016|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028}} 16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Asevedo|first1=Lidiane|last2=Winck|first2=Gisele R.|last3=Mothé|first3=Dimila|last4=Avilla|first4=Leonardo S.|title=Ancient diet of the Pleistocene gomphothere Notiomastodon platensis (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) from lowland mid-latitudes of South America: Stereomicrowear and tooth calculus analyses combined|journal=Quaternary International|volume=255|year=2012|pages=42–52|issn=1040-6182|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08.037|bibcode=2012QuInt.255...42A}} 17. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Mothé|first1=Dimila|last2= Avilla|first2=Leonardo S.|last3=Winck|first3=Gisele R.|date=26 November 2010|title=Population structure of the gomphothere Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Brazil|journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências|volume=82|issue=4|pages=983–996|issn= 0001-3765|doi=10.1590/S0001-37652010005000001}} References{{Reflist|30em}}{{Proboscidea Genera}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q2002264}} 8 : Gomphotheres|Pliocene proboscideans|Pleistocene proboscideans|Pleistocene mammals of South America|Prehistoric mammal genera|Pleistocene first appearances|Holocene extinctions|Fossil taxa described in 1929 |
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