| 词条 | Novato Creek |
| 释义 |
| name = Novato Creek | name_native = {{lang-es|Cañada de Novato}}[1] | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = Novato Creek 5.jpg | image_caption = Novato Creek in summer 2016 | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = California | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of the mouth within California | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = United States | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = California | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = Marin County | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = Novato, Bel Marin Keys | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = Northeastern Marin County | source1_location = above Novato, California | source1_coordinates= {{coord|38|8|36|N|122|38|33|W|display=inline}}[2] | source1_elevation = {{convert|1100|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|38|5|43|N|122|29|18|W|display=inline,title}}[2] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = Bowman Canyon Creek | tributaries_right = Vineyard Creek, Arroyo Avichi, Arroyo San Jose | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} Novato Creek is a stream in eastern Marin County, California, United States. It originates in highlands between Red Hill and Mount Burdell above the city of Novato, California, and flows {{convert|17|mi|km}} before emptying into San Pablo Bay south of Petaluma Point. HistoryMiwok and Pomo people were the earliest residents of the watershed. Olompali, the site of a significant Miwok village, is located at the southern base of Mt. Burdell. In 1839 Mexican land grants established Rancho Novato. Grazing brought a host of invasive annual grassland plants that eventually dominated the deep-rooted native perennial grasses and altered runoff rates. By 1856 extensive apple orchards occupied the valley floor and many of the creeks had been channelized for irrigation. The tidal marshlands had also been diked and drained for agriculture (primarily oat-hay production) by the middle of the nineteenth century. In the 1880s the creek was dredged to make way for schooners bound for San Francisco. Novato, one of the four townships in existence when Marin County formed in 1850, was incorporated in 1960. Ground was broken for Hamilton Air Force Base in 1932 and dedicated in 1935 (the base was decommissioned in 1974, and designated as a historic district in 1988).[4] Land use changes have increased sediment supply and decreased sediment transport, causing the lower reaches of Novato Creek to become shallower. In addition, the construction of Stafford Dam (starting in 1952[3]) increased its drainage area by {{convert|5.2|sqmi|km2|0}}.[4] Watershed and courseThe Novato Creek watershed basin is {{convert|45|sqmi|km2}}. Novato Creek is joined (heading downstream) by six major tributaries along its {{convert|17|mi|km|adj=on}} length: Leveroni, Bowman Canyon, Warner, Vineyard Creek, Arroyo Avichi, Arroyo de San Jose, and Simmonds Slough.[5] Arroyo San Jose itself has two tributaries. It is joined on the left by Ignacio Creek and on the right by Pacheco Creek (at Pacheco Pond) just before entering Novato Creek. Novato Creek and its tributaries are often eroded, incised channels. It is one of the driest watersheds in Marin County. Novato Creek begins to the west of Mount Burdell and initially descends to the west. However, it soon turns south, then east to feed into Stafford Lake. It descends through the city of Novato. East of Novato it crosses under U.S. Route 101 and State Route 37 before flowing through Bel Marin Keys and entering the northwest corner of San Pablo Bay. Just before entering the Bay, Novato Creek flows along Bel Marin Keys, an affluent community on the creek and a series of adjacent lagoons, at an elevation of {{convert|10|ft|m}} above sea level. EcologySalmonids (steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)) are also found within the Novato Creek watershed. The Novato Creek watershed is known to support 10 extant fish species (6 native and 4 introduced). Native species include California roach, Sacramento pikeminnow, Sacramento sucker, steelhead, threespine stickleback, and Prickly sculpin. Introduced species include rainwater killifish, western mosquitofish, striped bass, and green sunfish.[5] Fawcett (2000 and 2006) also noted the presence of non-native bluegill, largemouth bass, brown bullhead, chameleon goby, and inland silverside. Historically, the watershed supported native tidewater goby; the last collection occurred in 1945.[6] Wetland-adapted species occur along Rush Creek and the lower Novato Creek wetlands. Noteworthy species include San Pablo song sparrow, California black rail, saltmarsh common yellowthroat, and California clapper rail. Western pond turtles and naturalized bullfrogs are known to occur in Novato Creek.[5] BridgesNovato Creek is spanned by many bridges, including:[7]
See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Gudde|first=Erwin G|title=California Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary|location=Berkeley, California|publisher=University of California Press|year=2010|page=264}} 2. ^1 {{gnis|229802|Novato Creek}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.novato.ca.us/prcs/museum.cfm|title=Novato History Museum|accessdate=2008-01-17 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071226171608/http://www.ci.novato.ca.us/prcs/museum.cfm |archivedate = 2007-12-26}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.krisweb.com/kris_ems/krisdb/html/emarins.htm#collins|title=Geomorphic Studies by Laurel Collins|accessdate=2008-01-17}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=Novato Creek Watershed |publisher=Marin County |url=http://www.marinwatersheds.org/novato_creek.html |accessdate=2010-08-31}} 6. ^{{cite report |title=Ecology, Assemblage Structure, Distribution, and Status of Fishes in Streams Tributary to the San Francisco Estuary, California |author=Robert A. Leidy |date=2007 |publisher=San Francisco Estuary Institute |url=http://www.sfei.org/leidy_No530/index.html |accessdate=2010-08-31 }} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://nationalbridges.com/|title=National Bridge Inventory Database}} External links
3 : Rivers of Marin County, California|Rivers of Northern California|Tributaries of San Pablo Bay |
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