| 释义 |
- Africa
- Asia
- Europe
- Middle East and North Africa
{{SLBY|1598}}Africa- Ethiopian Empire – Yaqob (1597–1603 and 1604–1606)
- Kingdom of Kongo – Álvaro II, Manikongo (1587–1614)
- Sennar Sultanate – Unsa I (1591–1603/4)
Asia- Khanate of Khiva – Abdullah Khan II (1577–1598)
- China (Ming dynasty) - Wanli Emperor (1573–1620)
- Đại Việt – Lê Thế Tông (1573–1599)
- Đàng Ngoài – Trịnh Tùng, Trịnh lord (1570–1623)
- Đàng Trong – Nguyễn Hoàng, Nguyễn lord (1558–1613)
- Japan (Sengoku period)
- Monarch – Emperor Go-Yōzei (1586–1611)
- Regent (Kampaku) - Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Sesshō and Kampaku (1585–1598)
- de facto - Council of Five Elders (1598–1600)
- Daimyōs
- Hirosaki Domain - Tsugaru Tamenobu (1590–1607)
- Khanate of Khiva – Haji Muhammad I (1558–1602)
- Joseon (Korea) – Seonjo (1567–1608)
- Mughal Empire – Akbar (1556–1605)
- Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Nei (1587–1620)
Europe- Crimean Khanate – Ghazi II Girai (1596–1608)
- Kingdom of Denmark – Christian IV (1588–1648)
- Kingdom of England — Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
- Kingdom of France – Henry IV (1589–1610)
- Holy Roman Empire – Rudolf II (1576–1612)
- Kingdom of Bohemia – Rudolf II (1576–1611)
- Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen – John Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (1596–1634)
- Dutch Republic on the verge to independence see United Provinces
- Bishopric of Lübeck – John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1586–1607)
- Royal Hungary – Rudolf II (1576–1609)
- Principality of Moldavia – Ieremia Movilă (1595–1600, 1600–1606)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire – Mehmed III (1595–1603)
- Papal States – Pope Clement VIII (1592–1605)
- Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – Sigismund III Vasa (1587–1632)
- Russia
- #Feodor I, Tsar of Russia (1584–1598)
- #Boris Godunov, Tsar of Russia (1598–1605)
- Kingdom of Scotland – James VI (1567–1625)
- Kingdom of Spain and Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
- #Philip II of Spain (1556–1598) and I of Portugal (1580–1598)
- #Philip III of Spain and II of Portugal (1598–1621)
- Kingdom of Sweden – Sigismund (1592–1599)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Stadtholder - Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Gelre, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht and Zeeland (1585–1625)
- Grand Pensionary of Holland - Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (1586–1619)
- Republic of Venice – Marino Grimani, Doge of Venice (1595–1606)
- Principality of Wallachia – Michael the Brave (1593–1601)
Middle East and North Africa- Morocco (Saadi dynasty) - Ahmad I al-Mansur Saadi (1578–1603)
- Safavid Empire – Abbas I Shah of Iran (1587–1629)
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