| 释义 |
- Africa
- Asia
- Europe
- Middle East and North Africa
{{SLBY|1600}}Africa- Ethiopian Empire – Yaqob (1597–1603 and 1604–1606)
- Kingdom of Kongo – Álvaro II, Manikongo (1587–1614)
- Sennar Sultanate – Unsa I (1591–1603/4)
Asia- Arakan – Mengradzagyi, King of Arakan (1593–1612)
- Burma (Taungoo dynasty) – Ngyaung Ram Meng (1599–1605)
- China (Ming dynasty) - Wanli Emperor (1573–1620)
- Đại Việt – Lê Kính Tông (1600–1619)
- Đàng Ngoài – Trịnh Tùng, Trịnh lord (1570–1623)
- Đàng Trong – Nguyễn Hoàng, Nguyễn lord (1558–1613)
- Japan (Sengoku period)
- Monarch – Emperor Go-Yōzei (1586–1611)
- de facto -
- # Council of Five Elders (1598–1600)
- # Tokugawa Ieyasu (1600–1603)
- Khanate of Khiva – Haji Muhammad I (1558–1602)
- Joseon (Korea) – Seonjo (1567–1608)
- Mughal Empire – Akbar (1556–1605)
- Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Nei (1587–1620)
Europe- Crimean Khanate – Ghazi II Girai (1596–1608)
- Kingdom of Denmark and Norway – Christian IV (1588–1648)
- Kingdom of England – Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
- Kingdom of France – Henry IV (1589–1610)
- Holy Roman Empire – Rudolf II (1576–1612)
- Duchy of Bavaria – Maximilian I (1597–1648)
- Kingdom of Bohemia – Rudolf II (1576–1611)
- Electorate of Brandenburg – Joachim Frederick (1598–1608)
- Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen – John Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (1596–1634)
- Electorate of Cologne – Ernest of Bavaria (1583–1612)
- Dutch Republic on the verge to independence
- Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt – Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1596–1626)
- Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) - Maurice (1592–1627)
- Bishopric of Lübeck – John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1586–1607)
- Electorate of Mainz – Wolfgang von Dalberg (1582–1601)
- Duchy of Mantua – Vincenzo I Gonzaga (1587–1612)
- Duchy of Modena – Cesare d'Este (1597–1628)
- Electorate of the Palatinate – Frederick IV (1583–1610)
- Duchy of Parma – Ranuccio I Farnese (1592–1622)
- Duchy of Savoy – Charles Emmanuel I (1580–1630)
- Electorate of Saxony – Christian II (1591–1611)
- Archbishopric of Trier – Lothar von Metternich (1599–1623)
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany – Ferdinando I de' Medici (1587–1609)
- Duchy of Württemberg – Frederick I (1593–1608)
- Royal Hungary – Rudolf II (1576–1609)
- Kingdom of Ireland - Elizabeth I, Queen of Ireland (1558–1603)
- Moldavia – Prince of Moldavia:
- # Ieremia Movilă (first rule: 1595-May 1600)
- # Michael the Brave (May–September 1600)
- # Ieremia Movilă (second rule: September 1600 – 1606)
- Kingdom of Naples – Philip III (1598–1621)
- Kingdom of Navarre – Henry III (1572–1610)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire – Mehmed III (1595–1603)
- Papal States – Pope Clement VIII (1592–1605)
- Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – Sigismund III Vasa (1587–1632)
- Kingdom of Spain and Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves – Philip III of Spain and II of Portugal (1598–1621)
- Duchy of Prussia – Albert Frederick (1568–1618)
- Tsardom of Russia - Boris Godunov, Tsar of Russia (1598–1605)
- Kingdom of Scotland – James VI (1567–1625)
- Kingdom of Spain – Philip III (1598–1621)
- Kingdom of Sweden – Duke Charles Albert, Viceroy of Sweden (1599–1611)
- Principality of Transylvania – Michael the Brave (1599–1601)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Stadtholder - Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Gelre, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht and Zeeland (1585–1625)
- Grand Pensionary of Holland - Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (1586–1619)
- Republic of Venice – Marino Grimani, Doge of Venice (1595–1606)
- Principality of Wallachia – Michael the Brave (1593–1601)
Middle East and North Africa- Sultanate of Morocco – Ahmad II (1578–1603)
- Safavid Empire – Abbas I, Shah of Persia (1587–1629)
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