| 释义 |
- Africa
- Asia
- Europe
- North America and the Caribbean
- Oceania
- South America
{{SLBY|1881}}Africa- Ashanti Confederacy – Mensa Bonsu Kumaa, Asantehene (1874–1883)
- Kingdom of Burundi – Mwezi IV Gisabo (1852–1908)
- Kingdom of Dahomey – Glele (1856–1889)
- Ethiopian Empire – Yohannes IV (1871–1889)
- Liberia – Anthony W. Gardiner, President of Liberia (1878–1883)
- Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph -
- # Mu'adh bin Bello (1877–1881)
- # Umaru bin Ali (1881–1891)
- Grand Vizier - Abdullah bin Muhammad Fodiye (c.1874–1886)
- Urambo - Mirambo (1860-1884)
- Wassoulou Empire – Samori Ture (1878–1898)
- Sultanate of Zanzibar – Barghash bin Said (1870–1888)
Asia- Emirate of Afghanistan – Abdur Rahman Khan (1880–1901)
- China (Qing dynasty) – Guangxu (1875–1908)
- Empire of Japan
- Monarch – Emperor Meiji (1867–1912)
- Chancellor of the Realm – Sanjō Sanetomi (1871–1885)
- Joseon (Korea) – Gojong (1864–1907, Emperor after 1897)
- Sultanate of Oman – Turki bin Said (1871–1888)
- Persia (Qajar dynasty) – Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (1848–1896)
- Đại Nam (Nguyễn dynasty) – Tự Đức, Emperor (1847–1883)
Europe- Austria-Hungary – Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848–1916)
- Minister-President of Austria - Count Eduard von Taaffe (1879–1893)
- Minister-President of Hungary - Kálmán Tisza (1875–1890)
- Belgium
- Monarch – Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
- Cabinet Chief - Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt (1868–1870, 1878–1884)
- Principality of Bulgaria – Alexander I Joseph (1879–1886)
- Kingdom of Denmark
- Monarch – Christian IX (1863–1906)
- Prime Minister - Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup (1875–1894)
- French Third Republic –
- President - Jules Grévy (1879–1887)
- President of the Council -
- # Jules Ferry (1880–1881)
- # Léon Gambetta (1881–1882)
- German Empire –
- Monarch – Wilhelm I, Kaiser (1871–1888)
- Chancellor - Otto von Bismarck (1871–1890)
- see also List of German rulers in 1881
- Kingdom of Greece
- Monarch – George I (1863–1913)
- Prime Minister – Alexandros Koumoundouros (1880–1882)
- Kingdom of Italy
- Monarch – Umberto I (1878–1900)
- Prime Minister -
- # Benedetto Cairoli (1879–1881)
- # Agostino Depretis (1881–1887)
- Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- Monarch – William III of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
- Prime Minister - Félix de Blochausen (1874–1885)
- Netherlands -
- Monarch – William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
- Chairman of the Dutch Council of Ministers - Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg (1879–1883)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire – Abdulhamid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876–1909)
- Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
- Monarch – Luís I (1861–1889)
- President of the Council of Ministers -
- # Anselmo José Braamcamp (1879–1881)
- # António Rodrigues Sampaio (1881)
- # António Maria de Fontes Pereira de Melo (1881–1886)
- Russian Empire –
- #Alexander II (1855–1881)
- #Alexander III (1881–1894)
- Kingdom of Spain –
- Monarch – Alfonso XII (1874–1885)
- Prime Minister -
- #Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1874–1875, 1875–1879, 1879–1881, 1884–1885, 1890–1892, 1895–1897)
- #Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1871–1872, 1874, 1881–1883, 1885–1890, 1892–1895, 1897–1899)
- Kingdom of Sweden – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
- Monarch – Oscar II (1872–1907)
- Prime Minister - Arvid Posse (1880–1883)
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland –
- Monarch – Victoria (1837–1901)
- Prime Minister - William Ewart Gladstone (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886, 1892–1894)
North America and the Caribbean- Canada -
- Monarch – Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901)
- Governor General - Marquess of Lorne (1878–1883)
- Prime Minister - Sir John A. Macdonald (1878–1891)
- Costa Rica – Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez, President of Costa Rica (1877–1882)
- United States -
- # Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States (1877–1881)
- # James A. Garfield, President of the United States (1881)
- # Chester A. Arthur, President of the United States (1881–1885)
Oceania- Kingdom of Hawaii – Kalākaua (1874–1891)
- Mangareva – Bernardo Putairi, Regent of Mangareva (1873–1881)
- Niue – Tui-toga, King of Niue (1875–1887)
- Samoa – Malietoa Laupepa, Malietoa (1880–1898)
- Tonga –
- Monarch – George Tupou I, King of Tonga (1845–1893)
- Prime Minister - Shirley Waldemar Baker (1880–1890)
South America- Argentina – Julio Argentino Roca, President of Argentina (1880–1886)
- Empire of Brazil –
- Monarch – Pedro II (1831–1889)
- President of the cabinet of ministers - José Antônio Saraiva (1880–1882)
- Uruguay –
- Uruguay – Francisco Antonino Vidal, President of Uruguay (1880–1882)
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