“List of state leaders in 1934”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Africa

Egypt

Monarch – Fuad I, King of Egypt (1917–1936)^[1]
Prime Minister –
# Abdel Fattah Yahya Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1933–1934)
# Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1934–1936)

Ethiopia

Monarch – Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia (1930–1974)^[2]
Chief Minister – Haile Selassie, Chief Minister of Ethiopia (1927–1936)

Liberia

President – Edwin Barclay, President of Liberia (1930–1944)

South Africa

Monarch – George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
Governor-General – George Villiers, Earl of Clarendon, Governor-General of South Africa (1931–1937)
Prime Minister – J. B. M. Hertzog, Prime Minister of South Africa (1924–1939)

Asia

Afghanistan

Monarch – Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan (1933–1973)
Prime Minister – Mohammad Hashim Khan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1929–1946)

China

Nationalist Government (Republic of China)
Head of State – Lin Sen, Chairman of the National Government of China (1931–1943)
Premier – Wang Jingwei, President of Executive Yuan of China (1932–1935)
Chinese Soviet Republic (unrecognized state)
Head of State – Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic of China (1931–1937)
Manchukuo (puppet state of Japan)
Monarch – Puyi, Emperor of Manchukuo (1932–1945)
Prime Minister – Zheng Xiaoxu, Prime Minister of Manchukuo (1932–1935)
East Turkestan (unrecognized, secessionist state)
reintegrated into China on 6 February 1934
President – Hoja-Niyaz, President of East Turkestan (1933–1934)
Prime Minister – Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki, Prime Minister of East Turkestan (1933–1934)
Fujian (unrecognized, secessionist state)
reintegrated into China on 13 January 1934
Head of State – Li Jishen, Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Government of Fujian (1933–1934)
Tibet (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
Monarch – vacant, Dalai Lama (1933–1939)
Regent – Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen, Reting Rinpoche (1934–1941)

Iraq

Monarch – Ghazi, King of Iraq (1933–1939)
Prime Minister –
# Jamil al-Midfai, Prime Minister of Iraq (1933–1934)
# Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi, Prime Minister of Iraq (1934–1935)

Japan

Monarch – Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1926–1989)
Prime Minister –
# Viscount Saitō Makoto, Prime Minister of Japan (1932–1934)
# Keisuke Okada, Prime Minister of Japan (1934–1936)

Mongolia

Communist Party Leadership – Dorjjavyn Luvsansharav (1932–1937) + Bat-Ochiryn Eldev-Ochir (1932–1937) + Khas-Ochiryn Luvsandorj (1934–1936), Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
Head of State – Anandyn Amar, Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural of Mongolia (1932–1936)
Premier – Peljidiin Genden, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Mongolia (1932–1936)

Muscat and Oman

Monarch – Said Bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1932–1970)

Nepal

Monarch – Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
Prime Minister – Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1932–1945)

Persia

Monarch – Reza Shah, Shah of Persia (1925–1941)
Prime Minister – Mohammad-Ali Foroughi, Prime Minister of Persia (1933–1935)

Saudi Arabia

Monarch – Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia (1902–1953)^[3]

Siam

Monarch – Prajadhipok, King of Siam (1925–1935)
Prime Minister – Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena, Prime Minister of Siam (1933–1938)

Turkey

President – Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey (1923–1938)
Prime Minister – İsmet İnönü, Prime Minister of Turkey (1925–1937)

Tuva

Communist Party Leader – Salchak Toka, General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1932–1944)
Head of State – Chuldum Lopsakovi, Chairman of the Presidium of the Little Hural of Tuva (1929–1936)
Premier – Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tuva (1929–1936)

Yemen

Monarch – Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, King of Yemen (1904–1948)^[4]

Australia and Oceania

Australia

Monarch – George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
Governor-General – Sir Isaac Isaacs, Governor-General of Australia (1931–1936)
Prime Minister – Joseph Lyons, Prime Minister of Australia (1932–1939)

New Zealand

Monarch – George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
Governor-General – Charles Bathurst, Baron Bledisloe, Governor-General of New Zealand (1930–1935)
Prime Minister – George Forbes, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1930–1935)

Europe

Albania

Monarch – Zog I, King of the Albanians (1925–1939)^[5]
Prime Minister – Pandeli Evangjeli, Prime Minister of Albania (1930–1935)

Andorra

Monarchs –
French Co-Prince – Albert François Lebrun, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1932–1940)
Co-Prince's Representative – Henri Samulens (1933–1937)
Episcopal Co-Prince – Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1940)
Co-Prince's Representative –
# Enric de Llorens (1933–1934)
# Jaume Sansa Nequí (1934–1936)
First Syndic – Pere Torres, First Syndic of Andorra (1933–1936)

Austria

changed name from Republic of Austria to Federal State of Austria on 1 July 1934
President – Wilhelm Miklas, Federal President of Austria (1928–1938)
Chancellor –
# Engelbert Dollfuss, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1932–1934)
# Kurt Schuschnigg, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1934–1938)

Belgium

Monarch –
# Albert I, King of the Belgians (1909–1934)
# Count Charles de Broqueville, Acting Head of State of Belgium (1934)
# Leopold III, King of the Belgians (1934–1951)^[6]
Prime Minister –
# Count Charles de Broqueville, Prime Minister of Belgium (1932–1934)
# Georges Theunis, Prime Minister of Belgium (1934–1935)

Bulgaria

Monarch – Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
Premier –
# Nikola Mushanov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1931–1934)
# Kimon Georgiev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1934–1935)

Czechoslovakia

President – Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia (1918–1935)
Prime Minister – Jan Malypetr, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1932–1935)

Danzig (free city under League of Nations protection)

High Commissioner –
# Helmer Rosting, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1932–1934)
# Seán Lester, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1934–1937)
Head of State –
# Hermann Rauschning, President of the Senate of Danzig (1933–1934)
# Arthur Greiser, President of the Senate of Danzig (1934–1939)

Denmark

Monarch – Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
Prime Minister – Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark (1929–1942)

Estonia

Head of State – Konstantin Päts, State Elder of Estonia (1933–1940)
Prime Minister – Konstantin Päts, Prime Minister of Estonia (1934–1937)

Finland

President – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, President of Finland (1931–1937)
Prime Minister – Toivo Mikael Kivimäki, Prime Minister of Finland (1932–1936)

France

President – Albert François Lebrun, President of France (1932–1940)
Prime Minister –
# Camille Chautemps, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1933–1934)
# Édouard Daladier, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1934)
# Gaston Doumergue, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1934)
# Pierre-Étienne Flandin, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1934–1935)

Germany

Head of State –
# Paul von Hindenburg, President of Germany (1925–1934)
# Adolf Hitler, Führer of Germany (1934–1945)
Chancellor – Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany (1933–1945)

Greece

President – Alexandros Zaimis, President of Greece (1929–1935)
Prime Minister – Panagis Tsaldaris, Prime Minister of Greece (1933–1935)

Hungary

Head of State – Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
Prime Minister – Gyula Gömbös, Prime Minister of Hungary (1932–1936)

Iceland

Monarch – Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
Prime Minister –
# Ásgeir Ásgeirsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1932–1934)
# Hermann Jónasson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1934–1942)

Ireland

Monarch – George V, King of Ireland (1922–1936)
Governor-General – Domhnall Ua Buachalla, Governor-General of Ireland (1932–1936)
Head of Government – Éamon de Valera, President of the Executive Council of Ireland (1932–1948)

Italy

Monarch – Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
Prime Minister – Benito Mussolini, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1922–1943)

Latvia

President – Alberts Kviesis, President of Latvia (1930–1936)
Prime Minister –
# Ādolfs Bļodnieks, Prime Minister of Latvia (1933–1934)
# Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime Minister of Latvia (1934–1940)

Liechtenstein

Monarch – Franz I, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1929–1938)
Head of Government – Josef Hoop, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1928–1945)

Lithuania

President – Antanas Smetona, President of Lithuania (1926–1940)
Prime Minister – Juozas Tūbelis, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1929–1938)

Luxembourg

Monarch – Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)^[7]
Prime Minister – Joseph Bech, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1926–1937)

Monaco

Monarch – Louis II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
Head of Government – Maurice Bouilloux-Lafont, Minister of State of Monaco (1932–1937)

Netherlands

Monarch – Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)^[8]
Prime Minister – Hendrikus Colijn, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1933–1939)

Norway

Monarch – Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)^[9]
Prime Minister – Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Prime Minister of Norway (1933–1935)

Poland

De facto Head of State – Józef Piłsudski, de facto ruler of Poland (1926–1935)
President – Ignacy Mościcki, President of Poland (1926–1939)
Prime Minister –
# Janusz Jędrzejewicz, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1933–1934)
# Leon Kozłowski, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1934–1935)

Portugal

President – Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (1926–1951)
Premier – António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal (1932–1968)

Romania

Monarch – Carol II, King of the Romanians (1930–1940)
Premier –
# Constantin Angelescu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1933–1934)
# Gheorghe Tătărescu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1934–1937)

San Marino

Captains Regent –
#Carlo Balsimelli and Melchiorre Filippi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1933–1934)
#Marino Rossi and Giovanni Lonfernini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1934)
#Angelo Manzoni Borghesi and Marino Michelotti, Captains Regent of San Marino (1934–1935)

Soviet Union

Communist Party Leader – Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
Head of State – Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union (1919–1946)^[10]
Premier – Vyacheslav Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1930–1941)

Spain

President – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, President of Spain (1931–1936)
Prime Minister –
# Alejandro Lerroux, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1933–1934)
# Ricardo Samper, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1934)
# Alejandro Lerroux, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1934–1935)

Sweden

Monarch – Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
Prime Minister – Per Albin Hansson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1932–1936)

Switzerland

Federal Council:^[11]
: Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Edmund Schulthess (1912–1935), Jean-Marie Musy (1919–1934), Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934), Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1928–1944, President), Albert Meyer (1929–1938), Rudolf Minger (1929–1940), Philipp Etter (1934–1959), Johannes Baumann (1934–1940)

United Kingdom

Monarch – George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
Prime Minister – Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1929–1935)

Vatican City

Monarch – Pope Pius XI, Sovereign of Vatican City (1929–1939)
Governor – Marquis Camillo Serafini, Governor of Vatican City (1929–1952)
Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
Secretary of State – Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, Cardinal Secretary of State (1930–1939)

Yugoslavia

Monarch –
# Alexander I, King of Yugoslavia (1921–1934)
# Peter II, King of Yugoslavia (1934–1945)^[12]
Regent – Prince Paul + Radenko Stanković + Ivo Perović, Regency of Yugoslavia (1934–1941)
Prime Minister –
# Milan Srškić, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1932–1934)
# Nikola Uzunović, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1934)
# Bogoljub Jevtić, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1934–1935)

North America and the Caribbean

Canada

Monarch – George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
Governor General – Vere Ponsonby, Earl of Bessborough, Governor General of Canada (1931–1935)
Prime Minister – R. B. Bennett, Prime Minister of Canada (1930–1935)

Costa Rica

President – Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno, President of Costa Rica (1932–1936)

Cuba

President –
# Ramón Grau, President of Cuba (1933–1934)
# Carlos Hevia, Provisional President of Cuba (1934)
# Manuel Márquez Sterling, Provisional President of Cuba (1934)
# Carlos Mendieta, Provisional President of Cuba (1934–1935)

Dominican Republic

De facto Head of State – Rafael Trujillo, de facto ruler of the Dominican Republic (1930–1961)
President – Rafael Trujillo, President of the Dominican Republic (1930–1938)

El Salvador

President –
# Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, Acting President of El Salvador (1931–1934)
# Andrés Ignacio Menéndez, Provisional President of El Salvador (1934–1935)

Guatemala

President – Jorge Ubico, President of Guatemala (1931–1944)

Haiti

US occupation ended on 15 August 1934
American Representative – Norman Armour, Minister to Haiti (1932–1934)
President – Sténio Vincent, President of Haiti (1930–1941)

Honduras

President – Tiburcio Carías Andino, President of Honduras (1933–1949)

Mexico

President –
#Abelardo L. Rodríguez, President of Mexico (1932–1934)
#Lázaro Cárdenas, President of Mexico (1934–1940)

Newfoundland

gave up responsible government on 16 February 1934
Monarch – George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
Governor – Sir David Murray Anderson, Governor of Newfoundland (1932–1935)
Prime Minister – Frederick C. Alderdice, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1932–1934)

Nicaragua

President – Juan Bautista Sacasa, President of Nicaragua (1933–1936)

Panama

President – Harmodio Arias Madrid, President of Panama (1932–1936)

United States of America

President – Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States (1933–1945)

South America

Argentina

President – Agustín Pedro Justo, President of Argentina (1932–1938)

Bolivia

President –
# Daniel Salamanca Urey, President of Bolivia (1931–1934)
# José Luis Tejada Sorzano, President of Bolivia (1934–1936)

Brazil

President – Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil^[13] (1930–1945)

Chile

President – Arturo Alessandri, President of Chile (1932–1938)

Colombia

President –
# Enrique Olaya Herrera, President of Colombia (1930–1934)
# Alfonso López Pumarejo, President of Colombia (1934–1938)

Ecuador

President –
# Abelardo Montalvo, Acting President of Ecuador (1933–1934)
# José María Velasco Ibarra, President of Ecuador (1934–1935)

Paraguay

President – Eusebio Ayala, President of Paraguay (1932–1936)

Peru

President – Óscar R. Benavides, President of Peru (1933–1939)
Prime Minister –
# José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1933–1934)
# Alberto Rey de Castro y Romaña, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1934)
# Carlos Arenas y Loayza, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1934–1935)

Uruguay

President – Gabriel Terra, President of Uruguay (1931–1938)

Venezuela

President – Juan Vicente Gómez, President of Venezuela (1931–1935)

References

1. ^Egypt only became independent in 1922.
2. ^In exile between 1936 and 1941.
3. ^Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
4. ^Yemen only became independent in 1918.
5. ^Zog I was in power as President of Albania under the name of Ahmet Zogu between 1925 and 1928.
6. ^German prisoner between 1940 and 1945, in exile between 1945 and 1950.
7. ^In exile between 1940 and 1945.
8. ^In exile between 1940 and 1945.
9. ^In exile between 1940 and 1945.
10. ^Kalinin was head of state of Russia (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets) from 1919 to 1938, and head of state of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1946.
11. ^The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
12. ^In exile from 1941.
13. ^Titles changed from Head of Provisional Government to President on 20 July 1934.