| 词条 | NPR |
| 释义 |
| name = NPR | logo = | type = Public radio network | branding = | established = | test_card = | test_of_transmission = | airdate = {{start date and age|1971|4|20|p=y}} | country = United States | available = Global | founder = | slogan = | motto = | market_share = | license_area = | headquarters = {{Plain list |
}} | broadcast_area = Nationwide | area = | erp = | parent = National Public Radio, Inc. | key_people = Jarl Mohn {{small|(CEO)}} | foundation = {{Start date and age|1970|2|26|dly=df}} | launch_date = | dissolved = | endowment = $258 million | revenue = $208,004,728 (2016)[1] | net_income = $18.9 million | former_names = {{Plain list |
}} | digital = | analog = | affiliation = WRN Broadcast | affiliates = | groups = | former_affiliations = | website = {{URL|npr.org}} | footnotes = }}National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization based in Washington, D.C. NPR differs from other non-profit membership media organizations, such as AP, in that it was established by an act of Congress[2] and most of its member stations are owned by government entities (often public universities). It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.[3] NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming. Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs; most broadcast a mix of NPR programs, content from American Public Media, Public Radio International, Public Radio Exchange and WNYC Studios, and locally produced programs. The organisation's flagship shows are two drive-time news broadcasts, Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered; both are carried by most NPR member stations, and are among the most popular radio programs in the country.[4][5] {{As of|March 2018}}, the drive time programs attract an audience of 14.9 million and 14.7 million respectively.[6] NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System, which distributes NPR programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio International. Its content is also available on-demand online, on mobile networks, and, in many cases, as podcasts.[7] NameThe organization's legal name is National Public Radio and its trademarked brand is NPR; it is known by both names.[8] In June 2010, the organization announced that it was "making a conscious effort to consistently refer to ourselves as NPR on-air and online" because NPR is the common name for the organization and the tag line "This ... is NPR" has been used by its radio hosts for many years.[8] However, National Public Radio remains the legal name of the group, as it has been for more than 45 years.[8] History1970sNational Public Radio replaced the National Educational Radio Network on February 26, 1970, following Congressional passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967.[9] This act was signed into law by 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson, and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which also created the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) for television in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a board of directors chaired by Bernard Mayes. The board then hired Donald Quayle to be the first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member local stations, and studios in Washington, D.C.[10] NPR aired its first broadcast on April 20, 1971, covering United States Senate hearings on the ongoing Vietnam War in Southeast Asia. The afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered premiered on May 3, 1971, first hosted by Robert Conley. NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with the Association of Public Radio Stations. Morning Edition premiered on November 5, 1979, first hosted by Bob Edwards. 1980sNPR suffered an almost-fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly $7 million (equivalent to $18 million in 2018 dollars). After a Congressional investigation and the resignation of NPR's then-president Frank Mankiewicz, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting agreed to lend the network money in order to stave off bankruptcy.[11] In exchange, NPR agreed to a new arrangement whereby the annual CPB stipend that it had previously received directly would be divided among local stations instead; in turn, those stations would support NPR productions on a subscription basis. NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture (the Public Radio Satellite System), making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt.[12] 1990sDelano Lewis, the president of C&P Telephone, left that position to become NPR's CEO and president in January 1994.[13] Lewis resigned in August 1998.[13][17] In November 1998, NPR's board of directors hired Kevin Klose, the director of the International Broadcasting Bureau, as its president and chief executive officer.[14]2000s{{quote box|align=right|width=33%|quote = September 11th made it apparent in a very urgent way that we need another facility that could keep NPR going if something devastating happens in Washington.|Jay Kernis, NPR's senior VP for programming[19]}}NPR spent nearly $13 million to acquire and equip a West Coast {{convert|25000|sqft|adj=on}} production facility, NPR West, which opened in Culver City, Los Angeles County, California, in November 2002. With room for up to 90 employees, it was established to expand its production capabilities, improve its coverage of the western United States, and create a backup production facility capable of keeping NPR on the air in the event of a catastrophe in Washington, D.C.[15] In November 2003, NPR received $235 million from the estate of the late Joan B. Kroc, the widow of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonald's Corporation. This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution.[16][17] In 2004 NPR's budget increased by over 50% to $153 million due to the Kroc gift. $34 million of the money was deposited in its endowment.[18] The endowment fund before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff and reduce some member stations' fees.[16] The 2005 budget was about $120 million. In August 2005, NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR and member stations. By November of that year, users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times. Ten years later, by March 2015, users downloaded podcasts produced only by NPR 94 million times,[19] and NPR podcasts like Fresh Air and TED Radio Hour routinely made the iTunes Top Podcasts list.[20] Ken Stern became chief executive in September 2006, reportedly as the "hand-picked successor" of CEO Kevin Klose, who gave up the job but remained as NPR's president; Stern had worked with Klose at Radio Free Europe.[27]On December 10, 2008, NPR announced that it would reduce its workforce by 7% and cancel the news programs Day to Day and News & Notes.[21] The organization indicated this was in response to a rapid drop in corporate underwriting in the wake of the economic crisis of 2008.[21] In the fall of 2008, NPR programming reached a record 27.5 million people weekly, according to Arbitron ratings figures. NPR stations reach 32.7 million listeners overall.[22] In March 2008, the NPR Board announced that Stern would be stepping down from his role as chief executive officer, following conflict with NPR's board of directors "over the direction of the organization" (including issues NPR's member station managers had had with NPR's expansion into new media "at the expense of serving" the stations that financially support NPR).[23] As of 2009, corporate sponsorship made up 26% of the NPR budget.[32] 2010sIn October 2010, NPR accepted a $1.8 million grant from the Open Society Institute. The grant is meant to begin a project called Impact of Government that was intended to add at least 100 journalists at NPR member radio stations in all 50 states by 2013.[24] The OSI has made previous donations, but does not take on air credit for its gifts.[25] In April 2013, NPR moved from its home of 19 years (635 Massachusetts Avenue NW) to new offices and production facilities at 1111 North Capitol Street NE in a building adapted from the former C&P Telephone Warehouse and Repair Facility.[26] The new headquarters—at the corner of North Capitol Street NE and L Street NW—is in the burgeoning NoMa neighborhood of Washington.[27] The first show scheduled to be broadcast from the new studios was Weekend Edition Saturday.[28] Morning Edition was the last show to move to the new location.[29] In June 2013 NPR canceled the weekday call-in show Talk of the Nation.[30] In September 2013, certain of NPR's 840 full- and part-time employees were offered a voluntary buyout plan, with the goal of reducing staff by 10 percent and returning NPR to a balanced budget by the 2015 fiscal year.[31] In December 2018, The Washington Post reported that between 20 and 22 percent of NPR staff was classified as temps, while this compares to about five percent of a typical for-profit television station. Some of the temporary staff member told the newspaper the systems was "exploitative", but NPR's president of operations said the current systems was in place because the station "media company that strives to be innovative and nimble."[32] In December 2018, NPR launched a new podcast analytics technology called Remote Audio Data (RAD), which developer Stacey Goers described as a "method for sharing listening metrics from podcast applications straight back to publishers, with extreme care and respect for user privacy."[33] GovernanceNPR is a membership organization. Member stations are required to be non-commercial or non-commercial educational radio stations; have at least five full-time professional employees; operate for at least 18 hours per day; and not be designed solely to further a religious broadcasting philosophy or be used for classroom distance learning programming. Each member station receives one vote at the annual NPR board meetings—exercised by its designated Authorized Station Representative ("A-Rep"). To oversee the day-to-day operations and prepare its budget, members elect a board of directors. This board is composed of ten A-Reps, five members of the general public, and the chair of the NPR Foundation. Terms are for three years and are staggered such that some stand for election every year.[34] {{As of|2015|3}}, the board of directors of NPR included the following members:[35]
The original purposes of NPR, as ratified by the board of directors, are the following:
The Ombudsman/Public Editor responds to significant listener queries, comments and criticisms.[37] The position reports to the president and CEO Jarl Mohn.[38] Elizabeth Jensen was appointed to a three-year term in January 2015.[37] FundingIn 2010, NPR revenues totaled $180 million, with the bulk of revenues coming from programming fees, grants from foundations or business entities, contributions and sponsorships.[32] According to the 2009 financial statement, about 50% of NPR revenues come from the fees it charges member stations for programming and distribution charges.[32] Typically, NPR member stations receive funds through on-air pledge drives, corporate underwriting, state and local governments, educational institutions, and the federally funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). In 2009, member stations derived 6% of their revenue from federal, state and local government funding, 10% of their revenue from CPB grants, and 14% of their revenue from universities.[39][40] While NPR does not receive any direct federal funding, it does receive a small number of competitive grants from CPB and federal agencies like the Department of Education and the Department of Commerce. This funding amounts to approximately 2% of NPR's overall revenues.[39] During the 1970s and early 1980s, the majority of NPR funding came from the federal government. Steps were taken during the 1980s to completely wean NPR from government support, but the 1983 funding crisis forced the network to make immediate changes. According to CPB, in 2009 11.3% of the aggregate revenues of all public radio broadcasting stations were funded from federal sources, principally through CPB;[41] in 2012 10.9% of the revenues for Public Radio came from federal sources.[42] In 2011, NPR announced the roll-out of their own online advertising network, which allows member stations to run geographically targeted advertisement spots from national sponsors that may otherwise be unavailable to their local area, opening additional revenue streams to the broadcaster.[43] 2013 saw the launch of Center Stage, a mix of native advertising and banner ad featured prominently on the NPR homepage, above-the-fold. The launch partner for Center Stage was Squarespace.[44] In 2014, NPR CEO Jarl Mohn said the network would begin to increase revenue by having brands NPR views as more relevant to the audience underwrite NPR programs and requesting higher rates from them.[45] Underwriting spots vs. commercialsIn contrast with commercial broadcasting, NPR's radio broadcasts do not carry traditional commercials, but has advertising in the form of brief statements from major sponsors which may include corporate slogans, descriptions of products and services, contact information such as website addresses and telephone numbers.[46] These statements are called underwriting spots and, unlike commercials, are governed by specific FCC restrictions in addition to truth in advertising laws; they cannot advocate a product or "promote the goods and services" of for-profit entities.[47] These restrictions apply only to radio broadcasts and not NPR's other digital platforms. When questioned on the subject of how corporate underwriting revenues and foundation grants were holding up during the recession, in a speech broadcast on C-SPAN before the National Press Club on March 2, 2009, then president and CEO Vivian Schiller stated: "underwriting is down, it's down for everybody; this is the area that is most down for us, in sponsorship, underwriting, advertising, call it whatever you want; just like it is for all of media."[48] Hosts of the NPR program Planet Money stated the audience is indeed a product being sold to advertisers in the same way as commercial stations, saying: "they are not advertisers exactly but, they have a lot of the same characteristics; let's just say that."[49] AudienceA Harris telephone survey conducted in 2005 found that NPR was the most trusted news source in the United States.[50] According to 2009, NPR statistics, about 20.9 million listeners tune into NPR each week.[51] By 2017, NPR's weekly on-air audience had reached 30.2 million.[3] According to 2015 figures, 87% of the NPR terrestrial public radio audience and 67% of the NPR podcast audience is white.[52] According to the 2012 Pew Research Center 2012 News Consumption Survey, NPR listeners tend to be highly educated, with 54% of regular listeners being college graduates and 21% having some college.[53] NPR's audience is almost exactly average in terms of the sex of listeners (49% male, 51% female).[53] NPR listeners have higher incomes than average (the 2012 Pew study showed that 43% earn over $75,000, 27% earn between $30,000 and $75,000).[53] The Pew survey found that the NPR audience tends Democratic (17% Republican, 37% independent, 43% Democratic) and centrist (21% conservative, 39% moderate, 36% liberal).[53] NPR stations generally subscribe to the Nielsen rating service, but are not included in published ratings and rankings such as Radio & Records. NPR station listenership is measured by Nielsen in both Diary and PPM (people meter) markets. NPR stations are frequently not included in "summary level" diary data used by most advertising agencies for media planning. Data on NPR listening can be accessed using "respondent level" diary data. Additionally, all radio stations (public and commercial) are treated equally within the PPM data sets making NPR station listenership data much more widely available to the media planning community. NPR's signature morning news program, Morning Edition, is the network's most popular program, drawing 14.63 million listeners a week, with its afternoon newsmagazine, All Things Considered, a close second, with 14.6 million listeners a week according to 2017 Nielsen ratings data.[54] Arbitron data is also provided by Radio Research Consortium, a non-profit corporation which subscribes to the Arbitron service and distributes the data to NPR and other non-commercial stations and on its website.[55] Digital mediaNPR's history in digital media includes the work of an independent, for-profit company called Public Interactive, which was founded in 1999[73] and acquired by PRI in June 2004, when it became a non-profit company.[56] By July 2008, Public Interactive had "170 subscribers who collectively operate 325 public radio and television stations" and clients such as Car Talk, The World, and The Tavis Smiley Show; by the end of that month, NPR acquired Public Interactive from PRI[57] In March 2011, NPR revealed a restructuring proposal in which Boston-based Public Interactive would become NPR Digital Services, separate from the Washington D.C.-based NPR Digital Media, which focuses on NPR-branded services.[58] NPR Digital Services would continue offering its services to public TV stations.[58] The technical backbone of its digital news publishing system is Core Publisher, which was built on Drupal, an open-source content management system.[58] NPR has been dubbed as "leveraging the Twitter generation"[59] because of its adaptation of the popular microblogging service as one of its primary vehicles of information. Of NPR's Twitter followers, the majority (67%) still do listen to NPR on the radio. In a survey of more than 10,000 respondents, NPR found that its Twitter followers are younger, more connected to the social web, and more likely to access content through digital platforms such as its Peabody Award-winning website npr.org, as well as podcasts, mobile apps and more.[60] NPR has more than one Twitter account including @NPR;[61] its survey found that most respondents followed between two and five NPR accounts, including topical account, show-specific accounts and on-air staff accounts.[60] In addition, NPR's Facebook page has been at the forefront of the company foray into social media. Started by college student and fan Geoff Campbell[62] in 2008, the page was quickly taken over by the organization,[63] and over the last two years has grown to nearly 4 million fans and is a popular example of the company's new focus on a younger audience.[64] NPR also has a YouTube channel featuring regularly posted videos covering news and informational subjects. In May 2018, a group led by NPR acquired the podcasting app Pocket Casts.[65] NPR One{{Main|NPR One}}In July 2014, NPR launched NPR One, an app for iOS and Android smartphones and other mobile devices, which aimed to make it easier for listeners to stream local NPR stations live, and listen to NPR podcasts by autoplaying content and permitting easy navigation.[66] Since launch NPR has made the service available on additional channels: Windows mobile devices, web browsers, Chromecast, Apple Car Play, Apple Watch, Android Auto, Android Wear, Samsung Gear S2 and S3, Amazon Fire TV, and Amazon Alexa–enabled devices.[67] ProgrammingPrograms produced by NPRNews and public affairs programsNPR produces a morning and an evening news program, both of which also have weekend editions with different hosts. It also produces hourly newscasts around the clock.
Storytelling and cultural programming
Podcasts
Music programming
Programs distributed by NPRNews and public affairs
Storytelling and cultural programming
Music programming
Public radio programs not affiliated with NPRIndividual NPR stations can broadcast programming from sources that have no formal affiliation with NPR. If these programs are distributed by another distributor, a public radio station must also affiliate with that network to take that network's programming.
Many shows produced or distributed by Public Radio International—such as Living on Earth —are broadcast on public radio stations, but are not affiliated with NPR. PRI and NPR are separate production and distribution organizations with distinct missions, and each competes with the other for programming slots on public radio stations. Public Radio Exchange also offers a national distribution network where a significant number of public radio stations go to acquire programs from independent producers. PRX provides a catalog of thousands of radio pieces available on-demand as broadcast quality audio files and available for streaming on the PRX.org website. Most public radio stations are NPR member stations and affiliate stations of PRI, APM, and PRX at the same time. The organizations have different governance structures and missions and relationships with stations. Other popular shows, like Live from Here (the former A Prairie Home Companion) and Marketplace, are produced by American Public Media, the national programming unit of Minnesota Public Radio. These programs were distributed by Public Radio International prior to APM's founding. Democracy Now!, the flagship news program of the Pacifica Radio network, provides a feed to NPR stations, and other Pacifica programs can occasionally be heard on these stations as well. Controversies{{Main|NPR controversies}}Over the course of NPR's history, controversies have arisen over several incidents and topics. Allegations of ideological biasNPR has been accused of displaying both liberal bias, as alleged in work such as a UCLA and University of Missouri study of Morning Edition, and conservative bias, including criticism of alleged reliance on conservative think-tanks.[71] NPR has also been accused of bias related to specific topics, including support of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq and coverage of Israel. Their Pentagon reporting has been accused of being "little more than Pentagon press releases."[72] The NPR ombudsman has described how NPR's coverage of the Israel-Palestinian conflict has been simultaneously criticized as biased by both sides.[73] University of Texas journalism professor and author Robert Jensen has criticized NPR as taking a pro-war stance during coverage of Iraq war protests.[74] In 2002 and 2003, surveys and follow-up focus groups conducted by the Tarrance Group and Lake Snell Perry & Associates have indicated that, "The majority of the U.S. adult population does not believe that the news and information programming on public broadcasting is biased. The plurality of Americans indicate that there is no apparent bias one way or the other, while approximately two-in-ten detect a liberal bias and approximately one-in-ten detect a conservative bias."[75] EuphemismsIn a controversial act, NPR banned in 2009 the use of the word "torture" in the context of the Bush administration's use of enhanced interrogation techniques.[76] NPR's Ombudswoman Alicia Shepard's defense of the policy was that "calling waterboarding torture is tantamount to taking sides."[77] But Berkeley Professor of Linguistics, Geoffrey Nunberg pointed out that virtually all media around the world, other than what he called the "spineless U.S. media", call these techniques torture.[78][79] In an article which criticized NPR and other U.S. media for their use of euphemisms for torture, Glenn Greenwald discussed what he called the enabling "corruption of American journalism": This active media complicity in concealing that our Government created a systematic torture regime, by refusing ever to say so, is one of the principal reasons it was allowed to happen for so long. The steadfast, ongoing refusal of our leading media institutions to refer to what the Bush administration did as "torture" – even in the face of more than 100 detainee deaths; the use of that term by a leading Bush official to describe what was done at Guantanamo; and the fact that media outlets frequently use the word "torture" to describe exactly the same methods when used by other countries – reveals much about how the modern journalist thinks.[80] Sexual harassmentIn October 2017, sexual harassment charges were leveled against Michael Oreskes, senior vice president of news and editorial director since 2015. Some of the accusations dated back to when he was Washington, D.C. bureau chief for The New York Times during the 1990s, while others involved his conduct at NPR.[81] After a report on the Times accusations was published in The Washington Post, NPR put Oreskes on administrative leave, and the following day his resignation was requested.[82][83][84] CNN's Brian Stelter reported that NPR staffers were dissatisfied with the handling of Oreskes, were demanding an external investigation, and that Oreskes poisoned the newsroom atmosphere by abusing his position to meet young women.[85] Live from Death Row commentariesIn 1994, NPR arranged to air, on All Things Considered, a series of three-minute commentaries by Mumia Abu-Jamal, a journalist convicted in a controversial trial of murdering a Philadelphia Police officer. They cancelled airing them after the Fraternal Order of Police and members of the U.S. Congress objected.[86] Juan Williams commentsOn October 20, 2010, NPR terminated Senior News Analyst Juan Williams's independent contract[87] over a series of incidents culminating in remarks he made on the Fox News Channel regarding Muslims. Ronald Schiller commentsIn March 2011, conservative political activist and provocateur James O'Keefe sent partners Simon Templar (a pen name) and Shaughn Adeleye[88] to secretly record their discussion with Ronald Schiller, NPR's outgoing senior vice president for fundraising, and an associate, in which Schiller made remarks viewed as disparaging of "the current Republican party, especially the Tea Party", and controversial comments regarding Palestine and funding for NPR. NPR disavowed Schiller's comments. CEO Vivian Schiller, who is not related to Ronald, later resigned over the fallout from the comments and the previous firing of Juan Williams.[89] July 4th tweets of the Declaration of IndependenceStarting on July 4, 1988, NPR has broadcast an annual reading of the United States Declaration of Independence over the radio.[90] In 2017 it began using Twitter as a medium for reading the document as well. On July 4, 2017, the 100+ tweets were met with considerable opposition, some online supporters of Donald Trump mistakenly believing the words of the Declaration referring to George III of the United Kingdom to be directed towards the president. The tweets were called "trash"[112] and were accused of being left-wing propaganda,[91] condoning violence[92] and calling for revolution.[93][94] PublicationsSource:[95]
See also
References1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/about/statements/fy2016/National_Public_Radio_-_S1615_FINAL_(S).pdf|title=National Public Radio, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements|last=|first=|date=|work=National Public Radio|access-date=}} 2. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.cpb.org/aboutpb/act/ | title=Public Broadcasting Act of 1967| date=2015-01-14}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://nationalpublicmedia.com/npr/audience/ |title=Audience |publisher=NPR |accessdate=January 23, 2018}} 4. ^>{{cite web | url=http://nationalpublicmedia.com/npr/programs/all-things-considered/ | title=All Things Considered | quote=Heard by 13.3 million people on 814 radio stations each week, All Things Considered is one of the most popular programs in America. | publisher=National Public Media | accessdate=October 12, 2016}} 5. ^{{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Jack W. |title=Listener supported: the culture and history of public radio |year=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |quote=Conceived as "alternatives," Morning Edition and All Things Considered are the second and third most listened-to radio programs in the ...|page=175 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=KIwTKWj04wEC&pg=PA175 |isbn=978-0-275-98352-9}} 6. ^{{cite news|title=NPR Maintains Highest Ratings Ever|url=https://www.npr.org/about-npr/597590072/npr-maintains-highest-ratings-ever|accessdate=10 May 2018|work=NPR.org|date=28 March 2018|language=en}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/podcasts/|title=Podcast Directory|author=|date=|website=npr.org}} 8. ^1 2 Dana Davis Rehm, [https://www.npr.org/sections/inside/2010/07/12/128475395/npr-what-s-in-a-name NPR: What's In A Name?], NPR (July 12, 2012). 9. ^{{cite book |last=Jarvik |first=Laurence Ariel |date=1997 |title=PBS, behind the screen |location=Rocklin, CA |publisher=Forum |page= |isbn=978-0761506683 |accessdate= }} 10. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.npr.org/about/aboutnpr/history.html#history |title= History |publisher= NPR |accessdate= February 24, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110222185012/http://www.npr.org/about/aboutnpr/history.html#history#history |archive-date= February 22, 2011 |dead-url= yes |df= mdy-all }} 11. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/GAOonNPR84.html | title=GAO statement on NPR financial crisis, 1984 | publisher=Public Broadcasting PolicyBase at Current.org | year=1984 | accessdate=June 12, 2007 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903205828/http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/GAOonNPR84.html | archivedate=September 3, 2007 | df=mdy-all }} 12. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.current.org/history/timeline/timeline-1980s.shtml#1986 | title= History of public broadcasting in the United States | publisher= Current.org | accessdate= June 12, 2007 | deadurl= yes | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070914013054/http://www.current.org/history/timeline/timeline-1980s.shtml#1986 | archivedate= September 14, 2007 | df= mdy-all }} 13. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/about/press/980403.del.html |title=Delano Lewis Resigns |date= April 3, 1998|publisher=NPR |accessdate=February 16, 2012}} 14. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/about/press/981111.klose.html |title=NPR Announces New President and CEO |publisher=NPR |date=November 11, 1998 |accessdate=February 16, 2012}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/about/press/021016.nprwest.html |title=NPR Establishes Major Production Center in California NPR West Opens November 2, Expanding Network's Presence and Reach |publisher=NPR |date=November 2, 2002 |accessdate=February 16, 2012}} 16. ^1 {{cite news |title=Billions and Billions Served, Hundreds of Millions Donated |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04EFD81439F934A35752C1A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |quote= National Public Radio announced yesterday that it had received a bequest worth at least $200 million from the widow of the longtime chairman of the McDonald's restaurant chain. The gift is the largest in the 33-year history of NPR, the nonprofit broadcasting corporation – and about twice the size of NPR's annual operating budget. It is believed to be among the largest ever pledged to an American cultural institution. |work=New York Times |date=November 7, 2003 |accessdate=July 28, 2008 | first1=Jacques | last1=Steinberg}} 17. ^{{cite press release | url= https://www.npr.org/about/press/031106.kroc.html | title=NPR Receives a Record Bequest of More Than $200 Million | publisher=National Public Radio | date=November 6, 2003 | accessdate=October 2, 2006}} 18. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.current.org/npr/npr0409krocgift.shtml | title=Kroc gift lets NPR expand news, lower fees | date=May 24, 2004 | accessdate=October 2, 2006 | last=Janssen | first=Mike | work=Current.org | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322154055/http://www.current.org/npr/npr0409krocgift.shtml | archivedate=March 22, 2011 | df=mdy-all }} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thisisnpr/2015/08/31/435603490/npr-podcasts-turn-10|title=NPR Podcasts Turn 10!}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.itunescharts.net/us/charts/podcasts/|title=iTunesCharts.net: US Podcasts}} 21. ^1 {{Cite news | last = Carney | first= Steve | title = National Public Radio to cut shows, personnel | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | date = December 10, 2008 | accessdate = December 11, 2008 | url = http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2008/12/national-public.html }} 22. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.npr.org/about/press/2009/032409.AudienceRecord.html |title=NPR reaches new audience high | work= Press release |publisher=NPR |date=March 24, 2009 |accessdate=August 24, 2010}} 23. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/06/AR2008030603473.html|title=NPR Leader out After Board Clash|first=Paul|last=Farhi|work=The Washington Post|date=March 6, 2008}} 24. ^{{cite news| title = The Situation Room| network = CNN| airdate = October 22, 2010| url = http://archives.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1010/22/sitroom.02.html}} 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://philanthropy.com/article/Secret-Tape-Explores/126802/ |title=Secret Recording Explores Relationship Between Billionaire Soros and NPR |last1=Chiu |first1=Lisa |date=March 17, 2011 |website=philanthropy.com |publisher=The Chronicle of Philanthropy |access-date=13 May 2015}} 26. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.npr.org/about/press/2013/020113.NewNPRHeadquarters.html |title=New NPR Headquarters Nears Completion | website=NPR.org |publisher=NPR |date=February 1, 2013 |accessdate=April 9, 2013}} 27. ^Clinton Yates, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/local/wp/2013/06/05/npr-moves-to-noma-d-c-s-simcity-of-gentrification/ NPR Moves to NoMa, D.C.'s SimCity of Gentrification], The Washington Post (June 5, 2013). 28. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/04/06/176419123/saying-goodbye-to-the-old-npr-headquarters |title=Saying Goodbye To The Old NPR Headquarters |last1=Simon |first1=Scott |date=6 April 2013 |website=Weekend Edition |publisher=NPR |access-date=13 May 2015}} 29. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.npr.org/about/press/2013/042213.NPRMovesHQ.html | title = NPR Moves to New Headquarters – Morning Edition Airs First Broadcast from New Building Today | publisher = NPR | date = April 22, 2013 | accessdate = May 14, 2013}} 30. ^[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=196242323 "A Fond Farewell to Talk of the Nation{{-"}}]. Tell Me More. NPR. June 27, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013. 31. ^{{cite web|url= http://observer.com/2013/09/npr-offers-buyouts-to-reduce-employee-count-by-10-percent/| title= NPR to Offer Voluntary Buyouts in Bid to Balance Budget|date= September 13, 2013|work= The Observer| accessdate= September 15, 2013}} 32. ^{{cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/at-npr-an-army-of-temps-resents-a-workplace-full-of-anxiety-and-insecurity/2018/12/07/32e49632-f35b-11e8-80d0-f7e1948d55f4_story.html |title=At NPR, an army of temps faces a workplace of anxiety and insecurity |work=The Washington Post |date=2018-12-09 |accessdate=2018-12-11 }} 33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-extra/2018/12/11/675250553/remote-audio-data-is-here|title=Remote Audio Data Is Here|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2019-01-17}} 34. ^NPR Bylaws {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320101744/http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/NPRbylaws99.html |date=March 20, 2012 }}; Public Broadcasting Policy Base; January 20, 1999 35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/about-npr/182676957/npr-board-of-directors|title=NPR Board of Directors|publisher=NPR|accessdate=2015-03-06}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/NPRpurposes.html|title=National Public Radio Purposes|work=Public Broadcasting PolicyBase at Current.org|last=Siemering|first=William|date=November 29, 1999|accessdate=October 2, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912105801/http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/NPRpurposes.html|archivedate=September 12, 2007|df=mdy-all}} 37. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/people/384352444/elizabeth-jensen|title=Elizabeth Jensen}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/new-ombudsman-to-start-jan-26/|title=New Ombudsman To Start Jan. 26|publisher=wnyc.org}} 39. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/about/aboutnpr/publicradiofinances.html |title=Public Radio Finances |publisher=NPR |accessdate=October 22, 2010 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319015536/http://www.npr.org/about/aboutnpr/publicradiofinances.html |archivedate=March 19, 2012 |df=mdy-all }} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/weblogs/TWSFP/2009/02/npr_responds.asp|title=NPR Responds|accessdate = January 14, 2010}} 41. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.cpb.org/stations/reports/revenue/2009PublicBroadcastingRevenue.pdf |title= Table 2 Public Broadcasting Revenue by Public Television and Radio System and Source of Revenue, Fiscal Year 2008–2009 |work= Public Broadcasting Revenue Fiscal Year 2009 |publisher= Corporation for Public Broadcasting |accessdate= August 5, 2011 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110623081629/http://cpb.org/stations/reports/revenue/2009PublicBroadcastingRevenue.pdf |archivedate= June 23, 2011 |df= mdy-all }} 42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cpb.org/stations/reports/revenue/2012PublicBroadcastingRevenue.pdf |title=Table 2 Public Broadcasting Revenue by Public Television and Radio System and Source of Revenue, Fiscal Year 2011–2012 |work=Public Broadcasting Revenue Fiscal Year 2012 |publisher=Corporation for Public Broadcasting |accessdate=February 25, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301170647/http://www.cpb.org/stations/reports/revenue/2012PublicBroadcastingRevenue.pdf |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |df=mdy-all }} 43. ^Ungerleider, Neal. NPR Launching Centralized Online Ad Network to Bolster Revenue at Member Stations. Fast Company. 12 April 2011 44. ^{{cite web|author=Taintor, David|title=NPR's New Ad Unit Falls Somewhere Between Banners and Native|url=http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/nprs-new-ad-unit-falls-somewhere-between-banners-and-native-151928|publisher=Adweek|date=16 August 2013}} 45. ^{{cite web|last1=Hart|first1=Peter|title=New NPR Boss: 'We're Going to Be Talking About Brands That Matter a Little Bit More'|url=http://fair.org/blog/2014/09/08/new-npr-boss-were-going-to-be-talking-about-brands-that-matter-a-little-bit-more/|website=fair.org|publisher=FAIR|date=8 September 2014}} 46. ^{{cite web|title=NPR Underwriting Credit Guidelines|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/ombudsman/NPR%20Underwriting%20Credit%20Guidelines.pdf|website=npr.org|publisher=NRP|accessdate=June 2, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602125811/http://www.npr.org/blogs/ombudsman/NPR%20Underwriting%20Credit%20Guidelines.pdf|archivedate=June 2, 2014|page=1|date=November 24, 2008}} 47. ^{{cite web|title=The Public and Broadcasting|url=http://www.fcc.gov/guides/public-and-broadcasting-july-2008#UNDERWRITING|publisher=Federal Communications Commission|accessdate=March 3, 2013|year=2008}} 48. ^{{cite web|authorlink1=C-SPAN|title=Public Broadcasting and Commercial Media|url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/284368-1&start=3180|publisher=C-SPAN|accessdate=June 2, 2014|date=March 2, 2009}} 49. ^{{cite web|authorlink1=Planet Money|title=The Friday Podcast: Economists On Federal Funding For NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2011/03/28/134863998/the-friday-podcast-economists-on-federal-funding-for-npr|publisher=NPR (Planet Money)|accessdate=June 3, 2014|date=March 25, 2011}} 50. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news-articles/survey-says-noncom-news-most-trusted/108687 |title=Survey Says: Noncom News Most Trusted| work=Broadcasting & Cable | date=November 10, 2005 | accessdate=October 2, 2006 | last=Eggerton | first=John}} 51. ^{{cite news|last=Farhi|first=Paul|title=Good News for NPR: Its Most Listeners Ever|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/23/AR2009032302972.html|accessdate=March 7, 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=March 24, 2009}} 52. ^Tracie Powell, Are podcasts the new path to diversifying public radio? Columbia Journalism Review (May 22, 2015). 53. ^1 2 3 Section 4: Demographics and Political Views of News Audiences, Pew Research Center (September 27, 2012). 54. ^[https://www.npr.org/about-npr/559791315/npr-stations-audience-grows-for-fifth-consecutive-national-ratings-period NPR Reaches 99 Million People Monthly, GenXers And Millennials Drive Growth] NPR, October 25, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017. 55. ^{{cite news | first=Ben | last=Fong-Torres | title=Radio Waves | date=March 12, 2006 | url =http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/03/12/PKGU9GINB71.DTL | work =San Francisco Chronicle | accessdate = April 26, 2008 }} 56. ^{{cite web|url=http://info.ds.npr.org/060204release.html |title=Public Interactive Press Area |publisher=NPR |date=June 2, 2004 |accessdate= February 16, 2012}} 57. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/about/press/2008/073108.PublicInteractive.html |title=PRI And NPR Announce Deal To Grow Public Interactive, Public Media's Leading Web Services Company |publisher=NPR |date= July 31, 2008 |accessdate= February 16, 2012}} 58. ^1 2 {{cite web |first=Karen |last=Everhart |url=http://www.current.org/web/web1105pi.html |title=Web infrastructure for pubmedia, 2011 |publisher=Current.org |date=March 7, 2011 |accessdate=February 16, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415200228/http://www.current.org/web/web1105pi.html |archivedate=April 15, 2012 |df=mdy-all }} 59. ^{{cite news|last1=O'Dell|first1=Jodie|title=How NPR Is Leveraging the Twitter Generation|url=http://mashable.com/2010/09/30/npr-twitter/#ke1gzs6J6kqY|accessdate=22 January 2017|agency=Mashable|date=30 September 2010}} 60. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Carvin|first1=Andy|last2=Heard|first2=Meredith|title=Results Of The NPR Twitter User Survey|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/gofigure/2010/09/30/130238118/npr-twitter-survey|accessdate=22 January 2017|agency=NPR|date=30 September 2010}} 61. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/npr|title=NPR (@NPR) – Twitter|work=twitter.com}} 62. ^{{cite web| last = Campbell| first = Geoff| title = Mount Allison student gets Facebook ball rolling for American media organization, NPR| url = http://www.mta.ca/news/index.php?id=3518#3518| accessdate = March 2, 2011| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706190523/http://www.mta.ca/news/index.php?id=3518#3518| archivedate = July 6, 2011| df = mdy-all}} 63. ^{{cite web| last = Campbell| first = Geoff| title =How Andy Carvin took over NPR's Facebook Page from Student/Creator Geoff Campbell | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwHvlZmr9KI| accessdate = March 2, 2011 }} 64. ^{{cite web| last =Tenore| first =Mallary Jean| title =Carvin: Facebook Lets NPR Empower Those Who Love Us, Listen to Those Who Don't| url =http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/top-stories/104499/carvin-facebook-lets-npr-empower-those-who-love-us-listen-to-those-who-dont/| accessdate =March 2, 2011| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110515032437/http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/top-stories/104499/carvin-facebook-lets-npr-empower-those-who-love-us-listen-to-those-who-dont/| archivedate =May 15, 2011| df =mdy-all}} 65. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/3/17314866/pocket-casts-podcast-app-acquisition-npr-wnyc-wbez-this-american-life|title=Pocket Casts acquired by NPR, other public radio stations, and This American Life|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-03}} 66. ^{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2014/07/28/npr-launches-new-npr-one-mobile-app-for-curating-public-radio-news/|title=NPR launches new 'NPR One' mobile app for curating public radio news|author=|date=July 28, 2014|website=venturebeat.com}} 67. ^{{cite web|url=https://help.npr.org/customer/en/portal/articles/2100796-what-devices-will-npr-one-work-on-?b_id=13750|title=What devices will NPR One work on?|author=|date=|website=npr.org}} 68. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/about-npr/493597055/npr-distributes-the-big-listen|title=NPR Will Distribute WAMU 88.5's 'The Big Listen'|author=|date=|website=npr.org}} 69. ^{{cite web|url=http://current.org/2016/07/nprs-best-of-car-talk-will-end-in-september-2017/|title=NPR's 'Best of Car Talk' will end in September 2017|author=|date=|website=current.org}} 70. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/about-npr/501768246/npr-radio-ambulante-release|title=NPR Adds Radio Ambulante To Its Podcast Lineup|author=|date=|website=npr.org}} 71. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/133120-does-public-radio-have-a-liberal-bias-the-finale/|title=Does Public Radio Have A Liberal Bias? The Finale!|last=|first=|date=March 25, 2011|publisher=WNYC|format=Radio Transcript|work=On The Media|accessdate=September 4, 2011}} 72. ^Adam Ragusea. "A critic sees "pro-government" bias in NPR's reporting, not a leftward lean." Current.org, March 15, 2016. https://current.org/2016/03/a-critic-sees-pro-government-bias-in-nprs-reporting/ 73. ^[https://www.npr.org/blogs/ombudsman/2010/06/17/127895293/listeners-hear-same-israeli-palestinian-coverage-differently Listeners Hear Same Israeli-Palestinian Coverage Differently]; NPR Ombudsman; June 18, 2010 74. ^Published Articles – 2003 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007171220/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/%7Erjensen/freelance/attack52.htm |date=October 7, 2011 }}; University of Texas, Robert Jensen 75. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cpb.org/aboutcpb/goals/objectivity/pollsummary.html |title=Public Perceptions of Public Broadcasting |accessdate=2011-10-26 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110041956/http://www.cpb.org/aboutcpb/goals/objectivity/pollsummary.html |archivedate=January 10, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}; Corporation for Public Broadcasting; December 2003 76. ^"The still-growing NPR "torture" controversy" Salon.com July 2, 2009 77. ^Torturous Wording {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704115001/http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2009/06/26/02 |date=July 4, 2009 }} NPR (transcript) June 26, 2009 78. ^"Calling a Spade a Spade: Use of the Word 'Torture'", KPCC June 26, 2009 79. ^McQuaid, John.[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/may/12/torture-new-york-times-washington-post "The semantics of torture"] guardian.co.uk – Comment-is-free May 13, 2009. 80. ^"The NYT's nice, new euphemism for torture", Salon.com June 6, 2009 81. ^{{cite web|last=Farhi |first=Paul |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/nprs-top-editor-accused-of-sexual-harassment-by-two-women/2017/10/31/a2078bea-bdf7-11e7-959c-fe2b598d8c00_story.html |title=NPR's top editor placed on leave after accusations of sexual harassment |publisher=The Washington Post |date=October 31, 2017 |accessdate=2017-11-01}} 82. ^{{cite web |last=Folkenflik |first=David |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/31/561267272/nprs-head-of-news-placed-on-leave-after-past-harassment-allegations-surface |title=NPR's Head Of News Placed On Leave After Past Harassment Allegations Surface |date=October 31, 2017 |publisher=NPR |accessdate=1 November 2017}} 83. ^{{cite web |last1=Stelter |first1=Brian |last2=Smith |first2=Aaron |url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/11/01/media/michael-oreskes-npr/index.html |title=Top NPR editor resigns amid allegations of harassment |publisher=CNN |date=November 1, 2017 |accessdate=November 1, 2017}} 84. ^{{cite web|last=Farhi |first=Paul |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/top-newsroom-official-at-npr-resigns-amid-harassment-allegations/2017/11/01/d26d682c-bf1e-11e7-8444-a0d4f04b89eb_story.html |title=Michael Oreskes, top NPR newsroom official, resigns amid harassment allegations |publisher=The Washington Post |date= |accessdate=2017-11-01}} 85. ^{{Cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/11/01/media/npr-michael-oreskes-resigns-fallout/index.html|title=At NPR, Oreskes harassment scandal leaves deep wounds|last=Stelter|first=Brian|work=CNNMoney|access-date=2017-11-02}} 86. ^{{Cite news | title = Judge Dismisses Inmate's Suit Against NPR |work=The Washington Post | date = August 22, 1997}} 87. ^{{cite news | url =http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/10/npr-news-dumps-analyst-juan-williams-over-comments-about-muslims-/1?csp=34news | title = Update: NPR exec says Juan Williams crossed the line before | last = Stanglin | first = Doug | date = October 21, 2010 | accessdate = October 21, 2010 |work=USA Today}} 88. ^{{cite news|publisher = Politico|url = http://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/0311/NPR_exec_tea_party_is_scary_racist.html?showall|date = March 8, 2011|title = NPR exec: tea party is 'scary,' 'racist'|first = Keach|last = Hagey}} 89. ^{{cite news | author = Mark Memmott | title = NPR CEO Vivian Schiller resigns | publisher = NPR | date=March 9, 2011 | accessdate = March 9, 2011 | url = https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/03/09/134388981/npr-ceo-vivian-schiller-resigns}} 90. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/07/04/483757766/the-declaration-of-independence-240-years-later|title=The Declaration Of Independence, 240 Years Later|website=NPR.org|access-date=2017-07-05}} 91. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/07/05/some-trump-supporters-thought-npr-tweeted-propaganda-it-was-the-declaration-of-independence/|title=Some Trump supporters thought NPR tweeted 'propaganda.' It was the Declaration of Independence.|website=Washington Post|access-date=2017-07-05}} 92. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/nation-world/article159682299.html|title=NPR tweets the Declaration of Independence, and people freak out about a 'revolution'|work=kansascity|access-date=2017-07-05|language=en}} 93. ^{{Cite news|url=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/npr-tweets-declaration-of-independence-triggers-outrage|title=NPR Tweets Declaration Of Independence, Triggers Outrage|work=Talking Points Memo|access-date=2017-07-05|language=en-US}} 94. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/05/us/npr-twitter-declaration-trnd/index.html|title=No, NPR was not trying to start a revolution|last=CNN|first=Nancy Coleman|website=CNN|access-date=2017-07-05}} 95. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.folklib.net/index/discog/bibliog-npr.shtml |title=FolkLib Index -Music Reference Books by National Public Radio (NPR) |first= |last=|work=www.folklib.net |year=|accessdate=11 May 2017}} Further reading
External links{{Commons cat|National Public Radio}}
13 : NPR|American radio networks|Corporation for Public Broadcasting|News agencies based in the United States|Peabody Award winners|Podcasting companies|Publicly funded broadcasters|Radio broadcasting companies of the United States|United States National Medal of Arts recipients|American companies established in 1970|Media companies established in 1970|Radio stations established in 1971|1970 establishments in Washington, D.C. |
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