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词条 List of tallest buildings in Australia
释义

  1. Tallest buildings

  2. Tallest buildings under construction or proposed

  3. Tallest buildings by state or territory

  4. Cities with the most skyscrapers

  5. See also

  6. References

These are lists of the tallest buildings in Australia.

Australia has more skyscrapers per person than any other country in the world with a population greater than five million,[1] and was one of the first countries in the world to play host to the skyscraper boom along with the United States and Canada. Australia's first skyscraper as then defined was Melbourne's now demolished APA Building, completed in 1889, which was among the tallest buildings in the world at the time. The nation's first skyscraper as defined today by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat as buildings exceeding 150 metres was the Australia Square Tower in Sydney, completed in 1967.

The vast majority of Australia's buildings which exceed 150 metres in height are located in the eastern states of New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria, with a smaller number in Western Australia. While Australia's other states and territories contain no skyscrapers as defined, they all play host to numerous high-rise buildings.

Tallest buildings

{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Adelaide|List of tallest buildings in Brisbane|List of tallest buildings in Chatswood|List of tallest buildings in Cairns|List of tallest buildings in Canberra|List of tallest buildings in Darwin|List of tallest buildings on the Gold Coast|List of tallest buildings in Hobart|List of tallest buildings in Melbourne|List of tallest buildings in Parramatta|List of tallest buildings in Perth|List of tallest buildings in Sydney|List of tallest buildings in Townsville|List of tallest buildings in Wollongong}}

This list includes the tallest completed and topped out buildings in Australia that reach a height of at least {{convert|200|m|ft|1|abbr=off}}, ranked by their official heights as defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH). An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings (in such cases, the building with the highest number of floors is listed first). The "Year" column indicates the year of completion.[2] The list includes only habitable buildings, as opposed to structures such as observation towers, radio masts, transmission towers and chimneys.

Official heights (denoted by 'O') are also known as 'architectural heights', as they include spires but exclude communications masts and antennae. This is because spires form an integral part of a building's design while masts and antennae do not, being purely functional. Also included are heights 'excluding spires' (denoted by 'ES'), which as used here include the entire architectural structure save for architectural spires. Whilst this is not a measure used by CTBUH, the concept is nonetheless frequently referred to by skyscraper aficionados.

{{legend|#ddffdd|Was Australia's tallest building when completed|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
RankNameImageLocationHeight:
m (ft)		FloorsYearNotesReference
OES
1 Q1 Gold Coast 322.5
(1,058)		275
(902)		 78 2005 Tallest building on the Gold Coast and Australia since 2005. Sixth-tallest residential building in the world. Q1 was short for Queensland Number One. [3][4]
2 Eureka Tower Melbourne 297.3
(975)		 91 2006 Tallest building in Melbourne since 2006. Tallest building in Australia to roof [5][6][7]
=3 Brisbane Skytower Brisbane 270.5
(887)		 90 2019 Tallest building in Brisbane. Equal third-tallest building in Australia. Topped out in December 2018.[8][9]
=3 Aurora Melbourne Central Melbourne 270.5
(887)		842019Equal third-tallest building in Australia. Topped–out in December 2018, the project is expected to be completed in 2019. [10][11]
5 120 Collins Street Melbourne 265
(869)		222.15
(729)		 52 1991 Tallest office building in Australia. Tallest building in Australia from 1991 to 2005. [12][13]
6 101 Collins Street Melbourne 260
(853)		195
(640)		 50 1991 23rd-tallest building in Australia to roof. Tallest building in Australia in 1991. [14][15]
7 1 William Street Brisbane 259.8
(852)		224
(735)		 46 2016 Tallest building in Brisbane from 2016 - 2018. [16]
8 Prima Pearl Melbourne 254
(833)		 72 2014 2nd-tallest building in Australia to roof. [17]
9 Rialto Towers Melbourne 251.1
(824)		 63 1986 Tallest office building in Australia to roof. Tallest building in Australia from 1986 to 1991. [18][19]
=10 Infinity Tower Brisbane 249
(817)		 81 2013 Tallest building in Brisbane from 2013 until 2016.[20]
=10 Central Park Perth 249
(817)		226
(741)		 51 1992 Tallest building in Perth since 1992[21][22]
12 Victoria One Melbourne 246.8
(810)		 76 2018 [23]
13 Chifley Tower Sydney 244
(801)		216
(709)		 53 1992 Tallest building in Sydney since 1992 [24]
=14 Soleil Brisbane 243
(797)		 74 2011 2nd-tallest building in Australia including basements [25]
=14 Citigroup Centre Sydney 243
(797)		206
(676)		 50 2000 Second-tallest building in Sydney[26]
16 Soul Gold Coast 242.6
(796)		 77 2012 4th-tallest building in Australia to roof [27]
17 Deutsche Bank Place Sydney 240
(787)		193
(633)		 39 2005 Shortest building to roof of top 30 [28][29]
18 Brookfield Place Perth 234.4
(769)		 46 2011 Also known as City Square or BHP City Square [30]
19 World Tower Sydney 230
(755)		 73 2004 Won the bronze Emporis Skyscraper Award in 2004[31][32]
20 Vision Apartments Melbourne 229
(751)		 70 2016 Topped–out in July 2016. [33]
21 MLC Centre Sydney 228
(748)		 60 1977 Tallest building in Australia from 1977 to 1986. [34][35]
22 Governor Phillip Tower Sydney 227
(745)		 54 1993 Incorporates the site of Australia's first Government House [36][37]
=23 568 Collins Street Melbourne 224
(735)		 68 2015 Topped-out in April, 2015 [38][39]
=23 Bourke Place Melbourne 224
(735)		 49 1991 A 30 m communications mast sits atop the building [40][41]
25 Ernst & Young Tower at Latitude Sydney 222
(728)		192
(630)		 45 2004 [42][43]
26 Circle on Cavill North Tower Gold Coast 219.5
(720)		 70 2007 [44][45]
27 Aurora Place Sydney 218.9
(718)		188
(617)		 41 2001 [46][47]
=28 Light House Melbourne Melbourne 218
(715)		 69 2018 Topped-out in February 2017. [48]
=28 Telstra Corporate Centre Melbourne 218
(715)		193
(633)		 47 1992 [49][50]
30 International Towers 1 Sydney 217
(711)		 49 2016 [51]
31 BankWest Tower Perth 214
(702)		 50 1988 A 33 m communications mast sits atop the building. [52][53]
32 The Tower at Melbourne Central Melbourne 211
(692)		 54 1991 Part of a major shopping, office and public transport hub in Melbourne.[54][55]
33 Aurora Brisbane 207
(679)		 69 2006 [56][57]
34 Freshwater Place Melbourne 205
(673)		 63 2005 The residential part of an office/residential building complex [58][59]
35 Eq. Tower Melbourne 202.7
(665)		 63 2017 Topped-out in October 2016. [60]
36 Riparian Plaza Brisbane 200
(656)		 53 2005 A 50 m communications mast stands atop the building. [61][62]

Tallest buildings under construction or proposed

This list includes the tallest buildings over 200 m that are currently under construction, approved or proposed in Australia according to the CTBUH, save for those which have already topped out.[63]

Status:
Under ConstructionApprovedProposed
Name
HeightStoreysPurposeCityCompletionStatus
m ft
Green Spine Tower 1 356.2|m|ft|disp=table}} 100+ Mixed Use Melbourne TBA

Proposed

Magic Tower 330|m|ft|disp=table}} 60 Mixed Use Melbourne TBA

Proposed[64]

Orion Tower 1 328|m|ft|disp=table}} 103 Residential Gold Coast TBA

Approved[65]

One Queensbridge 323|m|ft|disp=table}} 90 Mixed Use Melbourne TBA Approved[66][67][68][69][70]
Australia 108 317|m|ft|disp=table}} 100 Residential Melbourne 2020[71] Under Construction[72]
Spirit 298|m|ft|disp=table}} 89 Residential Gold Coast 2019 Under Construction[73]
Cienna Square Tower 2 280|m|ft|disp=table}} 88 Residential Gold Coast TBA Proposed[74]
25-35 Power Street 280|m|ft|disp=table}} 71 Mixed Use Melbourne TBA Approved[75][76]
No. 1 Brisbane 274|m|ft|disp=table}} 82 Residential Brisbane TBA Approved[77]
505 George Street 274|m|ft|disp=table}} 80 Residential Sydney TBA Proposed[78]
640 Bourke Street 273|m|ft|disp=table}} 85 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed[79]
Crown Sydney 271|m|ft|disp=table}} 75 Mixed Use Sydney 2020 Under Construction[80][81]
Aurora Melbourne Central 270.5|m|ft|disp=table}} 88 Residential Melbourne 2019 Under Construction[82][83][84]
West Side Place Tower 1 270|m|ft|disp=table}} 81 Residential Melbourne 2022 Under Construction[85][86][87][88]
30 Albert Street 270|m|ft|disp=table}} 91 Residential Brisbane TBA Approved[89]
171 Edward Street 265|m|ft|disp=table}} 81 Residential Brisbane TBA Approved[90]
182 George Street 263|m|ft|disp=table}} 55 Office Sydney TBA Proposed[91]
Brisbane Quarter 262|m|ft|disp=table}} 81 Residential Brisbane 2018 Under Construction[92]
280 Queen Street 252|m|ft|disp=table}} 80 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed[93]
Queens Place Tower 2 251|m|ft|disp=table}} 79 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved[94][95][96]
Queens Place Tower 1 250|m|ft|disp=table}} 79 Residential Melbourne 2020 Under Construction[94][96][97]
197 Church Street 250|m|ft|disp=table}} 80 Residential Sydney TBA Proposed[98]
St Andrews Place 249.5|m|ft|disp=table}} 62 Residential Perth TBA Proposed[99][100][101]
Premier Tower 249|m|ft|disp=table}} 78 Residential Melbourne 2020 Under Construction[102]
One Sydney Harbour Tower 1 247|m|ft|disp=table}} 71 Residential Sydney 2023 Approved[103]
Elysium 244|m|ft|disp=table}} 75 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved[104][105][106]
West Side Place Tower 2 240|m|ft|disp=table}} 75 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved[86][87][88]
Swanston Central 237|m|ft|disp=table}} 72 Residential Melbourne TBA Under Construction[107]
Greenland Centre Sydney 237|m|ft|disp=table}} 68 Residential Sydney 2019 Under Construction[108]
133 Liverpool Street 235|m|ft|disp=table}} 70 Residential Sydney TBA Proposed[109]
338 Pitt Street 235|m|ft|disp=table}} 68 Residential Sydney TBA Proposed[110]
85-93 Lorimer Street 234|m|ft|disp=table}} 74 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed[111]
600 Collins Street 234|m|ft|disp=table}} 74 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed[112]
Aspire Parramatta 233|m|ft|disp=table}} 55 Office Sydney TBA Under Construction
Ritz-Carlton Hotel 231|m|ft|disp=table}} 65 Hotel Sydney 2021 Proposed[113][114]
West Side Place Tower 4 230|m|ft|disp=table}} 68 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved[86][87][88]
295 City Road 228|m|ft|disp=table}} 70 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed[115][116]
Tower Melbourne 226|m|ft|disp=table}} 71 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved[117][118][119]
71-87 City Road 225|m|ft|disp=table}} 67 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed[120]
Grand Markwell Tower 2 221|m|ft|disp=table}} 67 Residential Gold Coast TBA Proposed[121]
380 Lonsdale Street (North tower) 218|m|ft|disp=table}} 67 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved[122][123][124]
158 City Road 218|m|ft|disp=table}} 65 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed[125]
97 Franklin Street 216|m|ft|disp=table}} 62 Residential Melbourne TBA Approved[126]
Quay Quarter Tower 216|m|ft|disp=table}} 54 Office Sydney 2020 Under Construction[127]
295-309 King Street 215|m|ft|disp=table}} 63 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed[128]
293-303 La Trobe Street 213|m|ft|disp=table}} 66 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed[129]
32-44 Flinders Street 212|m|ft|disp=table}} 67 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed[130]
West Side Place Tower 3 211|m|ft|disp=table}} 63 Residential Melbourne 2022 Under Construction[86][87][88]
111-125 A’Beckett Street 210|m|ft|disp=table}} 65 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed[131]
272 Queen Street 210|m|ft|disp=table}} 62 Mixed Use Melbourne TBA Approved[132][133]
48 Macquarie Street 210|m|ft|disp=table}} 61 Residential Sydney TBA Proposed[134]
One Sydney Harbour Tower 2 207|m|ft|disp=table}} 60 Residential Sydney 2023 Approved[135]
183-189 A'Beckett Street 206|m|ft|disp=table}} 67 Residential Melbourne TBA Proposed[136]
4-6 Bligh Street 205|m|ft|disp=table}} 55 Residential Sydney TBA Proposed[137]

Tallest buildings by state or territory

The following table provides the tallest building in each state given that only New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, and Western Australia are currently featured in the lists of tallest buildings to architectural detail and to roof. Heights to architectural detail are used.

Current
State / Territory Building Height Floor count Year
Queensland Q1 323 m (1059.7ft) 782005
Victoria Eureka Tower 297 m (974.4ft) 91 2006
Western Australia Central Park 249 m (816.9ft) 52 1992
New South Wales Chifley Tower 244 m (800.5ft) 53 1992
South Australia Westpac House 132 m (433.0ft) 31 1988
Northern Territory Evolution on Gardiner 99 m (324.8ft) 33 2008
Australian Capital Territory Lovett Tower 93 m (305.1ft) 25 1973
Tasmania Wrest Point Hotel Casino 73 m (239.5ft) 19 1973

The following table lists future tallest buildings that when completed, will become the tallest buildings in their respective state or territory. All buildings listed are either under construction or have topped-out.

Future
State / Territory Building Height Floor count Status Year
QueenslandOrion Tower 1328 m (1076.1ft)103ApprovedTBA
Victoria Australia 108 317 m (1040.0ft) 100 Under Construction 2020
New South Wales Crown Sydney 271 m (889.1ft) 75 Under Construction 2019
South Australia Frome Central Tower One 135 m (442.9ft) 36 Under Construction 2019[138]

Cities with the most skyscrapers

This table shows Australian cities with at least one skyscraper over 150 metres in height, completed, topped–out or under construction.

{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}
Rank City State 150 m+ (492.1ft+) 200 m+ (656.1ft+) 250 m+ (820.2ft+) 300 m+ (984.2ft+) Total
1 Melbourne Victoria 58 22 10 158{{ref label>table-1|N1}}
2 Sydney New South Wales 45 12 1 –45{{ref label>table-1|N2}}
3 Brisbane Queensland 17 7 3 –17{{ref label>table-1|N3}}
4 Gold Coast Queensland 10 4 2 110{{ref label>table-1|N4}}
5 Perth Western Australia 6 3 – –6{{ref label>table-1|N5}}
Notes
  • N1. {{note label|table-1}} Of a total 58 skyscrapers, 18 are under construction or have topped-out[139]
  • N2. {{note label|table-1}} Of a total 45 skyscrapers, 12 are under construction or have topped-out[140]
  • N3. {{note label|table-1}} Of a total 17 skyscrapers, 3 are under construction or have topped-out[141]
  • N4. {{note label|table-1}} Of a total 10 skyscrapers, 2 are under construction or have topped-out[142]
  • N5. {{note label|table-1}} Of a total 6 skyscrapers, 2 are under construction or have topped-out[143]
{{col-2}}{{col-end}}

See also

{{Portal|Australia|Architecture}}
  • List of tallest buildings and structures in Australia
  • List of tallest buildings in Oceania
{{Clear}}

References

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81. ^"James Packer's Barangaroo tower receives final approval despite critical PAC report".
82. ^(22 October 2015). [https://urban.melbourne/development/2015/10/22/cbds-tallest-building-officially-begins-construction "The CBD's tallest building officially begins construction"]. UrbanMelbourne.info. Retrieved 23 October 2015
83. ^Aurora Melbourne Central - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Centre. Retrieved 15 October 2015
84. ^"Building approvals surge most since 2002 on low rates". Australian Financial Review. 4 March 2014
85. ^West Side Place Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Centre. Retrieved 2 April 2018
86. ^1 2 3 "The Dawn of a New Age...and Melbourne's new tallest building?". UrbanMelbourne.info. 21 November 2013
87. ^1 2 3 "Site of former Age building to house Melbourne's tallest skyscraper". The Age. 23 November 2013
88. ^1 2 3 "New super tower will match Eureka". 3AW. 31 July 2014
89. ^30 Albert Street - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Centre. Retrieved 26 August 2015
90. ^ . The Courier Mail. Retrieved 27 June 2016
91. ^182 George Street - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 October 2015
92. ^Brisbane Quarter at 300 George Street Complex – The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 18 June 2016
93. ^280 Queen Street - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 October 2015
94. ^1 "Mega apartment project gets green light in Melbourne CBD". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 12 March 2016
95. ^350 Queen Street Tower 2 - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 2 April 2018
96. ^1 "City apartment boom drives twin skyscrapers plan for Queen Street site". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 May 2015
97. ^350 Queen Street Tower 1 - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 2 April 2018
98. ^{{cite web|title=197 Church Street|url=http://businesspapers.parracity.nsw.gov.au/parracity/Open/2015/RC_07122015_AGN_AT.PDF|website=Parramatta City Council}}
99. ^[https://www.businessnews.com.au/article/New-skyscraper-to-be-Perths-tallest "New Skyscraper to be Perths Tallest"]. Business News Western Australia. Retrieved 20 January 2017
100. ^"Gold skyscraper planned for site at Perth’s historic St Andrew’s Church". news.com.au. Retrieved 20 January 2017
101. ^"St Andrews Place - The Skyscraper Center". The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 20 January 2017
102. ^Premier Tower - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 24 January 2017
103. ^One Sydney Harbour (Tower 1) - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 October 2015
104. ^"Doyle slams approval of mega-tower". The Age. 13 February 2013
105. ^"New Southbank plans". The Age. 24 November 2012
106. ^"'Sculptural twist' for Southbank apartment tower". Herald Sun. 30 January 2013
107. ^[https://urban.melbourne/projects/melbourne/swanston-central-168-victoria-street-carlton Swanston Central - 168 Victoria Street, Carlton]. UrbanMelbourne.info. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
108. ^Sydney Greenland Centre - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 October 2015
109. ^{{cite web |title=133 Liverpool Street |url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/133-liverpool-street/34229 |website=Skyscraper Centre |accessdate=2 October 2018}}
110. ^{{cite web|title=338 Pitt Street|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/338-pitt-street/27701|website=The Skyscraper Centre|accessdate=5 May 2018}}
111. ^[https://urban.melbourne/projects/docklands/85-93-lorimer-street-docklands 85-93 Lorimer Street, Docklands]. UrbanMelbourne.info. Retrieved 22 May 2015
112. ^600 Collins Street - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 October 2015
113. ^{{cite web|title=Construction of a new hotel and residential tower and alterations to existing building|url=http://majorprojects.planning.nsw.gov.au/index.pl?action=view_job&job_id=7466|website=NSW Government. Planning and Environment|accessdate=8 January 2016}}
114. ^{{cite web|title=Ritz Carlton @ The Star|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/ritz-carlton-the-star/23016|website=The Skyscraper Centre|accessdate=5 May 2018}}
115. ^295 City Road - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 October 2015
116. ^[https://urban.melbourne/projects/southbank/295-city-road-southbank 295 City Road, Southbank]. UrbanMelbourne.info. Retrieved 22 May 2015
117. ^Tower Melbourne - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center
118. ^"State Government approval for 68-storey city tower". Herald Sun. 10 December 2012
119. ^"Melbourne CBD’s Controversial Highrise Gets Green Light". Architecture Source. 22 January 2013
120. ^71-87 City Road - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 October 2015
121. ^Grand Markwell Tower 2 - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 19 October 2015
122. ^"High-rise apartment and hotel complex includes laneway in Melbourne CBD". Herald Sun. Retrieved 11 March 2015
123. ^380 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne. Urban Melbourne
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125. ^[https://urban.melbourne/projects/southbank/158-city-road-southbank 158 City Road, Southbank]. UrbanMelbourne.info. Retrieved 22 May 2015
126. ^[https://urbanmelbourne.info/projects/cbd-east-end/97-franklin-street-melbourne 97 Franklin Street, Melbourne]. UrbanMelbourne.info. 18 September 2014
127. ^Quay Quarter Tower - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 26 November 2015
128. ^[https://urban.melbourne/projects/cbd-west-end/295-309-king-street-melbourne 295-309 King Street, Melbourne]. UrbanMelbourne.info. Retrieved 15 October 2015
129. ^293-303 La Trobe Street - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 October 2015
130. ^[https://urban.melbourne/projects/cbd-east-end/32-44-flinders-street-melbourne 32-44 Flinders Street, Melbourne]. UrbanMelbourne.info. Retrieved 22 May 2015
131. ^[https://urban.melbourne/projects/cbd-east-end/111-125-abeckett-street-melbourne 111-125 A’Beckett Street, Melbourne]. UrbanMelbourne.info. Retrieved 15 October 2015
132. ^[https://urbanmelbourne.info/development/2014/03/27/revised-272-queen-street-for-sale "Revised 272 Queen Street for sale"]. UrbanMelbourne.info. 27 March 2014
133. ^"$190 million crowning glory for Queen Street".
134. ^{{cite web|title=48 Macquarie Street|url=http://businesspapers.parracity.nsw.gov.au/parracity/Open/2015/RC_07122015_AGN_AT.PDF|website=Parramatta City Council}}
135. ^One Sydney Harbour (Tower 2) - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 19 October 2015
136. ^[https://urban.melbourne/projects/cbd-west-end/183-189-abeckett-street-melbourne 183-189 A'Beckett Street, Melbourne]. UrbanMelbourne.info. Retrieved 27 October 2015
137. ^{{cite web|title=4-6 Bligh Street|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/4-6-bligh-street/31394|website=The Skyscraper Centre|accessdate=5 May 2018}}
138. ^Frome Central Tower One - The Skyscraper Center. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 20 March 2018
139. ^Melbourne - The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 31 January 2018
140. ^Sydney - The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 31 January 2018
141. ^Brisbane - The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 31 January 2018
142. ^Gold Coast - The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 31 January 2018
143. ^Perth - The Skyscraper Center. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 31 January 2018
144. ^Buildings in Australia. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 25 May 2017
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