| 词条 | Nysa Bridge |
| 释义 |
|bridge_name = Nysa Bridge |image = File:NysaTunnel.jpg |caption = Inside view of the "tunnel" downstream. The section in sunlight has collapsed, leaving two separate arches. The vault of the second-level arcade appears at the upper rim of the photo. |official_name = |carries = Substructure for theatre square |crosses = Cakircak |locale = Nysa (Sultanhisar), Caria, Turkey |maint = |id = |designer = |design = Arch bridge |material = Stone |spans = 1 (bottom vault) |pierswater = |mainspan = 5.7–7 m |length = |width = c. 100 m |height = |load = |clearance = |below = 5.9 m |traffic = |begin = |complete = |open = |heritage = |collapsed = |preceded = |followed = |closed = |toll = |map_type = Turkey |coordinates = {{coord|37.903405|28.145514|display=inline,title}} }} The Nysa Bridge is a late imperial Roman bridge over the Cakircak stream in Nysa (modern Sultanhisar) in the ancient region of Caria, modern-day Turkey. The {{convert|100|m|0|abbr=on}} long substructure was the second largest of its kind in antiquity, after the Pergamon Bridge.[1] DatingThe Greek geographer Strabo (63 BC–AD 21), who lived in Nysa, mentioned a secret water conduit in the town, but it remains unclear whether he meant the existing tunnel-like bridge.[1] An inscription at the northern wall of the tube, close to a bend after {{convert|25|m|0|abbr=on}}, indicates a construction date in late imperial times.[2] It reads "Work of Praülos until this point".[3] ConstructionThe Nysa Bridge served as a substructure for the area in front of the city theatre which lay close to the Cakircak stream.[4] It was built as a two-level structure: the bottom vault spanned the brook. On top of it a row of arches connected the two hills that formed the urban area. The ground arch spanned the stream on a length of some {{convert|100|m|0|abbr=on}}, giving the bridge the appearance of a tube or a tunnel, although it was constructed entirely above ground. It consists of a single, {{convert|5.7|m|0|abbr=on}} wide vault whose uphill mouth widens to {{convert|7|m|0|abbr=on}}. The overall height of its semi-circular arch is {{convert|5.9|m|0|abbr=on}}, featuring a rise of {{convert|2.95|m|0|abbr=on}}. The vault is made of rubble stone laid in mortar, resting on a substructure of ashlar stone blocks of varying size (0.3–0.9 x 1.0–1.4 m). Originally featuring a continuous vaulting, it is collapsed today between m 75 and 85, and again at the downhill exit. The remaining, isolated structure at the downstream side has often been incorrectly referred to as a bridge of its own.[5] The Nysa Bridge was the second largest bridge substruction of its kind in antiquity, only surpassed by the nearby Bridge at Pergamon.[6] By comparison, the width of a normal, free standing Roman bridge did not exceed {{convert|10|m|0|abbr=on}}.[7] In its further course, the Cakircak also ran through the city stadion, so that naumachia could be given. There are remains of two other ancient bridges both up- and downstream.[1] Discharge capacityThe capacity limit of the Nysa Bridge in case of floods has been the subject of hydraulic and hydrological research. The gradient of the tunnel was calculated as 3.3% with a maximum discharge capacity of 290 m³/s. Exceeding this limit puts the bridge under internal pressure and damages the structure in the process. Considering that the Cakircak is {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, with a median gradient of 19% and a drainage basin of {{convert|4|km²|1|abbr=on}}, the following median intervals were calculated, depending on the method employed:
The study came to the conclusion that statistically every 13,500 years, a value which has been referred to as the "arithmetic mean", floods are to be expected which would exceed the capacity of the bridge.[8] See also
References1. ^1 {{harvnb|Grewe|Özis|1994|p=350}} 2. ^{{harvnb|Grewe|Özis|1994|p=351}} 3. ^Archaiologikon Deltion 1921–22, 84: Π̣ραΰ̣λου ἔργον | ἕως ὧδε 4. ^{{harvnb|Grewe|Özis|1994|p=348f.}} 5. ^All data: {{harvnb|Grewe|Özis|1994|p=351}} 6. ^1 {{harvnb|Grewe|Özis|1994|p=352}} 7. ^{{harvnb|O’Connor|1993|p=}} 8. ^{{harvnb|Grewe|Özis|1994|p=351f.}} Sources
| last = Grewe | first = Klaus | last2 = Özis | first2 = Ünal | title = Die antiken Flußüberbauungen von Pergamon und Nysa (Türkei) | journal = Antike Welt | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | year = 1994 | pages = 348–352 }}
| last = O’Connor | first = Colin | title = Roman Bridges | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1993 | pages = | isbn = 0-521-39326-4 }} Further reading
| last = Öziş | first = Ünal | last2 = Harmancioğlu | first2 = N. | title = Flood Flows and Capacities of the Historical Pergamon and Nysa Tunnels in Anatolia | journal = International Association for Hydraulic Research, 18. Congress Proceedings | volume = 6 | location = Cagliari | year = 1979 | pages = 696–698 }}
| last = Öziş | first = Ünal | title = Ancient Water Works in Anatolia | journal = Water Resources Development | volume = 3/1 | year = 1987 | pages = 55–62 }} External links{{Commonscat-inline}}{{Roman bridges}} 7 : Roman bridges in Turkey|Deck arch bridges|Stone bridges in Turkey|Roman Caria|Tunnels in Turkey|Buildings and structures in Aydın Province|Arch bridges in Turkey |
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