| 词条 | Obesity in the Pacific | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Pacific island nations and associated states make up the top seven on a 2007 list of heaviest countries, and eight of the top ten. In all these cases, more than 70% of citizens age 15 and over are obese.[1] A mitigating excuse argument is that the BMI measures used to appraise obesity in Caucasian bodies may need to be adjusted for appraising obesity in Polynesian bodies, which typically have larger bone and muscle mass than Caucasian bodies.[2][3][4][5] Obesity in Pacific islands is a growing health concern with health officials stating that it is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths in the Pacific Rim.{{source needed|date=March 2018}} Weight rank
NationsNauru{{Main|Obesity in Nauru}}Obesity is seen as a sign of wealth in Nauru.[6] 31% of Nauruans are diabetic.[7] This rate is as high as 45% among the 55-64 year old age group .[6] TongaLife expectancy has fallen to 64 in Tonga. Tongan life expectancy used to be in the mid-70s.[8] Up to 40% of the population is said to have type 2 diabetes.[8] Tongan Royal Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, who died in 2006, holds the Guinness World Record for being the heaviest-ever monarch - 200kg.[8] FijiIn Fiji, strokes used to be rare in the under 70 , whilst doctors reported that they had become common amongst patients in their 20s and 30s.[13] Research done on globalization's impact on health indicates that the rise in average BMI in Fiji correlates with the increase in imports of processed food. [9] Dr Temo K Waqanivalu, a Fijian representative for WHO, attributes health problems in his country to the substitution of traditional foods with more glamorous imported foods.[10] Marshall IslandsIn the Marshall Islands in 2008, there were 2000 cases of diabetes out of a population of 53,000.[11] A survey done in the Marshall Islands revealed that the percentage of the total population considered overweight or obese was 62.5%.[12] CausesMuch of the local diet is of processed, calorie-dense, imported food such as spam or corned beef, rather than fresh fish, fruit and vegetables, in part because past mining reduced the amount of arable land.[13][14][15]{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=May 2018}} Some very unhealthy foods such as mutton flaps are sold in the Pacific islands due to relatively low wealth.[16] A relatively sedentary lifestyle, including among children, is also contributing to rising obesity rates.[17] Obesity in the Pacific Islands is also thought to be influenced by cultural factors (tambu foods), including past poor public education on diet, exercise and health[18] (micronutrient deficiencies are also common[19]). Feasting and festivals continue currently to be major parts of life,[20] imported foods have been given higher social status than local, healthier foods,[21] and historically a large body size was associated with wealth, power and beauty.[6][22] High rates of obesity appear within 15 months of birth.[23] ResultsObesity is leading to increased levels of illness, including diabetes[24] and heart diseases. See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/2007/02/07/worlds-fattest-countries-forbeslife-cx_ls_0208worldfat_2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125084949/http://www.forbes.com/2007/02/07/worlds-fattest-countries-forbeslife-cx_ls_0208worldfat.html|archive-date=2007-02-07|title= World's Fattest Countries |author=Lauren Streib|date= 8 February 2007|website=Forbes}} {{Countries and territories of Oceania}}{{Oceania topic|Obesity in}}2. ^https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304572609_Polynesian_Bones 3. ^https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/fat-of-the-land-nauru-tops-obesity-league-2169418.html{{full|date=September 2018}} 4. ^https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324695104578417043182612254{{full|date=September 2018}} 5. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.orcp.2012.06.005 |pmid=24548575 |title=Ability of body mass index and waist circumference to identify risk factors for non-communicable disease in the Pacific Islands |journal=Obesity Research & Clinical Practice |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=e36–45 |year=2014 |last1=Snowdon |first1=Wendy |last2=Malakellis |first2=Mary |last3=Millar |first3=Lynne |last4=Swinburn |first4=Boyd }} 6. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Marks|first=Kathy|title=Fat of the land: Nauru tops obesity league|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/fat-of-the-land-nauru-tops-obesity-league-2169418.html|accessdate=23 January 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=26 December 2010}} 7. ^{{cite web|last=Streib|first=Lauren|title=Nauru: 94.5 % overweight|url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/02/07/worlds-fattest-countries-forbeslife-cx_ls_0208worldfat_slide_2.html?thisSpeed=undefined|publisher=Forbes.com|date=2 August 2007|accessdate=23 January 2013}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=How mutton flaps are killing Tonga|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35346493|accessdate=19 January 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=18 January 2016}} 9. ^{{cite news|title=The effect of sugar and processed food imports on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 172 countries|date=14 April 2018|doi=10.1186/s12992-018-0344-y}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/7/10-010710/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Pacific islanders pay heavy price for abandoning traditional diet|website=www.who.int|access-date=2018-11-04}} 11. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ju26-r3oLMhR0QssuEzYduCEplDQ|title=Modern life means modern ills for obese Pacific islanders|agency=AFP |date=8 February 2008|accessdate=21 August 2009}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ichiho|first=Henry M.|last2=Seremai|first2=Johannes|last3=Trinidad|first3=Richard|last4=Paul|first4=Irene|last5=Langidrik|first5=Justina|last6=Aitaoto|first6=Nia|date=May 2013|title=An assessment of non-communicable diseases, diabetes, and related risk factors in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Kwajelein Atoll, Ebeye Island: a systems perspective|url=|journal=Hawai'i Journal of Medicine & Public Health: A Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health|volume=72|issue=5 Suppl 1|pages=77–86|issn=2165-8242|pmc=3689463|pmid=23901366|via=}} 13. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1578329/Spam-at-heart-of-South-Pacific-obesity-crisis.html|title=Spam at heart of South Pacific obesity crisis|author=Nick Squires|accessdate=21 August 2009|date=12 April 2008|location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph }} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2007-02-26-voa10/331876.html |accessdate=15 July 2016 |title=South Pacific Leads the World in Obesity |author=Phil Mercer |date=26 February 2007 |deadurl=yes }} 15. ^Obesity in Nauru#Cause of obesity 16. ^https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35346493 17. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1681297.stm|title=Pacific Islanders are world's fattest|date=28 November 2001|accessdate=21 August 2009 |work=BBC News }} 18. ^http://www.wpro.who.int/publications/docs/obesityinthepacific.pdf?ua=1 19. ^http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/7/10-010710/en/ 20. ^http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1681297.stm 21. ^http://www.wpro.who.int/publications/docs/obesityinthepacific.pdf?ua=1 22. ^http://www.wpro.who.int/publications/docs/obesityinthepacific.pdf?ua=1 23. ^https://news.brown.edu/articles/2013/02/obesity 24. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.2337/diacare.25.8.1378 |pmid=12145238 |title=The Prevalence of Diabetes in the Kingdom of Tonga |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1378–83 |year=2002 |last1=Colagiuri |first1=S |last2=Colagiuri |first2=R |last3=Na'Ati |first3=S |last4=Muimuiheata |first4=S |last5=Hussain |first5=Z |last6=Palu |first6=T }} 6 : Obesity in the Pacific|Health in Tonga|Health in New Zealand|Health in the Federated States of Micronesia|Health in Nauru|Health in Samoa |
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