| 释义 |
- See also
- References
- Further reading
In sociology, an occupational closure (or professional demarcation) is the process whereby a trade or occupation transforms itself into a true profession by closing off entry to the profession to all but those suitably qualified. This can be achieved by licensure, through barring entry to all except those who have passed certain entrance examinations and grades of training, or by allowing entry only to those who have gained membership of a specific professional body. What this means in practical terms, is that an architect or physician, for example, will firstly be a university graduate in their main subject, second, will have passed entrance examinations to join a recognised professional body and thirdly, will also be licensed to practise medicine or architecture, usually also obtained through sitting examinations. Therefore, such professions are open only to those who satisfy these requirements and are closed to everyone else. It is thus illegal for any other person to practice medicine or to pose as an architect. The origin of this process is said to have been with guilds during the Middle Ages, when 'professionals' fought for exclusive rights to practice their trades as journeymen, and to engage unpaid apprentices. See also- Credentialism
- Licensure
- Occupational licensing
- Profession
- Professionalization
ReferencesFurther reading- {{cite journal|url=http://www.yorku.ca/sheila/html/sp.html|title=The Gender of Professionalism and Occupational Closure: the management of tenure-related disputes by the 'Federation of Women Teachers' Associations of Ontario' 1918-1949|author=Cavanagh S.A.L.|date=March 2003|journal=Gender and Education|volume=15|issue=1|pages=39–57(19)|doi=10.1080/0954025032000042130}}
- {{cite journal|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ422280|title=Mathematical Formalism as a Means of Occupational Closure in Computing - Why "Hard" Computing Tends to Exclude Women|author=Karen Mahony & Brett Van Toen|year=1990|journal=Gender and Education|volume=2|issue=3|pages=319–331|doi=10.1080/0954025900020306}}
- {{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535797900603|title=Occupational closure and immigrant entrepreneurship: Russian Jews in Israel|author=Gustavo S. Mesch & Daniel Czamanski|year=1997|journal=The Journal of Socioeconomics|volume=26|issue=6|pages=597–610|doi=10.1016/S1053-5357(97)90060-3}}
- {{cite journal|jstor=344121|author=Kim A. Weeden|title=Why Do Some Occupations Pay More than Others? Social Closure and Earnings Inequality in the United States|journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=108|year=2001|pages=55–101|doi=10.1086/344121}}
- {{cite journal|url=http://soc.sagepub.com/content/24/4/675.abstract|title=Patriarchy and Professions: The Gendered Politics of Occupational Closure|author=Anne Witz|date=November 1990|journal=Sociology|volume=24|issue=4|pages=675–690|doi=10.1177/0038038590024004007}}
{{Aspects of occupations}} 3 : Professional titles and certifications|Occupations|Sociological terminology |