The Victoria Cross (VC) is a military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories. It takes precedence over all other orders, decorations and medals, and may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command.[1] The award was officially constituted when Queen Victoria issued a warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856 that was gazetted on 5 February 1856.[2] The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War.[3] The first awards ceremony was held on 26 June 1857, where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park.[4]
The first citations of the cat, particularly those in the initial gazette of 24 February 1857, varied in the details of each action; some specify date ranges while some specify a single date. The original Royal Warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards, although official policy was to not award the VC posthumously.[5] Between 1897 and 1901, several notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived. In a partial reversal of policy in 1902, six of the soldiers mentioned were granted the VC, but not "officially" awarded the medal. In 1907, the posthumous policy was completely reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six soldiers.[6] The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920, but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous.[7][8] Three people have been awarded the VC and Bar, which is a medal for two actions; Noel Chavasse, Arthur Martin-Leake and Charles Upham.[9] Chavasse received both medals for actions in the First World War, while Martin-Leake was awarded his first VC for actions in the Second Boer War, and his second for actions during the First World War. Charles Upham received both VCs for actions during the Second World War.
The Victoria Cross has been awarded 1,358 times to 1,355 individual recipients. The largest number of recipients for one campaign is the First World War, for which 628 medals were awarded to 627 recipients.[10] The largest number awarded for actions on a single day was 24 on 16 November 1857, at the Second Relief of Lucknow, during the Indian Mutiny.[11] The largest number awarded for a single action was 18, for the assault on Sikandar Bagh, during the Second Relief of Lucknow. The largest number awarded to one unit during a single action was 7, to the 2nd/24th Foot, for the defence of Rorke's Drift (22–23 January 1879), during the Zulu War.[12]
Since 1991, Australia, Canada and New Zealand have created their own separate Victoria Crosses: the Victoria Cross for Australia, the Victoria Cross (Canada), and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand. Only five of these separate medals have been awarded, all for actions in the War in Afghanistan; Willie Apiata received the Victoria Cross for New Zealand on 26 July 2007; on 16 January 2009 Mark Donaldson, on 24 August 2010 Daniel Keighran, on 23 January 2011 Ben Roberts-Smith, and on 13 February 2014 Cameron Baird (posthumous award), were awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia. As these are separate medals, they are not included in this list.[13]
| Recipients | Unit | Campaign | Dates | Location |
|---|
| 000 a111 Crimean War recipients‡ | 000 a— | Crimean WarCrimean War | 1854–18561854–1856 | 000 a— |
| John|Wood|John Augustus Wood}} | 02020th Bombay Native Infantry | Anglo-Persian War | 1856-08-099 August 1856 | Bushire, Persia |
| John|Malcolmson|John Grant Malcolmson}} | 0033rd Bombay Light Cavalry | Anglo-Persian War | 1857-02-088 February 1857 | Khoosh-ab, Persia |
| Arthur|Moore|Arthur Thomas Moore}} | 0033rd Bombay Light Cavalry | Anglo-Persian War | 1858-02-078 February 1857 | Khoosh-ab, Persia |
| 000.1182 Indian Mutiny recipients‡ | 000.1— | Indian MutinyIndian Mutiny | 18581857–1859 | 000.1— |
| Nathaniel|Burslem}} | 06767th Regiment of Foot | Third China War | 1860-08-2121 August 1860 | Taku Forts, China |
| John|Chaplin|John Worthy Chaplin}} | 06767th Regiment of Foot | Third China War | 1860-08-2121 August 1860 | Taku Forts, China |
| Andrew|Fitzgibbon}} | 06767th Regiment of Foot | Third China War | 1860-08-2121 August 1860 | Taku Forts, China |
| Thomas|Lane|Thomas Lane (VC)}} | 06767th Regiment of Foot | Third China War | 1860-08-2121 August 1860 | Taku Forts, China |
| Edmund|Lenon|Edmund Henry Lenon}} | 06767th Regiment of Foot | Third China War | 1860-08-2121 August 1860 | Taku Forts, China |
| John|McDougall|John McDougall (VC)}} | 04444th Regiment of Foot | Third China War | 1860-08-2121 August 1860 | Taku Forts, China |
| Robert|Rogers|Robert Montresor Rogers}} | 04444th Regiment of Foot | Third China War | 1860-08-2121 August 1860 | Taku Forts, China |
| 000.1515 New Zealand Land Wars recipients‡ | 000.15— | New Zealand Land WarsNew Zealand Land Wars | 1860–18651860–1865 | 000.15— |
| George|Hinckley}} | Naval Brigade | Taiping Rebellion | 1862-10-099 October 1862 | Fenghua, China |
| George|Fosbery|George Vincent Fosbery}} | 0044th Bengal European Regiment | Umbeyla Campaign | 1863-10-3030 October 1863 | Crag Picquet, India |
| Henry|Pitcher|Henry William Pitcher}} | 0044th Punjab Infantry | Umbeyla Campaign | 1863-10-3030 October 1863 | Crag Picquet, India |
| Duncan|Boyes|Duncan Gordon Boyes}} | HMS Euryalus | Bombardment of Shimonoseki | 1864-09-066 September 1864 | Kanmon Straits, Japan |
| Thomas|Pride|Thomas Pride (VC)}} | Royal Navy | Bombardment of Shimonoseki | 1864-09-066 September 1864 | Kanmon Straits, Japan |
| William|Seeley|William Henry Harrison Seeley}} | HMS Euryalus | Bombardment of Shimonoseki | 1864-09-066 September 1864 | Kanmon Straits, Japan |
| James|Dundas}} | Bengal Engineers | Bhutan War | 1865-04-3030 April 1865 | Dewan-Giri, India |
| William|Trevor|William Spottiswoode Trevor}} | Bengal Engineers | Bhutan War | 1865-04-3030 April 1865 | Dewan-Giri, India |
| Timothy|O'Hea}} | Rifle Brigade | —{{Ref label|ohea|A|}} | 1866-06-099 June 1866 | Danville, Quebec |
| Samuel|Hodge}} | West India Regiment | The Gambia | 1866-06-3030 June 1866 | |
| David|Bell|David Bell (VC)}} | 02424th Regiment of Foot | Andaman Islands Expedition | 1867-05-077 May 1867 | Little Andaman |
| Campbell|Douglas|Campbell Mellis Douglas}} | 02424th Regiment of Foot | Andaman Islands Expedition | 1867-05-077 May 1867 | Little Andaman |
| James|Cooper|James Cooper (VC)}} | 02424th Regiment of Foot | Andaman Islands Expedition | 1867-05-077 May 1867 | Little Andaman |
| Thomas|Murphy|Thomas Murphy (VC)}} | 02424th Regiment of Foot | Andaman Islands Expedition | 1867-05-077 May 1867 | Little Andaman |
| William|Griffiths|William Griffiths (VC)}} | 02424th Regiment of Foot | Andaman Islands Expedition | 1867-05-077 May 1867 | Little Andaman |
| James|Bergin}} | 03333rd Regiment of Foot | Abyssinian War | 1868-04-1313 April 1868 | Battle of Magdala, Abyssinia |
| Michael|Magner}} | 03333rd Regiment of Foot | Abyssinian War | 1868-04-1313 April 1868 | Battle of Magdala, Abyssinia |
| Donald|Macintyre|Donald Macintyre (VC)}} | 0022nd Gurkha Rifles | Looshai Expedition | 1872-01-044 January 1872 | Lalgnoora, India |
| Edric|Gifford|Edric Gifford, 3rd Baron Gifford}} | 02424th Regiment of Foot | First Ashanti Expedition | 1873–1874 | Becquah, Ashanti |
| Reginald|Sartorius|Reginald William Sartorius}} | 0066th Bengal Cavalry | First Ashanti Expedition | 1874-01-1717 January 1874 | Abogu, Ashanti |
| Samuel|McGaw}} | 04242nd Regiment of Foot | First Ashanti Expedition | 1874-01-2121 January 1874 | Amoaful, Ashanti |
| Mark|Bell|Mark Sever Bell}} | Corps of Royal Engineers | First Ashanti Expedition | 1874-02-044 February 1874 | Ordashu, Ashanti |
| George|Channer|George Nicolas Channer}} | Bengal Staff Corps | Perak War | 1875-12-2020 December 1875 | Malaya, Malaysia |
| Andrew|Scott|Andrew Scott (VC)}} | Bengal Staff Corps | Baluchistan | 1877-07-2626 July 1877 | Quetta, India |
| Hans|Moore|Hans Garrett Moore}} | 08888th Regiment of Foot | 9th Cape Frontier War | 1877-12-2929 December 1877 | King William's Town, Cape Colony |
| 000.223 Zulu War recipients‡ | 000.2— | Zulu WarZulu War | 18791879 | 000.2— |
| 000.316 Second Afghan War recipients‡ | 000.3— | Second Afghan WarSecond Afghan War | 1878–18801878–1880 | 000.3— |
| Peter|Brown|Peter Brown (VC)}} | Cape Mounted Riflemen | Basuto War | 1879-04-088 April 1879 | Morosi's Mountain, South Africa |
| Robert|Scott|Robert George Scott}} | Cape Mounted Riflemen | Basuto War | 1879-04-088 April 1879 | Morosi's Mountain, South Africa |
| Edmund|Hartley|Edmund Barron Hartley}} | Cape Mounted Riflemen | Basuto War | 1879-06-055 June 1879 | Morosi's Mountain, South Africa |
| Francis|Fitzpatrick|Francis Fitzpatrick (VC)}} | Connaught Rangers | Basuto War | 1879-11-2828 November 1879 | Sekukuni's Town, South Africa |
| Thomas|Flawn}} | Connaught Rangers | Basuto War | 1879-11-2828 November 1879 | Sekukuni's Town, South Africa |
| John|McCrea|John Frederick McCrea}} | 0011st Cape Mounted Yeomanry | Basuto War | 1881-01-1414 January 1881 | Tweefontein, South Africa |
| Richard|Ridgeway|Richard Kirby Ridgeway}} | Bengal Staff Corps | Second Naga Hills Expedition | 1879-11-2222 November 1879 | Konama, India |
| John|Danaher}} | Nourse's Horse | First Boer War | 1881-01-1616 January 1881 | Elandsfontein, South Africa |
| James|Murray|James Murray (VC)}} | Connaught Rangers | First Boer War | 1881-01-1616 January 1881 | Elandsfontein, South Africa |
| John|Doogan}} | 0011st King's Dragoon Guards | First Boer War | 1881-01-2828 January 1881 | Laing's Nek, South Africa |
| Alan|Hill|Alan Richard Hill}} | Northamptonshire Regiment | First Boer War | 1881-01-2828 January 1881 | Laing's Nek, South Africa |
| James|Osborne|James Osborne (VC)}} | Northamptonshire Regiment | First Boer War | 1881-02-2222 February 1881 | Wesselstroom, South Africa |
| Joseph|Farmer|Joseph John Farmer}} | Royal Army Medical Corps | First Boer War | 1881-02-2727 February 1881 | Majubu Hill, South Africa |
| Israel|Harding}} | HMS Alexandra | Occupation of Egypt | 1882-07-1111 July 1882 | Alexandria, Egypt |
| Frederick|Corbett}} | King's Royal Rifle Corps | Occupation of Egypt | 1882-08-055 August 1882 | Kafr Dowar, Egypt |
| William|Edwards|William Mordaunt Marsh Edwards}} | Highland Light Infantry | Occupation of Egypt | 1882-09-1313 September 1882 | Tel-el-Kebir, Egypt |
| William|Marshall|William Thomas Marshall}} | 01919th Hussars | Sudan Campaign | 1884-02-2929 February 1884 | El Teb, Sudan |
| Arthur|Wilson|Arthur Wilson (admiral)}} | HMS Hecla | Sudan Campaign | 1884-02-2929 February 1884 | El Teb, Sudan |
| Thomas|Edwards|Thomas Edwards (soldier)}} | Black Watch | Sudan Campaign | 1884-03-1313 March 1884 | Tamai, Sudan |
| Percival|Marling}} | King's Royal Rifle Corps | Sudan Campaign | 1884-03-1313 March 1884 | Tamai, Sudan |
| Alfred|Smith|Alfred Smith (VC)}} | Royal Regiment of Artillery | Sudan Campaign | 1885-01-1717 January 1885 | Abu Klea, Sudan |
| Thomas|Byrne|Thomas Byrne (VC)}} | 02121st Lancers | Sudan Campaign | 1898-09-022 September 1898 | Omdurman, Sudan |
| Raymond|De Montmorency|Raymond Harvey Lodge Joseph De Montmorency}} | 02121st Lancers | Sudan Campaign | 1898-09-022 September 1898 | Omdurman, Sudan |
| Paul|Kenna|Paul Aloysius Kenna}} | 02121st Lancers | Sudan Campaign | 1898-09-022 September 1898 | Omdurman, Sudan |
| Nevill|Smyth|Nevill Maskelyne Smyth}} | 0022nd Dragoon Guards | Sudan Campaign | 1898-09-022 September 1898 | Omdurman, Sudan |
| Alexander|Hore-Rithven|Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie}} | Highland Light Infantry | Sudan Campaign | 1898-09-2222 September 1898 | Gedarif, Sudan |
| John|Crimmin}} | Bombay Medical Service | British rule in Burma | 1889-01-011 January 1889 | Karenni, Burma |
| Ferdinand|Le Quesne|Ferdinand Simeon Le Quesne}} | Royal Army Medical Corps | British rule in Burma | 1889-05-044 May 1889 | Tartan, Burma |
| Charles|Grant|Charles James William Grant}} | Indian Staff Corps | Manipur Expedition | 1891-03-2121 March 1891 to
9 April 1891 | Thobal, Burma |
| Fenton|Aylmer|Sir Fenton Aylmer, 13th Baronet}} | Corps of Royal Engineers | Hunza-Naga Campaign | 1891-12-022 December 1891 | Nilt Fort, India |
| Guy|Boisragon|Guy Hudleston Boisragon}} | 0055th Gurkha Rifles | Hunza-Naga Campaign | 1891-12-022 December 1891 | Nilt Fort, India |
| John|Smith|John Manners Smith}} | 0055th Gurkha Rifles | Hunza-Naga Campaign | 1891-12-2020 December 1891 | Nilt Fort, India |
| William|Gordon|William James Gordon}} | West India Regiment | The Gambia | 1892-03-1313 March 1892 | Toniataba, Gambia |
| Owen|Lloyd|Owen Edward Pennefather Lloyd}} | Royal Army Medical Corps | Kachin Hills Expedition | 1893-01-066 January 1893 | Fort Sima, Burma |
| Harry|Whitchurch|Harry Frederick Whitchurch}} | Indian Medical Service | Chitral Expedition | 1895-03-033 March 1895 | Chitral Fort, India |
| Herbert|Henderson|Herbert Stephen Henderson}} | Bulawayo Field Force | Matabeleland Rebellion | 1896-03-3030 March 1896 | Bulawayo, Rhodesia |
| Frank|Baxter|Frank William Baxter}} | Bulawayo Field Force | Matabeleland Rebellion | 1896-04-2222 April 1896* | Umguza, Rhodesia |
| Randolph|Nesbitt|Randolph Cosby Nesbitt}} | Mashonaland Mounted Police | Mashona Rebellion | 1896-06-1919 June 1896 | Salisbury, Rhodesia |
| Edmond|Costello|Edmund William Costello}} | 02222nd Punjab Infantry | Siege of Malakand | 1897-07-2626 July 1897 | Malakand, India |
| James|Colvin|James Morris Colquhoun Colvin}} | Corps of Royal Engineers | Mohmand Campaign | 1897-09-1616 September 1897 | Bilot, India |
| James|Smith|James Smith (VC)}} | Corps of Royal Engineers | Mohmand Campaign | 1897-09-1616 September 1897 | Bilot, India |
| Thomas|Watson|Thomas Colclough Watson}} | Corps of Royal Engineers | Mohmand Campaign | 1897-09-1616 September 1897 | Bilot, India |
| Robert|Adams|Robert Bellew Adams}} | Corps of Guides | Tirah Campaign | 1897-08-1717 August 1897 | Swat, India |
| Hector|MacLean|Hector Lachlan Stewart MacLean}} | Corps of Guides | Tirah Campaign | 1897-08-1717 August 1897* | Swat, India |
| Alexander|Fincastle|Alexander Murray, 8th Earl of Dunmore}} | 01616th Lancers | Tirah Campaign | 1897-08-1717 August 1897 | Swat, India |
| Henry|Pennell|Henry Singleton Pennell}} | Sherwood Foresters | Tirah Campaign | 1897-10-2020 October 1897 | Dargai, India |
| George|Findlater}} | Gordon Highlanders | Tirah Campaign | 1897-10-2020 October 1897 | Dargai, India |
| Edward|Lawson|Edward Lawson (VC)}} | Gordon Highlanders | Tirah Campaign | 1897-10-2020 October 1897 | Dargai, India |
| Samuel|Vickery}} | Dorset Regiment | Tirah Campaign | 1897-10-2020 October 1897 | Dargai, India |
| William|Maillard|William Job Maillard}} | HMS Hazard | Occupation of Crete | 1898-09-066 September 1898 | Crete, Greece |
| John|Mackenzie|John Mackenzie (VC)}} | Seaforth Highlanders | Third Ashanti Expedition | 1900-06-066 June 1900 | Dompoassi, Ashanti |
| Charles|Melliss|Charles John Melliss}} | Indian Staff Corps | Third Ashanti Expedition | 1900-09-3030 September 1900 | Obassa, Ashanti |
| Lewis|Halliday|Lewis Stratford Tollemache Halliday}} | Royal Marine Light Infantry | Boxer Rising | 1900-06-2424 June 1900 | Peking, China |
| Basil|Guy|Basil John Douglas Guy}} | Naval Brigade | Boxer Rising | 1900-07-1313 July 1900 | China |
| 000.478 Second Boer War recipients‡ | 000.4— | Second Boer WarSecond Boer War | 1899–19021899–1902 | 000.4— |
| Alexander|Cobbe}} | King's African Rifles | Second Somaliland Expedition | 1902-10-066 October 1902 | Erego, Somaliland |
| William|Walker|William George Walker}} | 0044th Gurkha Rifles | Third Somaliland Expedition | 1903-04-2222 April 1903 | Daratoleh, Somaliland |
| John|Gough|John Gough (British Army officer)}} | Rifle Brigade | Third Somaliland Expedition | 1903-04-2222 April 1903 | Daratoleh, Somaliland |
| George|Rolland|George Murray Rolland}} | 0011st Bombay Grenadiers | Third Somaliland Expedition | 1903-04-2222 April 1903 | Daratoleh, Somaliland |
| Herbert|Carter|Herbert Augustine Carter}} | Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry | Fourth Somaliland Expedition | 1903-12-1919 December 1903 | Jidballi, Somaliland |
| Clement|Smith|Clement Leslie Smith}} | Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry | Fourth Somaliland Expedition | 1904-01-1010 January 1904 | Jidballi, Somaliland |
| Wallace|Wright|Wallace Duffield Wright}} | 002Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) | Kano-Sokoto Expedition | 1903-02-2626 February 1903 | Northern Nigeria |
| John|Grant|John Duncan Grant}} | 0088th Gurkha Rifles | Armed Mission to Tibet | 1904-07-066 July 1904 | Gyantse Fortress |
| 000.5627 First World War recipients‡{{Ref label>Chavasse|B|}} | 000.5— | First World WarFirst World War | 1914–19181914–1918 | 000.5— |
| Augustus|Agar}} | HM Coastal Motor Boat 4 | North Russia Relief Force | 1919-06-1717 June 1919 | Kronstadt, Russia |
| Arthur|Sullivan|Arthur Percy Sullivan}} | Royal Fusiliers | North Russia Relief Force | 1919-08-1010 August 1919 | Sheika River, Russia |
| Claude|Dobson|Claude Congreve Dobson}} | HM Coastal Motor Boat 31 | North Russia Relief Force | 1919-08-1818 August 1919 | Kronstadt, Russia |
| Gordon|Steele|Gordon Charles Steele}} | HM Coastal Motor Boat 88 | North Russia Relief Force | 1919-08-1818 August 1919 | Kronstadt, Russia |
| Samuel|Pearse|Samuel George Pearse}} | Royal Fusiliers | North Russia Relief Force | 1919-08-2929 August 1919* | Emtsa, Russia |
| Henry|Andrews|Henry John Andrews}} | Indian Medical Service | Waziristan Campaign | 1919-10-2222 October 1919* | Khajuri, Waziristan |
| William|Kenny|William David Kenny}} | 03939th Garhwal Rifles | Waziristan Campaign | 1920-01-022 January 1920* | Kot Kai, Waziristan |
| Ishar|Singh}} | 02828th Punjab Regiment | Waziristan Campaign | 1921-04-1010 April 1921 | Haidari Kach, Waziristan |
| George|Henderson|George Stuart Henderson}} | Manchester Regiment | Arab Revolt | 1920-07-2424 July 1920* | Hillah, Mesopotamia |
| Godfrey|Meynell}} | 01212th Frontier Force Regiment | Second Mohmand Campaign | 1935-09-2929 September 1935* | Mamund Valley, India |
| 000.6181 Second World War recipients‡{{Ref label>Upham|C|}} | 000.6— | Second World WarSecond World War | 1939–19451939–1945 | 000.6— |
| Kenneth|Muir|Kenneth Muir (VC)}} | Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders | Korean War | 1950-09-2323 September 1950* | Songju, Korea |
| James|Carne}} | Gloucestershire Regiment | Korean War | 1950-04-2222–23 April 1951 | Imjin River, Korea |
| Philip|Curtis}} | Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry | Korean War | 1950-04-2222–23 April 1951* | Imjin River, Korea |
| Bill|Speakman}} | Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) | Korean War | 1951-11-044 November 1951 | Hill 217, Korea |
| Rambahadur|Limbu}} | 01010th Gurkha Rifles | Malaysia-Indonesia Confrontation | 1965-11-2121 November 1965 | Sarawak, Borneo |
| Kevin|Wheatley}} | Australian Army Training Team Vietnam | Vietnam War | 1965-11-1313 November 1965* | Tra Bong, Vietnam |
| Peter|Badcoe}} | Australian Army Training Team Vietnam | Vietnam War | 1967-02-2323 February 1967
7 March 1967
7 April 1967* | Huong Tra, Vietnam |
| Ray|Simpson|Ray Simpson (VC)}} | Australian Army Training Team Vietnam | Vietnam War | 1969-05-066–11 May 1969 | Kon Tum province, Vietnam |
| Keith|Payne}} | Australian Army Training Team Vietnam | Vietnam War | 1969-05-2424 May 1969 | Ben Het, Vietnam |
| Herbert|Jones|'H'. Jones}} | Parachute Regiment | Falklands War | 1982-05-2828 May 1982* | Goose Green, Falkland Islands |
| Ian|McKay}} | Parachute Regiment | Falklands War | 1982-06-1212 June 1982* | Mount Longdon, Falkland Islands |
| Johnson|Beharry}} | Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment | Iraq War | 2004-05-011 May 2004
11 June 2004 | Al-Amarah, Iraq |
| Bryan|Budd}} | Parachute Regiment | War in Afghanistan | 2006-07-2727 July 2006
20 August 2006* | Sangin, Afghanistan |
| James|Ashworth}} | Grenadier Guards | War in Afghanistan | 2012-06-1313 June 2012* | Nahiri Saraj District, Afghanistan |
| Joshua|Leakey}} | Parachute Regiment | War in Afghanistan | 2013-08-2222 August 2013 | Helmand Province, Afghanistan |
1. ^Ashcroft, Michael; preface; XI–XIII
2. ^The Gazette publishing the original Royal Warrant
{{London Gazette |issue=21846 |pages=410–411 |date=5 February 1856 }}
3. ^Ashcroft, Michael; pp.7–10
4. ^Ashcroft, Michael; Preface to Victoria Cross Heroes
5. ^Crook, MJ, Chapter 8 pp.68–90
6. ^{{London Gazette |issue=27986 |date=15 January 1907 |page=325 }}
7. ^Crook, MJ, Chapter 8 pp.68–90
8. ^{{London Gazette |issue=31946|date=18 June 1920|page=6702}}
9. ^Ashcroft, Michael, Introduction: A brief History of the VC (pp.14–18)
10. ^Arthur, Max; pp.185–371
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://collections.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.941 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-09-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927091522/http://collections.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.941 |archivedate=27 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
12. ^Arthur, Max; p.XIV
13. ^{{cite web| url=http://img.scoop.co.nz/media/pdfs/0707/VCmediakit2jul07.pdf |title=Press kit related to July 2007 gallantry awards (NZ) |publisher=NZ Government through news agency |date =2 July 2007 |format =PDF |accessdate=3 July 2007 }}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.britishwargraves.org.uk/newsite/medals/Victoria_Cross.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006193449/http://www.britishwargraves.org.uk/newsite/medals/Victoria_Cross.htm |archivedate=6 October 2007 |title=VC background |publisher=British War Graves Memorial |accessdate=7 April 2008 }}
{{Victoria Cross recipients}}{{Featured list}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Victoria Cross Recipients By Campaign}}