| 词条 | Little Entente |
| 释义 |
| conventional_long_name = Little Entente | native_name = Malá dohoda Mica Antantă Мала Антанта | common_name = Little Entente | status = Military alliance | year_start = 1921 | year_end = 1938 | flag = | image_flag = | image_map = Little Entente in Europe 1921-1938.png | image_map_caption = Members of the Little entente{{plainlist | style = text-align: left; |Members:
}} | capital = | era = Interwar | date_pre = | event_pre = | event_start = Formation | date_start = | event_end = Dissolved | date_end = | footnotes = }} The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia with the purpose of common defense against Hungarian revanchism and the prevention of a Habsburg restoration. France supported the alliance by signing treaties with each member country. Rapid growth of German power caused its collapse in 1938, and it never went into wartime operation. OriginsThe first attempts seeking a mutual defense of the successor states of Austria-Hungary took place at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The most remarkable and ardent proponent of the certain alliance binding the successor states was Edvard Beneš who served as Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia from 1918 to 1935. Beneš played the crucial role in establishing the Little Entente to such extent, that he was regarded as its real founder.[1] The Project of this alliance also clearly reflected his belief in necessity of democratic development for Czechoslovakia and other European states as well.[2] The obvious aim of the alliance proposed by Beneš was to prevent the resurgence of Hungarian power and the restoration of the Habsburg Monarchy. The real purpose of the Little Entente followed a much broader pattern. The alliance was designed to stop any encroachments on the independence of the member states committed by any European power. This meant that Beneš intended to gain the respect of both Hungary and other powers such as France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. In addition, the Little Entente was to strengthen the influence of its member states in international deliberations.[3] Another interpretation explaining the background of the formation of the Little Entente is based on considerations concerning a new balance of power in Europe after World War I. France planned to contain possible German aggression by forming an arrangement with German neighbours. Before World War I, Russia served this purpose, but after World War I France was reluctant to establish normal diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union. Thus France sought alternative states neighbouring Germany and having close ties to France. As the Little Entente fulfilled these conditions, France strongly supported its formation.[4] FormationA collective defense arrangement was signed in Belgrade on August 14, 1920, during a convention between Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The treaty guaranteed mutual assistance in the event of an unprovoked attack launched by Hungary against any stipulator.[5] Ratifications were exchanged in Belgrade on February 10, 1921. Subsequently, Beneš suggested participation in the emerging alliance to Romania on August 17, 1920, but his offer was rejected by the Romanian government. Although the mentioned treaty was signed, it did not serve as a regular allied convention. The allied conventions which formed the Little Entente were signed in order as follows:
The mentioned conventions encompassed almost identical terms as the treaty from August 14, 1920. Again, it was stated that in the event of an unprovoked attack employed by Hungary against a certain stipulator other parties should provide mutual assistance. In addition, the treaties defined the mutual assistance via a special military convention which was to be signed. Until such a convention came into force, interim measures were to be taken. The member states of the Little Entente also pledged themselves to cooperation in terms of foreign policy towards Hungary.[15]
During its formation, the Little Entente had to prove its determination of being a safeguard against any restoration sponsored by Habsburgs. Firstly, Charles I of Austria returned to Hungary from Switzerland on March 26, 1921. He reclaimed the Hungarian throne, but this action earned neither the support of Miklós Horthy, nor consent of the Little Entente. Thus Charles was forced to leave the country on April 1, 1921. On October 20, 1921, he nevertheless returned to Hungary and renewed his claims. The situation was complicated by the fact that Charles managed to gain the support of a certain part of the army.[17] The Little Entente reacted promptly under the guidance of E. Beneš. Its member states began to mobilize their armies and the threat of direct involvement from them was imminent. Moreover, other European powers expressed their opposition to Charles's restoration attempts. Under these circumstances the Hungarian government defeated Charles's followers and arrested him on October 24, 1921. This was followed by Hungarian reluctance to deprive Charles of his titles and increasing danger of a military incursion of the Little Entente into Hungary. Finally, the Hungarian government passed an act abrogating Charles's sovereign rights on November 10, 1921.[18] ConsolidationAlthough the thwarted restoration of the Habsburgs was an unambiguous success, subsequent events revealed increasing tensions within the alliance. The Genoa Conference (April 10 to May 19, 1922) highlighted the divergence of opinion among the member states. The problem arose from the possible recognition of the Soviet Union by its European counterparts. As Czechoslovakia was mainly an industrial state it was disposed to normalize its relations with the Soviet Union and recognize the newly formed state. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Romania, however, were agrarian countries uninterested in economic cooperation with the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, all member states participating in the Little Entente considered the Soviet Union as a threat.[19] In the 1920s, France, as the main supporter of the Little Entente, pursued its policy towards tightening the alliance by launching a series of friendship treaties aimed at forging the relations between France, Czechoslovakia, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Romania. The mentioned treaties were signed as follows:
These treaties obliged the parties to consult their foreign policies, foremost the security matters of the involved states.[20] The inevitable consequence of the successful performance of the Little Entente was its institutionalisation. Guided by this purpose, the Pact of Organisation, also called The Little Entente System or The Reorganisation Pact, was signed in Geneva on February 16, 1933, providing a legal framework for a permanent collaboration among the member states. According to that treaty, a Permanent Council together with a Permanent Secretary were to be established. The former body was designed for periodical meetings attended by the foreign ministers of the three countries, while the latter one was to provide a day-to-day routine operations of the Little Entente.[21] The meetings of the proposed Council were to be held in the capitals of the member states at least three times per year, thus enhancing a regular harmonization of foreign policies pursued by the given countries.[22] Moreover, by implementation of the Economic Council into the organisation structure of the Little Entente the member states declared their will to coordinate its economic interests too. The successful performance of the Little Entente resulted in its institutionalisation. Guided by this purpose, the Pact of Organisation, also called The Little Entente System or The Reorganisation Pact, was signed in Geneva on February 16, 1933. Ratifications were exchanged in Prague on May 30, 1933, and the treaty became effective on the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on July 4, 1933.[23] The treaty was delivered by Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the member states - Bogoljub Jevtić for Yugoslavia, Nicolae Titulescu for Romania, and Edvard Beneš for Czechoslovakia. The aim of the Pact of Organisation was to provide a legal framework for a permanent collaboration among the member states. This objective was to be reached by an establishing of new institutions operating on behalf of the member states within the Little Entente. The main instruments of collaboration were:
DisbandmentThe resurgence of German power after 1933 had gradually undermined French influence in the Little Entente countries.[24] In 1938 France betrayed Czechoslovakia and signed Munich Agreement with Nazi Germany effectively dishonoring French-Czechoslovak alliance. Another important act was to permit Hungary to re-arm itself in the Bled agreement of 22 August 1938. France had seen the Little Entente as an opportunity, in the interests of French security, to revitalize the threat of a two-front war against Germany. To relieve this threat in 1934 a Croatian and possibly Italian and Hungarian-backed Bulgarian[25] revolutionary Vlado Chernozemski assassinated the Yugoslav king Alexander and the French minister of foreign affairs, two leading proponents of the Little Entente. This was a prelude to the Second World War. Croatian-Romanian-Slovak friendship proclamation{{main|Croatian-Romanian-Slovak friendship proclamation}}During World War II, Romania, along with the Independent State of Croatia and the Slovak State formed an alliance similar to the Little Entente, with the purpose of stopping any further Hungarian expansion. The alliance was formed by Romania's Marshal Ion Antonescu.[26] See also
Notes1. ^Zeman and Klimek 1997: 89 2. ^Protheroe 2006: 102 3. ^Gordon and Gilbert 1994: 112 4. ^Spielvogel 2005: 751 5. ^Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 6, pp. 210-213. 6. ^Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 6. pp. 216-219. 7. ^Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 18, pp. 82-83. 8. ^Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 54, pp. 254-255. 9. ^Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 96, pp. 308-309. 10. ^Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 54, pp. 258-265. 11. ^Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 98, pp. 222-223. 12. ^Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 13, pp. 232-235. 13. ^Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 87, pp. 310-311. 14. ^Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 94, pp. 54-55. 15. ^Glasgow 1926: 103-104 16. ^League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 107, pp. 216-219. 17. ^Dowling 2002: 43 18. ^Protheroe 2006: 87 19. ^Fink et al. 2002: 187-190 20. ^Osmanczyk 2002: 632 21. ^Schlesinger 1998: 421 22. ^Ragsdale 2004: 10) 23. ^League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 139, pp. 234-239. 24. ^Gordon Wright, "The Ordeal of Total War: 1939-1945", Harper Torchbooks 1968, pp. 12 25. ^Crown of Thorns: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918-1943, Stephane Groueff, Madison Books, 1998, {{ISBN|1461730538}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZcVYDLUMw0C&pg=PA224&dq=tchernozemski+bulgarian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XdKaUt5VgbvIA7jIgIgH&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 224.] 26. ^Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941-1945, by Mark Axworthy, Cornel Scafeş and Cristian Crăciunoiu, page 73 References
External links
11 : Organizations established in 1920|Organizations disestablished in 1938|Modern Europe|Military alliances involving Czechoslovakia|Military alliances involving Romania|Military alliances involving Yugoslavia|20th-century military alliances|1920 in international relations|Czechoslovakia–Yugoslavia relations|Czechoslovakia–France relations|Greater Romania |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。