| 词条 | Omar Suleiman |
| 释义 |
|name = Omar Mahmoud Suleiman {{lang|ar|عمر محمود سليمان}} |image = Omar Suleiman 070731-D-7203T-010 0WX8I.jpg |office = 16th Vice-President of Egypt |president = Hosni Mubarak |term_start = 29 January 2011 |term_end = 11 February 2011[1] |predecessor = Hosni Mubarak* |successor = Mahmoud Mekki |office2 = Director of the General Intelligence Directorate |president2 = Hosni Mubarak |term_start2 = 22 January 1993 |term_end2 = 31 January 2011 |predecessor2 = Nour El Dien Afeefy |successor2 = Murad Muwafi |birth_date = {{birth date|1936|07|02|df=y}} |birth_place = Qena, Egypt |death_date = {{death date and age|2012|07|19|1936|07|02|df=y}} |death_place = Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |party = Independent |alma_mater = Egyptian Military Academy Frunze Military Academy Ain Shams University Cairo University |religion = Islam |footnotes = * Office vacant from 14 October 1981 – 29 January 2011. |allegiance = Egypt |branch = Army |serviceyears = 1956–1993 |rank = Major General |battles = North Yemen Civil War[2] Six-Day War[3] October War[3] }}Omar Mahmoud Suleiman ({{lang-ar|عمر محمود سليمان}}, {{IPA-arz|ˈʕomɑɾ seleˈmæːn}}; 2 July 1936 – 19 July 2012) was an Egyptian army general, politician, diplomat, and intelligence officer. A leading figure in Egypt's intelligence system beginning in 1986, Suleiman was appointed to the long-vacant Vice Presidency by President Hosni Mubarak on 29 January 2011.[3][4] On 11 February 2011, Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation and ceased being Vice President;[1] governing power was transferred to the Armed Forces Supreme Council,[5] of which Suleiman was not a member.[6] A new head of intelligence services was appointed by the ruling Supreme Council. Suleiman withdrew from the political scene and did not appear in public after announcing Mubarak's resignation.[7] Millions of Egyptian citizens[8] involved in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 opposed Suleiman or Mubarak remaining in power without elections taking place.[9][10] Human rights groups tied Suleiman’s career to a regime marked by widespread human rights abuses,[14][11][12] and asserted that many Egyptian revolutionaries "see Suleiman as Mubarak II. However many Egyptians also saw Mr. Suleiman as a pillar of the old order who might have served as a buffer between military rule on the one hand and dominance by Islamist groups on the other."[14] Tortured victims and human rights groups charged that Suleiman oversaw the systematic use of torture on detainees and that in at least one instance he was accused of "personally tortured a detainee during his career" in intelligence.[13][14][15] In response to the 2011 protests, Suleiman blamed foreign influence and appealed to protestors to go home.[16] But despite all of these allegations of torture and abusing human rights. Suleiman was popular among Egyptians since he was the one who announced Mubarak resignation on the evening of 11 February 2011. There was a scene of a man standing behind Omar Suleiman doing nothing and seemed too upset during Suleiman's announcement of Mubarak resignation. People mocked the man as "El ragel ely wa2f wara Omar Soliman" which translated as "the guy standing behind Omar Soliman" became a trend on social media including Facebook and Twitter with several memes and videos mocking the man who was latter identified as Officer Hussein Kamal Sherif. [17]{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=February 2018}} [18] On 19 July 2012, it was announced that Suleiman had died at Cleveland Clinic at the age of 76.[19] Early life and educationSuleiman was born in Qena in Upper Egypt. In 1954 at the age of 18, he moved to Cairo to enroll in Egypt's prestigious Military Academy. He received additional military training in the Soviet Union at Moscow's Frunze Military Academy. He participated in both the Six-Day and October wars.[20] In the mid-1980s, Suleiman earned additional degrees, including a bachelor's degree from Ain Shams University and a master's degree from Cairo University, both in political science. A fluent English speaker,[21] Suleiman was transferred to military intelligence, where he worked on Egypt-United States relations. Intelligence careerSuleiman became deputy head of military intelligence in 1986, and its director in 1991.[22] In 1993, he became the chief of the Egyptian General Intelligence Service (EGIS). In 1995, he was said to have insisted that President Mubarak ride in an armored car during a visit to Ethiopia. A would-be assassin fired on the vehicle, but Mubarak escaped without injury due to the added precautions.[31] His name only became known in later years, breaking the tradition of keeping the name of the Egyptian head of Intelligence a secret known only to senior government officials. It was released in the media around 2000.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} In his role as Director of EGID (should this read EGIS?), the British newspaper the Daily Telegraph called him "one of the world's most powerful spy chiefs". In 2009, Foreign Policy magazine ranked him as the Middle East's most powerful intelligence chief, ahead of Mossad chief at the time Meir Dagan.[22][23] According to diplomatic cables leaked to WikiLeaks, Suleiman pledged in 2007 to Yuval Diskin of the Israeli Security Agency (ISA) to "cleanse" Sinai of Palestinian arms smugglers.[24] Commentary on disrupting Palestinian electionsSuleiman promised Israel in 2005 that he would prevent Hamas from gaining control over Gaza in the 2006 Palestinian elections, according to a US diplomatic cable. Amos Gilad, head of the Israeli Defense Ministry's Diplomatic-Security Bureau, and Suleiman discussed their common fear of Hamas winning the Palestinian elections set for January 2006. Suleiman asserted to Gilad that there "will be no elections in January. We will take care of it." Suleiman did not elaborate as to how Egypt would stop the Palestinian elections from taking place.[25] Suleiman was separately quoted as saying Gaza could "go hungry, but not starve."[26] The U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv wrote that Suleiman feared Hamas rule in Gaza would bolster the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.[27] Gilad requested that the U.S. closely hold this information and said he did not know how the Egyptians could prevent the elections from taking place but that the "only people the Palestinians can trust now are the Egyptians."[28] CIA "rendition" programSuleiman was directly implicated in the controversial CIA "rendition" program.[21][29] Journalist Stephen Grey in his work, Ghost Plane, states that after taking over as intelligence director, Suleiman oversaw an agreement with the US in 1995 that allowed for suspected militants to be secretly transferred to Egypt for questioning.[30] Although Suleiman's Egyptian Intelligence was required to provide "assurances" that prisoners handed over through this program would not be subjected to torture, at least one CIA officer testified that such assurances from them were unofficially regarded as being as worthless as "a bucket of warm spit".[21] Suleiman was accused of complicity in the torture of Al-Qaeda suspects in Egypt,[31] particularly the case of Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, who was captured and handed over to Suleiman. The information al-Libi gave under torture was cited by US officials in the run-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq as evidence of a connection between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda. Al-Libi later retracted his confession.[30] Political careerSuleiman was seen as a very close and trusted ally of former President Hosni Mubarak, sharing many of his views on key issues such as Iran, Egypt–Israel relations and the United States, and treatment of the Muslim Brotherhood.[31] Although he was a military man who by law is not a member of Mubarak's National Democratic Party, he preferred suits to military uniforms and was seen as a major link between Egyptian political and military elites.[31] Due to his role in the regional political scene and the lack of an alternative candidate acceptable to Hosni Mubarak, some speculated that Suleiman would succeed Mubarak as President. In particular, he was seen as the choice of the Egyptian military establishment.[32] Suleiman denied any intent to run for election to the office.[33] On 29 January 2011, he was named Vice President of Egypt during the civil unrest,[34] ending a vacancy in the position that lasted almost 30 years. He was sworn in two days later.[35] On 5 February 2011, a senior Egyptian security source denied reports of an assassination attempt on Omar Suleiman, saying there was no truth to them at all. Fox News reported that an unnamed official in the Obama Administration asserted there was an assassination attempt on Suleiman "soon after Suleiman was appointed", and claimed that it took the form of an attack on Suleiman's motorcade.[36] Wolfgang Ischinger, host of the Munich Security Conference and originator of the incorrect allegations, later said he "was led to believe that we had a confirmed report but in fact we didn't" and also added that the information had come from an "unsubstantiated source."[37] Later on 24 February 2011, Foreign Minister Ahmed Abul-gheit confirmed that Suleiman had survived an assassination attempt on 4 February, when a group of unidentified men opened fire on Suleiman's car from a stolen ambulance in Cairo.[38] According to an interview with the Egyptian ambassador to the United States on 10 February 2011, Omar Suleiman became the de facto President of Egypt after President Mubarak transferred his power to Suleiman.[39] The following day Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation and governing power was transferred to the Armed Forces Supreme Council.[5] According to the Egypt State Information Service, Suleiman subsequently ceased holding the office of Vice President.[1] On 6 April 2012 Suleiman announced that he would be running for president, after some demonstration. Suleiman accused the Muslim Brotherhood of planning the assassination attempt on 5 February. Moreover, he accused them of some threats of "SLAIN if he run for the president" that he had received before running for it. Furthermore, the Brotherhood and some Islamists arranged a huge protest against Suleiman whose popularity had grown dramatically. Public image and perceptionAl Jazeera described Omar Suleiman as the unelected Vice President of Egypt, éminence grise to President Hosni Mubarak, and point man for Egypt's secret relations with Israel.[57] Jane Mayer of The New Yorker noted that Suleiman remained controversial because he "has headed the feared Egyptian general intelligence service" and also described his role in allowing controversial torture methods under US rendition programs which may have generated bad intelligence.[40]In turn, Suleiman blamed journalists for the current uprising in Egypt. "I actually blame certain friendly nations who have television channels, they're not friendly at all, who have intensified the youth against the nation and the state," Suleiman said in a TV address. "They have filled in the minds of the youth with wrongdoings, with allegations and this is unacceptable. They should have never done that. They should have never sent this enemy spirit," he said.[41] The Committee to Protect Journalists replied that "it is stupefying that the government continues to send out thugs and plainclothes police to attack journalists and to ransack media bureaus".[42] State Department spokesman Philip J. Crowley said "we have traced it to elements close to the government, or the ruling party," and said "I don't know that we have a sense how far up the chain it went."[43] DomesticBloomberg reported that Suleiman "lacks the support where he now needs it most: the streets of Cairo". “The Egyptians don’t want Mubarak and they don’t want Suleiman,” said Chayma Hassabo, a researcher on Arab political movements at Cedej, a Cairo-based research center.[44] Al Jazeera wrote Suleiman "does not have a high opinion of Islam in politics, and is not shy about telling Western audiences the lengths he will go to allow his security services to keep the Muslim Brotherhood and their offshoots at bay."[45]The young guard in Egypt is opposed to Suleiman running the country without elections taking place. Students, union activists and opposition bloggers within Egypt all remain opposed to Suleiman.[46] Veteran Egyptian journalist Nadia abou el-Magd said it comes down to the protesters. "They that made revolution and they are in the position to impose their conditions," said el-Magd, who works for the newspaper Al Ahram and The Associated Press. "They don't see that ... anybody else is in a position to impose their conditions on them."[47] In response to the appointment of Omar Suleiman as the new Vice President of Egypt, Mohammed ElBaradei stated that it was a "hopeless, desperate attempt by Mubarak to stay in power, I think it is loud and clear ... that Mubarak has to leave today".[48] United StatesDiplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks suggested Suleiman enjoyed a strong relationship with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "Our intelligence collaboration with Omar Suleiman is now probably the most successful element of the relationship" with Egypt, said a 2006 U.S. diplomatic cable that used an alternative transliteration of his name, which also described Suleiman as Mubarak's consigliere on foreign policy.[44]In an op-ed for Al Jazeera, Lisa Hajjar opined that Egyptian-born Australian citizen Mamdouh Habib, "who was innocent of any ties to terror or militancy", was seized from a bus by Pakistani security forces and suspended from a hook and electrocuted repeatedly at American behest. "His fingers were broken and he was hung from metal hooks. At one point, his interrogator slapped him so hard that his blindfold was dislodged, revealing the identity of his tormentor: Suleiman," Haijar asserts. According to Haijar, Suleiman ordered a guard to murder a shackled prisoner in front of Habib, which he did with a vicious karate kick.[49] After an article of the ordeal appeared in the Washington Post, the American government announced they would not charge Habib and that they would release him to Australia.[50] Habib said he would sue the Egyptian government for his treatment.[51] Tom Malinowski of Human Rights Watch asserts "the Americans knew what was going to happen to people who were rendered to Egypt".[52] On 12 April, Suleiman announced his intentions to run in the Presidential elections, because of the fact that he feared Islamist forces would turn Egypt into a religious state and isolate Egypt from the international community. Middle EastLuis Moreno, a U.S. intelligence analyst, wrote that although he deferred to the Embassy in Cairo for Egyptian succession scenario analysis, "there is no question that Israel is most comfortable with the prospect of" Suleiman. David Hacham stated an Israeli delegation led by Defense Minister Ehud Barak was "shocked by Mubarak's aged appearance and slurred speech," when it met him in Egypt. "Hacham was full of praise for Soliman, however." Hacham added that he sometimes spoke to Suleiman's deputy several times a day via a "hotline."[53][54] Maha Azzam, a fellow at Chatham House, a London-based international affairs research institute, said "the Israelis are happy with Omar Suleiman, he has been pivotal in the peace process, he's someone they know and someone they can deal with."[44] Avigdor Lieberman, the Deputy Prime Minister of Israel, expressed "his respect and appreciation for Egypt's leading role in the region and his personal respect for Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Minister Suleiman".[55] Saudi Arabia, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates each repeatedly pressed the United States not to cut loose the Mubarak regime; for example, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed of Abu Dhabi, whom some believe to be the real strongman of the UAE, emphasized the need for "stability" in Egypt. The New York Times reported these countries "worry that a sudden, chaotic change in Egypt would destabilize the region or, in the Arab nations, even jeopardize their own leaders, many of whom are also autocrats facing restive populations."[56]PressTV, an Iranian state-owned news outlet, reported that Egyptians "associate Omar Suleiman, now the Vice President who was sworn in today, with a new puppet of the US government – someone to maintain hegemony here in this region because, as I mentioned, without Egypt you have no control over the Palestinian territory, especially Gaza; and, of course, the Israeli connection is something to note."[57]Non-governmental organizationsAmnesty International and Human Rights Watch assert Suleiman’s career moved in lockstep with a regime marked by widespread abuses. “Torture is an endemic problem in Egypt and ending police abuse has been a driving element behind the massive popular demonstrations that swept Egypt over the past week,” Human Rights Watch said in a January report.[44]Human Rights Watch further wrote that "Egyptians, particularly those of us calling for an end to Mubarak's three-decade rule, see Suleiman as Mubarak II, especially after the lengthy interview he gave to Egyptian state television on 3 February 2011 in which he accused the demonstrators in Tahrir Square of implementing foreign agendas. He did not even bother to veil his threats of retaliation against protesters."[58] The Committee to Protect Journalists and Freedom House also criticized the Mubarak regime for its violence against protesters and suppression of journalists.[59][60][61] DeathOn 19 July 2012, Suleiman died in a hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, while undergoing medical testing for an unknown problem.[62][63] The official Egyptian state news service, MENA, reported that Suleiman had been suffering from heart and lung problems for several months and that he had died of a heart attack.[64] Hussein Kamal, one of his assistants, said it was an unexpected event. "He was fine. It came suddenly while he was having medical tests in Cleveland."[62] Preparations got underway to send his body to Egypt for burial.[62] Suleiman was given a military funeral, with Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, the then head of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, attending.[65] References1. ^1 2 *{{cite web|publisher=Egypt State Information Service|title=Former Vice President Omar Suleiman|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/LastPage.aspx?Category_ID=1127|accessdate=12 February 2011}} {{cite web|publisher=Egypt State Information Service|title=Egypt State Information Service: Statement of the Vice President of the Republic|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Story.aspx?sid=53676|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 2. ^{{Cite news|author=Black, Ian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/29/egypt-protests-government-live-blog#block-51|title=Egypt protests – as they happened|work=The Guardian|date=29 January 2011|location=London}} 3. ^{{cite news|last=Witte|first=Griff|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/29/AR2011012903283.html|title=Egyptian soldiers show solidarity with protesters, activist ElBaradei joins demonstrations|work=The Washington Post|date=30 January 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 4. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20031433-503543.html|title=Egypt Ambassador: Suleiman "De Facto Head of State" – World Watch|newspaper=CBS News|date=10 February 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|last=Michael|first=Maggie|last2=Keath|first2=Lee|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110211/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_egypt|title='Egypt is Free' chants Tahrir after Mubarak quits|publisher=Yahoo|date=11 February 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 6. ^{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121185311711502.html|title=Egypt's military leadership|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=11 February 2011|accessdate=11 February 2011}} 7. ^Haaretz: Egypt confirms assassination attempt on Suleiman 8. ^Al-Ahram: Egypt, after birth pangs, Al-Arabiya: Mubarak quits Cairo as a million march, TIME: Military Will Determine Fate of Mubarak's Exit Plan,RIA Novosti: Mubarak shortens curfew by one hour, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/11/egypt-tahrir-square-cairo-mubarak The Guardian: Egypt protests: The feeling in Tahrir Square was one of disbelief], SFGate: Protesters march in San Francisco to support Egypt 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/11/egypt-tahrir-square-cairo-mubarak|title=Egypt protests: The feeling in Tahrir Square was one of disbelief|author=Ahdaf Soueif|work=the Guardian|accessdate=29 April 2016}} 10. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/05/egypt-protest-demands-mubarak-departure The Guardian: Cairo's biggest protest yet demands Mubarak's immediate departure], Al Jazeera: 'No to Suleiman, no to Shafiq', Business Week: Mubarak’s Top Spy Rejected by Cairo Streets as Masses March, Al Jazeera: Politics pervade Cairo's streets, Christian Science Monitor: ElBaradei arrives at Tahrir Square for what could be a key moment, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/world/middleeast/30suleiman.html?src=twrhp New York Times: Choice of Suleiman Likely to Please the Military, Not the Crowds] 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/02/04/what-mubarak-must-do-he-resigns|title=What Mubarak Must Do Before He Resigns|publisher=HRW|date=4 February 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 12. ^{{cite news|first=Gregory|last=Viscusi|first2=Thomas|last2=Penny|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-01/mubarak-s-top-spy-rejected-by-cairo-streets-as-masses-march.html|title=Mubarak's Top Spy Rejected by Cairo Streets as Masses March|newspaper=Business Week|date=1 February 2011|accessdate=22 March 2011}} 13. ^1 {{cite web|last=Admin|first=Moyers|url=https://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/blog/2011/02/michael_winship_for_the_us_in.html|title=Bill Moyers Journal: Michael Winship: For the US in Egypt, Blowback Is a Bitch|publisher=PBS|date=22 February 1999|accessdate=8 February 2011}} 14. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/egypt-crisis-omar-suleiman-cia-rendition/story?id=12812445 |title=Egypt in Crisis: Omar Suleiman and CIA Rendition|newspaper=ABC News|date=1 February 2011|accessdate=8 February 2011}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|author=Lisa Hajjar |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/02/201127114827382865.html|title=Suleiman: The CIA's man in Cairo|newspaper=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/egypt/110203/omar-suleiman-egyptian-vice-president-addresses-egyptian-youth |title=Omar Suleiman|newspaper=Global Post|date=3 February 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 17. ^{{cite web |author=Wikipedia |url=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86 |title=The guy standing behind Omar 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Retrieved 30 January 2011. 21. ^1 2 Mayer, Jane. "Who is Omar Suleiman?" New Yorker Retrieved 30 January 2011. 22. ^1 {{cite news|last=Blair|first=David |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/4800970/The-fixer-in-the-shadows-who-may-emerge-as-Egypts-leader.html|title=The fixer in the shadows who may emerge as Egypt's leader|newspaper=Telegraph|date=24 February 2009|accessdate=29 January 2011|location=London}} 23. ^{{cite news |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/20/the_list_the_middle_easts_most_powerful_spies|title=The List: The Middle East's Most Powerful Spooks|newspaper=Foreign Policy |date=20 July 2009|accessdate=29 January 2011}} 24. ^{{cite news|last=Hope|first=Christopher|title=WikiLeaks: Suleiman told Israel he would 'cleanse' Sinai of arms runners to Gaza|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8314459/WikiLeaks-Suleiman-told-Israel-he-would-cleanse-Sinai-of-arms-runners-to-Gaza.html|accessdate=12 February 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=9 February 2011|location=London}} 25. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=207821|title=WikiLeaks: Suleiman promised to stop Gaza elections|newspaper=Jerualem Post|date=11 February 2011|accessdate=22 March 2011}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/22852/|title=WikiLeaks: Israel Backs Suleiman|work=Jewish Exponent|date=10 February 2011|accessdate=22 March 2011}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/02/11/Cable-Suleiman-assured-Israel-on-Gaza/UPI-98621297439352/#ixzz1ECA60mhN|title=Cable: Suleiman assured Israel on Gaza|publisher=United Press International|date=11 February 2011|accessdate=22 March 2011}} 28. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/spesial/wikileaksdokumenter/article4021905.ece|title=Amb. 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A10. 33. ^"Suleiman: 'Egypt Will Not Be Anything Like Tunisia'", (interview described on blog) Reporter's Notebook by Christiane Amanpour, 3 February 2011 ABC News 34. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/29/egypt-vice-president-idUSLDE70S0F120110129|title=Egypt's Mubarak picks vice-president for first time|date=29 January 2011|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=29 January 2011}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 36. ^{{cite news|work=Fox News|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/02/04/egypt-vp-targeted-assassination-attempt-killed-bodyguards-sources-tell-fox-news/|title=Egypt VP Target of Assassination Attempt That Killed Two Bodyguards, Sources Tell Fox News|accessdate=4 February 2011|date=4 February 2011}} 37. ^{{cite news|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|url=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=206924|title=Source retracts statement on Suleiman assassination attempt|accessdate=5 February 2011}} 38. ^{{cite news|title=Egypt confirms assassination attempt on Suleiman|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/egypt-confirms-assassination-attempt-on-suleiman-1.345446|date=24 February 2011|newspaper=Haaretz}} 39. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/10/egypt-unrest-mubarak-may-address-nation-party-chief-says/?hpt=T1&iref=BN1|title=Egypt unrest: Mubarak's speech leaves nation, world wondering who's in charge|publisher=CNN|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 40. ^{{cite news|last=Mayer|first=Jane|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2011/01/who-is-omar-suleiman.html#ixzz1D6mFW1EV|title=Who Is Omar Suleiman?|newspaper=New Yorker|date=7 January 2009|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 41. ^{{cite news|author=Ashley Fantz|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/02/04/egypt.journalist.attacks/|title=Why are reporters being attacked?|publisher=CNN|date=4 February 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 42. ^{{cite news|url=http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/02/04/5990366-amid-cairo-chaos-a-rash-of-attacks-on-journalists-|title=Amid Cairo chaos, a rash of attacks on journalists|newspaper=MSNBC|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 43. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/03/world/la-fg-egypt-media-20110204|title=Egypt government supporters attacking foreign journalists|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=3 February 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011|first=Carol J.|last=Williams}} 44. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-01/mubarak-s-top-spy-rejected-by-cairo-streets-as-masses-march.html|title='Business Week': Mubarak's Top Spy Rejected by Cairo Streets as Masses March|newspaper=Bloomberg L.P.|date=1 February 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 45. ^1 {{cite news|author=Clayton Swisher|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/01/29/suleiman-selection-reassures-western-allies |title=Suleiman selection was done by the Bilderberg's reassures Western allies|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=29 January 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 46. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_egypt0092_02_02.asp|title=Opposition split over terms for Mubarak's exit|newspaper=World Tribune|date=2 February 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 47. ^{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/egypt-cairo/story?id=12851411|title=What Happens Next in Egypt? A Look from Cairo|newspaper=ABC|date=6 February 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 48. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/bestoftv/2011/01/30/gps.elbaradei.intv.cnn?iref=allsearch|newspaper=CNN|title=El Baradei}} 49. ^{{cite web|author=Lisa Hajjar |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/02/201127114827382865.html|title=Suleiman: The CIA's man in Cairo|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 50. ^Mayer, Jane, The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American Ideals, 2008. p. 125 51. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/habib-to-sue-us-and-egypt-over-torture-case-20110108-19j93.html|title=Habib to sue US and Egypt over torture case: SMH 9 January 2011|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=9 January 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011|first=Natalie|last=O'brien}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/02/05/133510910/intelligence-officials-face-hard-questions-on-egypt|title=Egypt Unrest: Didn't U.S. Intelligence See It Coming?|publisher=NPR|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 53. ^"Cables: Israel Favored Egypt's VP Suleiman." Washington Post – Politics, National, World & D.C. Area News and Headlines – Washington Post 7 February 2011.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/07/AR2011020705053.html]. 54. ^"Choice Likely to Please the Military, Not the Crowds." New York Times. 29 January 2011. 7 February 2011. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/world/middleeast/30suleiman.html?src=twrhp]. 55. ^{{cite news|title=Egypt mending fences with Lieberman|url=http://www.icej.org/article/egypt_mending_fences_with_lieberman|accessdate=24 June 2010|newspaper=ICEJ News|date=23 April 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211072605/http://www.icej.org/article/egypt_mending_fences_with_lieberman|archivedate=11 February 2011|df=dmy-all}} 56. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/middleeast/09diplomacy.html?_r=1&hp |title=Allies Press U.S. to Go Slow on Egypt|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8 February 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011 |first1=Mark|last1=Landler|first2=Helene|last2=Cooper}} 57. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.presstv.com/detail/162945.html|title=Mubarak setting thugs loose on people|newspaper=PressTV|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 58. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/04/AR2011020404123.html|title=What Mubarak Must Do Before He Resigns|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=5 February 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 59. ^{{cite web|url=http://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=1318|title=Egyptian Authorities Must Refrain from Violent Suppression of Protests|publisher=Freedom House|date=26 January 2011|accessdate=12 February 2011}} 60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cpj.org/2011/02/mubarak-intensifies-press-attacks-with-assaults-de.php|title=Mubarak intensifies press attacks with assaults, detentions|publisher=|accessdate=29 April 2016}} 61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cpj.org/2011/02/egyptian-media-say-foreign-journalists-have-hidden.php|title=Egyptian media say foreign journalists have 'hidden agenda'|publisher=|accessdate=29 April 2016}} 62. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Egypt's ex-spy chief Omar Suleiman dies in United States|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18899004|newspaper=BBC|accessdate=19 July 2012}} 63. ^{{cite news|title=Ex-Egypt vice president Omar Suleiman dies: report|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-07-19/omar-suleiman-dies/4142008|newspaper=ABC News|accessdate=19 July 2012}} 64. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57475440/egypt-ex-spy-chief-omar-suleiman-top-figure-from-mubarak-regime-dies-in-u.s-hospital/|title=Egypt: Ex-spy chief Omar Suleiman, top figure from Mubarak regime, dies in U.S. hospital|date=19 July 2012|newspaper=CBS News}} 65. ^{{cite news|title=Egypt's ex-spy chief Omar Suleiman dies, military funeral Friday|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/48146/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-exspy-chief-Omar-Suleiman-dies,-military-fu.aspx|newspaper=Ahram Online|accessdate=19 July 2012}} Further reading
External links{{Portal|Egypt|Biography|Politics}}{{External links|date=July 2012}}
13 : 1936 births|2012 deaths|Ain Shams University alumni|Cairo University alumni|Frunze Military Academy alumni|Directors of intelligence agencies|Egyptian diplomats|Egyptian generals|Egyptian politicians|People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011|Vice-Presidents of Egypt|Egyptian Sunni Muslims|Deaths from lung disease |
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