| 词条 | Little Tokyo, Los Angeles |
| 释义 |
| name =Little Tokyo Historic District | nrhp_type =nhld | image = 11-11-06-FarEastCafe-LittleTokyo.jpg | caption = The Far East Café (Chop Suey), a landmark 1896 Beaux-Arts building | location= Los Angeles, California, United States | coordinates = {{coord|34|3|2|N|118|14|22|W|region:US-CA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | locmapin = United States Los Angeles Central | nocat = yes | area = | built =1942 | architect= Edgar Cline, Et al. | architecture= | added = August 22, 1986 | designated_nrhp_type =June 12, 1995[1] | governing_body = Local | refnum=86001479[2][3] }}Little Tokyo, also known as Little Tokyo Historic District, is an ethnically Japanese American district in downtown Los Angeles and the heart of the largest Japanese-American population in North America.[4] It is the largest and most populous of only three official Japantowns in the United States, all of which are in California (the other two are Japantown, San Francisco and Japantown, San Jose). Founded around the beginning of the 20th century, the area, sometimes called Lil' Tokyo, J-Town, 小東京 (Shō-tōkyō), is the cultural center for Japanese Americans in Southern California. It was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1995.[1] HistoryIn 1905 the area of "Little Tokyo" was described as "bounded by San Pedro, First and Requena streets and Central avenue. The Los Angeles Times added: "It has a population of about 3500 Japanese, with quite a colony of Jews and Russians and a few Americans. . . . there are 10,000 Japanese in the city who make this section their rendezvous."[5] The area was a magnet for immigrating Japanese until the Exclusion Act of 1924 halted any further migration. Shops were along First Street, and vegetable markets were along Central Avenue to the south. Japanese Americans were a significant ethnic group in the vegetable trade, due to the number of successful Japanese American truck farms across Southern California. In 1941, there were approximately 30,000 Japanese Americans living in Little Tokyo.[6] The incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II emptied Little Tokyo. For a brief time, the area became known as Bronzeville as African Americans and also Native Americans and Latinos moved into the vacated properties and opened up nightclubs, restaurants, and other businesses. Beginning in 1942, after the city's Japanese population was rounded up and "evacuated" to inland concentration camps, a large number of African Americans from the South moved to Los Angeles to find work in the labor-starved defense industry. Its share in the Second Great Migration almost tripled Little Tokyo's pre-war population, with some 80,000 new arrivals taking up residence there. Prohibited from buying and renting in most parts of the city by restrictive covenants, the area soon became severely overcrowded. A single bathroom was often shared by up to 40 people and one room could house as many as 16; people frequently shared "hot beds," sleeping in shifts. Poor housing conditions helped spread communicable illnesses like tuberculosis and venereal disease. Crimes like robberies, rapes, and hit-and-run accidents increased, and in May and June 1943 Latino and some African American residents of Bronzeville were attacked by whites in the Zoot Suit race riots. In 1943, officials bowed to pressure from frustrated residents and proposed building temporary housing in nearby Willowbrook, but the majority-white residents of the unincorporated city resisted the plans. In 1944, 57 Bronzeville buildings were condemned as unfit for habitation and 125 ordered repaired or renovated; approximately 50 of the evicted families were sent to the Jordan Downs housing complex. In 1945, many defense industry jobs disappeared and the workers moved elsewhere in search of new employment. Others were pushed out when Japanese Americans began to return and white landlords chose not to renew leases with their wartime tenants.[6] After the war, due to lack of housing in Little Tokyo, many Japanese Americans returning from the camps moved into neighborhoods surrounding the downtown area, into apartments and boarding houses. Notably, Boyle Heights, just east of Little Tokyo, had a large Japanese American population in the 1950s (as it had before the internment) until the arrival of Mexican and Latino immigrants replaced most of them. In the late 1970s, a redevelopment movement started as Japanese corporations expanded overseas operations and many of them set up their US headquarters in the Los Angeles area. Several new shopping plazas and hotels opened, along with branches of some major Japanese banks. Although this redevelopment resulted in many new buildings and shopping centers, there are still some of the original Little Tokyo buildings and restaurants, especially along First Street. During the 1970s and 1980s, artists began to move into nearby aging warehouse spaces in the area, forming a hidden community in the industrialized area. Al's Bar, Gorky's, the Atomic Cafe, and LA Contemporary Exhibitions (LACE) are some well-known sites.[7] Land use has been a contentious issue in Little Tokyo due to its history, the proximity to the Los Angeles Civic Center, the role of Los Angeles as a site of business between Japan and America, and the increasing influx of residents into the Arts District. Unlike a traditional ethnic enclave, there are relatively few Japanese residents in the area because of evacuation and internment. Consequently, Little Tokyo, like other ethnic urban enclaves, is constantly threatened with development that could eradicate it. Conversely, because the Japanese American community was politicized by the internment and subsequent Redress and Reparations effort, and because of the global and local growth of overseas Japanese investment, Little Tokyo has resisted eradication and has continued to exist as a tourist attraction, community center, and home to Japanese American senior citizens and others. The current site of Parker Center, the Los Angeles Police Department's former headquarters, was the original site of the Nishi Hongwanji Buddhist temple. The south edge of the block where Parker Center stands was part of the First Street business strip of shops. The warehouses and new condominiums to the east of Little Tokyo were once residential areas of the district. The Weller Court mall was opposed by some people in the community because it redeveloped a strip of family-owned small businesses. Community activists established First Street as a historic district in 1986. In 2004, they helped reopen the Far East Cafe, an acknowledged community hub. In 1959, Los Angeles entered a sister city relationship with the city of Nagoya. Nagoya is Los Angeles' oldest sister city, along with Eilat, Israel. DescriptionAt its peak, Little Tokyo had approximately 30,000 Japanese Americans living in the area. Little Tokyo is still a cultural focal point for Los Angeles's Japanese American population. It is mainly a work, cultural, religious, restaurant and shopping district, because Japanese Americans today are likely to live in nearby cities such as Torrance, Gardena, and Monterey Park, as well as the Sawtelle district in the Westside of Los Angeles. However, the recent boom in downtown residential construction is changing the nature of Little Tokyo.[8] What is left of the original Little Tokyo can be found in roughly five large city blocks. It is bounded on the west by Los Angeles Street, on the east by Alameda Street, on the south by 3rd Street, and on the north by First Street, but also includes a substantial portion of the block north of First and west of Alameda, location of the Japanese American National Museum, the Go For Broke Monument, and a row of historic shops which lines the north side of First Street. A timeline has been set into the concrete in front of these shops, using bronze lettering, showing the history of each of the shops from the early 20th Century until the renovation of the district in the late 1980s. More broadly, Little Tokyo is bordered by the Los Angeles River to the east, downtown Los Angeles to the west, L.A. City Hall and the Parker Center to the north, and the newly named Arts District (made up of warehouses converted into live-work lofts) to the south.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} AttractionsCultural attractionsThe Japanese American Cultural & Community Center is located in Little Tokyo, as well as the Japanese American National Museum. The extension of the Museum of Contemporary Art, formerly called the Temporary Contemporary and now known as the Geffen Contemporary (named after David Geffen), is also in Little Tokyo. East West Players, one of the nation's first Asian American theater companies, specializing in live theater written and performed by Asian American artists, is located in Little Tokyo, performing in the David Henry Hwang Theater. There is also the Aratani/Japan America Theater, which features plays and musical performances. Visual Communications, an Asian Pacific American media arts organization, has its offices in Little Tokyo, and each May, annually presents VC FilmFest (Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival), in several venues around Little Tokyo. Additionally, the visual arts are represented by the 30-year-old arts non-profit, LAArtcore which devotes itself to creating awareness of the visual arts through 24 exhibitions each year along with educational programming. The Nisei Week festival is held every August, and includes a large parade, a pageant, athletic events, exhibits of Japanese art and culture, a taiko drum festival, the Japanese Festival Street Faire, a car show, and other events. A queen and court will be selected. Little Tokyo has quite a few public sculptures and artwork, including a monument to Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka, a Japanese American from Hawai{{okina}}i who was a mission specialist on the Space Shuttle Challenger when it disintegrated during takeoff in 1986 and another monument to Chiune Sugihara, Japanese consul to Lithuania before World War II and Righteous among the Nations.[9][10] There are also two Japanese gardens in the area open to the public—one is next to the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center and the other is a rooftop garden in the Kyoto Grand Hotel and Gardens, formerly the New Otani Hotel. The Go For Broke Monument commemorates Japanese Americans who served in the United States Military during World War II. Shopping and diningThere are numerous Japanese restaurants, catering to both Japanese and non-Japanese clientele. Many of them specialize in one type of Japanese cuisine, such as donburi, Japanese noodles (soba, ramen and udon), shabu-shabu (which translated from Japanese means 'swish-swish', referring to the motion of dipping meat and vegetables in a communal bowl of boiling water), Japanese curry, sushi, or yakitori. There are also a number of yakiniku restaurants, where meat is often cooked on a small grill built into the center of the table. Little Tokyo is the birthplace of the California roll, invented by a chef named Ichiro Mashita at the Tokyo Kaikan sushi restaurant. Two wagashi (Japanese sweets) shops located in Little Tokyo are among the oldest food establishments in Los Angeles. Fugetsu-do, founded in 1903,[11] appears to be the oldest still-operating food establishment in the city and the first one to celebrate a centennial; its best-known offerings include mochi and manjū, and it claims to be an inventor of the fortune cookie. Mikawaya was founded in 1910, but is now well known as the company that introduced mochi ice cream to the United States in 1994.[12] Little Tokyo has several shops that specialize in Japanese-language videos and DVDs, while other shops specialize in Japanese electronics and video games. These are a great way to find Japanese video games that were either never translated into English, or were never domestically released in North America. There are also several stores that sell manga and anime related products. The Weller Court shopping mall has several restaurants, karaoke clubs, and a Bubble Tea cafe. For tourists visiting from Japan, there are a number of shops specializing in expensive name brand products such as Coach handbags. There is also a large bookstore, Kinokuniya, that is part of a well-known Japanese chain. They have a large selection of Japanese-language books, magazines, music CDs, manga, and anime, as well as a selection of English-language books on Japanese subjects and translated manga and anime. The Japanese Village Plaza is located roughly in the center of Little Tokyo. There are several restaurants in the plaza, plus a number of shops geared towards tourists. First Street and Second Street border Japanese Village Plaza and have a number of restaurants that are open later than those in the court. EducationThe area is served by the Los Angeles Unified School District.[13]
Los Angeles Public Library operates the Little Tokyo Branch. The main office of the Asahi Gakuen, a part-time Japanese school, is in room 308 on the third floor of the Japanese American Cultural & Community Center (JACCC, 日米文化会館 Nichibei Bunka Kaikan) building,[14] located in Little Tokyo.[15] Religion{{unreferenced section | date=March 2015}}There are several Buddhist temples in the area, mostly Jodo Shinshu, Jodo Shu, Shingon, and Soto Zen temples, including Zenshuji Soto Mission (the first Soto Zen temple in North America), Nishi Honganji (Los Angeles Betsuin), Higashi Honganji, Koyasan Buddhist Temple (the first Shingon temple in North America), and a few Japanese Christian churches. One of the roots of Pentecostalism started in Little Tokyo. Where the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center Plaza is now located was once the home of the First Pentecostal Church, a multiracial congregation called the Azusa Street Mission. This is where the Azusa Street Revival started in 1906. Earlier, it was also the site of the First AME Church. St. Francis Xavier Chapel is the center of the Japanese Catholic community in Little Tokyo. Father Albert Breton, a Japanese-speaking missionary of the Paris Foreign Mission Society (M.E.P.) with the support of Bishop Thomas Conaty of the Diocese of Los Angeles, established the community on December 25, 1912 with the first Japanese mass celebrated at the Bronson House on Jackson Street near the current Fukui Mortuary on Temple Street. The center formerly housed the Maryknoll School administered by the Maryknoll Fathers from the early 1920s until the mid-1990s. Currently, masses are offered in Japanese and English each Sunday. The former Catholic Cathedral of Saint Vibiana is just to the west of Little Tokyo. After being heavily damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the Archdiocese moved to a new site (now the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels) and the old site was redeveloped with the former cathedral converted into a performing arts space and non-historic buildings on the site demolished and replaced with a new Little Tokyo Branch of the Los Angeles Public Library. Transportation{{refimprove section | date = March 2015}}The community is served by the Metro Gold Line at Little Tokyo/Arts District station at the northeastern perimeter of Little Tokyo and is also walkable from the Metro Red and Purple subway lines at either Civic Center station or Union Station – with connections to Amtrak, Metrolink, Metro Silver Line BRT, and Foothill Transit's Silver Streak BRT services. When the Blue and Expo Lines connect to the Gold Line, via the Regional Connector, the Little Tokyo/Arts District station will be moved underground and across the street. This required demolition of two modest, one-story brick buildings. The two structures played an important role in the cultural life of the neighborhood for decades with one of the structures dating back at least to 1898.[7] Metro Local lines 30 and 330 serve Little Tokyo. Events
See also{{Portal|Asian American|California|Japan|Los Angeles|USA}}
References1. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1961&ResourceType=District | title = National Historic Landmarks Program: Little Tokyo Historic District | publisher = National Park Service | accessdate = June 21, 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101213025540/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1961&ResourceType=District | archivedate = December 13, 2010 | df = }} 2. ^{{NRISref|2008a}} 3. ^{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=86001479}} |title=National Historic Landmark Designation Nomination: Little Tokyo Historic District |author=Dr. James B. Gardner (1979) and revised by James H. Charleton |date=May 7, 1993 |publisher=National Park Service}} 4. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/07/travel/travel-advisory-correspondent-s-report-la-s-little-tokyo-perseveres.html | work=The New York Times | first=Todd S. | last=Purdum | title=TRAVEL ADVISORY: CORRESPONDENT'S REPORT; L.A.'s Little Tokyo Perseveres | date=February 7, 1999}} 5. ^"Japs Shake in Their Shoes," Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1909, page II-1 6. ^1 Nakagawa, Martha. "Little Tokyo / Bronzeville, Los Angeles," Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 15, 2014. 7. ^1 Zahniser, David (March 15, 2014) "Buildings slated for tear-down were rich part of Little Tokyo history" Los Angeles Times 8. ^"LITTLE TOKYO COMMUNITY DESIGN OVERLAY (CDO) DISTRICT" (December 31, 2013) Los Angeles Department of City Planning 9. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Sugihara+statue+dedicated+in+L.A.'s+Little+Tokyo.-a095463043 | title = Sugihara statue dedicated in L.A.'s Little Tokyo | publisher = Kyodo News International | date = December 13, 2002 | accessdate = June 21, 2011}} 10. ^{{cite web | last = Velazco | first = Ramon G. | title = Chiune Sugihara Memorial, Hero of the Holocaust | url = http://www.publicartinla.com/Downtown/Little_Tokyo/sugihara.html | year = 2002 | accessdate = June 21, 2011}} 11. ^{{cite web | last = Kikuchi | first = Nancy | title = A History of Fugetsu-Do | url = http://www.fugetsu-do.com/history.htm | accessdate = June 21, 2011}} 12. ^{{cite web |title=Mikawaya History |url=http://www.mochiicecream.com/mikawaya-history/ |accessdate=April 16, 2016}} 13. ^{{cite news |author1=Cardenas, Valentina |author2=Pollard-Terry, Gayle |lastauthoramp=yes | title = The Face Of Little Tokyo Is Changing | publisher = Los Angeles Times | url = http://www.latimes.com/classified/realestate/news/la-re-guide3sep03,1,5149012,full.story | date = September 3, 2006 | accessdate = June 21, 2011}} 14. ^"あさひ学園 事務局 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330154850/http://www.asahigakuen.com/main_office.html |date=2014-03-30 }}." Asahi Gakuen. Retrieved on March 30, 2014. "ASAHI GAKUEN (日米文化会館 JACCC内 3階 308室） 244 S. San Pedro St., #308, Los Angeles, CA 90012 " 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/little-tokyo/arrival-story-hirokazu-kosaka.html |title=Hirokazu Kosaka: Artistic Director, Japanese American Cultural and Community Center |publisher=KCET |author=Jeremy Rosenberg |date=March 15, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330160951/http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/little-tokyo/arrival-story-hirokazu-kosaka.html |archivedate=2014-03-30 |deadurl=yes |quote=But the Artistic Director of the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center (JACCC) in Little Tokyo isn't one to follow tradition.}} Further reading
External links{{commons category}}
13 : Little Tokyo, Los Angeles|Culture of Los Angeles|Downtown Los Angeles|Ethnic enclaves in California|Historic districts in Los Angeles|Japanese-American culture in Los Angeles|Japantowns in the United States|National Historic Landmarks in California|Neighborhoods in Los Angeles|Populated places established in 1942|Tourist attractions in Los Angeles|Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California|National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。