| 词条 | Liuqiu Island | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Liuqiu Island | native_name = 琉球嶼 | native_name_link = | native_name_lang = Chinese | sobriquet = | image_name = File:EO1_ALI_Lamay_Island.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Satellite image of Liuqiu | image_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Taiwan | pushpin_label = Liuqiu I. | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_map_caption = Liuqiu Island in Taiwan | coordinates = {{Coord|22|20|19.12|N|120|22|11.34|E|type:isle_region:TW|display=title,inline}} | location = Taiwan Strait | archipelago = | waterbody = | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 6.8 | area_footnotes = | rank = | length_km = | length_footnotes = | width_km = | width_footnotes = | coastline_km = | coastline_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_footnotes = | highest_mount = | country = Republic of China | country_admin_divisions_title = Township | country_admin_divisions = Liuqiu | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = County | country_admin_divisions_1 = Pingtung | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = | country_admin_divisions_2 = | demonym = | population = 12,675 | population_as_of = December 2014 | population_footnotes = | population_rank = | population_rank_max = | density_km2 = | density_rank = | density_footnotes = | languages = | ethnic_groups = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | website = liuqiu.pthg.gov.tw | additional_info = | footnotes = }}{{chinese |c={{linktext|琉球}} |p=Liúqiú |w=Liu-ch‘iu |tp=Lióucióu |kanji={{linktext|琉球}} |hiragana={{linktext|りゅうきゅう}} |romaji=Ryūkyū }}{{chinese |title=Other names |altname=Xiaoliuqiu |c2={{linktext|小琉球}} |p2=Xiǎoliúqiú |w2=Hsiao Liu-ch‘iu |tp2=Siǎoliúqiú |l2={{nowrap|Little Liuqiu}} |poj2=Sió-liû-khiû |phfs2=Séu Liù-khiù }}{{stack end}}{{hatnote|This article is about the island known as Liuqiu in English. For the archipelago also known as Liuqiu in Chinese, see Ryukyu Islands. For the island kingdom known as Liuqiu to the medieval Chinese, see Liuqiu (medieval).}} Liuqiu, also known by several other names, is a coral island in the Taiwan Strait about {{convert|13|km|sp=us|0}} southwest of Taiwan Island. It has an area of {{convert|6.8|km2|sp=us|abbr=on}} and approximately 13,000 residents, the vast majority of whom share only 10 surnames. It is administered as a township of Pingtung County by the Republic of China. The current township chief is Chen Lung-chin. {{anchor|Etymology|Name|Toponymy}}NamesLiúqiú is the pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of the Chinese name {{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|琉球}}}}}}. The same name was previously written Liuchiu, Liu-chiu, or Liu-ch‘iu using the Wade-Giles system; Ryūkyū from its Japanese pronunciation; and Liouciou[1] using the Tongyong system. The original Liuqiu appears in the Book of Sui and other medieval Chinese records as an island kingdom somewhere in the East China Sea. It was written by different authors with different homophonous characters and appears to have transcribed a native name. That kingdom has been variously identified with states on Taiwan Island, Okinawa, and the Penghu Islands. The name Liuqiu Islet ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|嶼}}}}, yǔ) was first used during the Ming Dynasty. Since "Ryūkyū" is also the name of the Japanese archipelago including Okinawa, the island has also been nicknamed {{nowrap|"Little Liuqiu"}} since the early 20th century.[2] Transcriptions of the nickname include Xiaoliuqiu and Siaoliouciou.[1]The island was previously known in English and other European languages as Lambay,{{sfnp|Campbell|1896|loc=map}} Lamay, or Lamey Island. It is thought to be a transcription of a name from one of the Taiwanese aboriginal languages. Another early indigenous name was Samaji.[2] It was occasionally also known as {{nowrap|Golden Lion Island}},[2][3] a calque of its old Dutch name {{lang|nl|Gouden Leeuwseylant}}. The city's tourism department ascribes the name to Vase Rock's supposed resemblance to a lion,[4] but it actually honors the slaughtered crew of the {{lang|nl|Gouden Leeuw}}. History{{main|Liuqiu Island Massacre}}The Siraya, the Taiwanese aborigines who also lived in nearby Pingtung County on Taiwan Island, are thought to have been the island's original inhabitants.[5] In 1622, the Dutch ship {{lang|nl|Gouden Leeuw}} (Dutch for "Golden Lion") hit the island's coral reefs. Its entire crew was massacred by the island's natives.[6] In 1631, the Dutch yacht {{lang|nl|Beverwijck}} wrecked on the same reefs and its fifty-odd survivors battled for two days before also being slaughtered to a man.[6] Hendrik Brouwer, the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, personally ordered his lieutenant on Taiwan Hans Putmans to "punish and exterminate the people of... the Golden Lion Island as an example for their murderous actions committed against our people."[6] A 1633 expedition under Claes Bruijn discovered it was undermanned for the task and accomplished little, aside from finding the large cave on the island used by its natives as shelter in times of trouble. A larger expedition under Jan Jurriansz van Lingga in 1636 corralled the locals into it, sealed its entrances, and filled its air with burning pitch and sulphur for eight days. By the end of the "Lamey" or Liuqiu Island Massacre, about 300 were killed and 323 were enslaved, the men being sold to plantations on Taiwan and Indonesia and the women and children being used as wives or domestics on Taiwan.[6] The few remaining inhabitants were picked off by further slave raids and assaults until 1645, when a Chinese merchant who leased the island from the Dutch removed its last 13 people.[6] During the Japanese occupation of Taiwan following the First Sino-Japanese War, the island was administered as a village of the Tōkō District of Takao Prefecture. After the Republic of China resumed control in 1945, the island became a township[7] of Pingtung County. Liuqiu transitioned to a tourism-based economy in the early 21st century,[15] particularly following its inclusion in the Dapeng Bay National Scenic Area in 2004. It now receives hundreds of thousands of tourists a year,[1] although this brings new challenges. In early 2015, more than {{convert|850|MT|sp=us}} of garbage piled up on the island when the county government forgot to budget funds to transport it to Taiwan Island for incineration.[1] The island was left without disposal services from January to May, when it was finally able to draw on a national subsidy to correct the problem.[1] Similarly, refuse from tourists and fishermen killed over 90% of the island's coral before conservation efforts began to reverse the trend.[15] GeographyLiuqiu Island is a boot-shaped[20] coral island covering {{convert|6.801|sqkm|sp=us}}, running about {{convert|4|km|1|sp=us}} north to south and {{convert|2|km|1|sp=us}} east to west.[8] It lies in the southeast corner of the Taiwan Strait, about {{convert|8|nmi|sp=us|0}} SSW of Donggang[20] at the mouth of the Gaoping River[8] on the southwestern shore of Taiwan Island. Overall, the island inclines gently from the southwest to the northeast,[8] but consists of two grabens{{mdash}}one NE to SW, the other NW to SE{{mdash}}that meet in the middle, dividing the island into four terraces.[9] Liuqiu is the only island township in Pingtung County. It is one of Taiwan's largest coral islands, and the only one with significant population and human activities.{{fact|date=March 2019}} It is also covered with limestone and land colored red by weathered iron oxide and silicon oxide.[9] Its beaches, reefs, caves and eroded rock formations have become tourist attractions. Its principal beaches are Chungau Beach {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|中澳|沙灘}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|中澳|沙滩}}}},}} Zhōng'ào Shātān) on the north shore[10] and Duozaiping {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|肚|仔|坪|潮間帶}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|肚|仔|坪|潮间带}}}},}} Dǔzǎipíng Cháojiāndài)[11] and Geban Bay on the west shore.[12] The most important of the island's caves are Black Dwarf Cave, Beauty Cave, and Lobster Cave.[30] The most famous rocks are Vase Rock at the north end of the island,[13] the Sanfu Ecological Corridor {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|杉|褔|生態|廊道}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|杉|褔|生态|廊道}}}},}} Shānfù Shēngtài Lángdào) on the east coast, and the Houshi Fringing Reef {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|厚|石|裙礁}}}},}} Hòushí Qúnjiāo) in the southeast,[14] which includes Mouse Rock {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老鼠|石}}}},}} Lǎoshǔ Shí), Guanyin Rock {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|觀音|石}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|观音|石}}}},}} Guānyīn Shí), Indian Rock {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|紅蕃|石}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|红蕃|石}}}},}} Hóngfān Shí), and Climbing Tiger Rock {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|爬山虎}}}},}} Páshānhǔ) in the southeast.[15] Its forests include white popinac, acacia, wild pineapple (lintou), and bamboo.[34] WildlifeLiuqiu has a diverse ecosystem. Chung Au Beach, a shell-sand beach, abuts waters that are home to approximately 176 species of fish and numerous coral species. It is also home to young and adult green sea turtles, with adult females coming ashore to nest during the summer months. Marine vertebrates such as sharks, flying fish, sea turtles, and cetaceans such as sperm whales may appear around the island.[16] ClimateOverall, Liuqiu has a dry and warm climate but is the most typhoon-prone of the Taiwanese islands.[9] It has a tropical monsoon climate, with warm temperatures year round with a rainy or monsoon season from April to October and a dry season with cooler temperatures from November to March.{{fact|date=March 2019}} The rainiest recorded month was one June ({{convert|2657|mm|sp=us|abbr=on|disp=or}}); the driest, one December ({{convert|1.9|mm|sp=us|abbr=on|disp=or}}).[9] {{Weather box|location = Liuqiu Township |metric first = y |single line = y |Jan high C = 25.1 |Feb high C = 25.7 |Mar high C = 27.5 |Apr high C = 29.5 |May high C = 31.3 |Jun high C = 31.7 |Jul high C = 32.2 |Aug high C = 32.0 |Sep high C = 31.3 |Oct high C = 30.2 |Nov high C = 27.8 |Dec high C = 25.5 |Jan low C = 18.0 |Feb low C = 18.5 |Mar low C = 19.8 |Apr low C = 22.2 |May low C = 24.3 |Jun low C = 25.5 |Jul low C = 25.8 |Aug low C = 25.5 |Sep low C = 25.0 |Oct low C = 24.1 |Nov low C = 21.8 |Dec low C = 18.8 |Jan rain mm = 16.0 |Feb rain mm = 20.5 |Mar rain mm = 38.8 |Apr rain mm = 69.8 |May rain mm = 197.4 |Jun rain mm = 415.3 |Jul rain mm = 390.9 |Aug rain mm = 416.7 |Sep rain mm = 241.9 |Oct rain mm = 42.7 |Nov rain mm = 18.7 |Dec rain mm = 16.2 |Jan humidity = 75 |Feb humidity = 76 |Mar humidity = 75 |Apr humidity = 77 |May humidity = 78 |Jun humidity = 81 |Jul humidity = 80 |Aug humidity = 81 |Sep humidity = 79 |Oct humidity = 76 |Nov humidity = 75 |Dec humidity = 74 |year humidity = |Jan sun = 175 |Feb sun = 167 |Mar sun = 190 |Apr sun = 192 |May sun = 200 |Jun sun = 201 |Jul sun = 225 |Aug sun = 196 |Sep sun = 175 |Oct sun = 184 |Nov sun = 167 |Dec sun = 163 |source 1 = Wunderground [17]{{dubious|date=March 2019}} |source 2 = Central Weather Bureau (Rainfall data of Kaohsiung City is shown for reference due to the island's proximity to Kaohsiung)[18]{{dubious|date=March 2019}} |date=August 2012 }}
AdministrationThe current township chief is Chen Lung-chin {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|陳|隆|進}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|陈|隆|进}}}},}} Chén Lóngjìn).[1] Liuqiu Township consists of 8 villages, with the township seat located in Zhongfu Village.
EconomyIn the early modern era and under the Japanese, Liuqiu's residents were mostly occupied with fishing and small-scale agriculture.[34] After the restoration of Chinese control in 1945, some quarries were opened to export stone and lime.[34] As Taiwan's economy has improved, tourism has employed more and more people.[19] Water and electricity are provided from Taiwan Island.[8] Because of the constant threat of summer typhoons, construction on the island is now specially designed to accommodate strong winds and waves.[9] FishingThe traditional mainstay of the local economy has been fishing in the rich waters of the nearby Kuroshio Current.[19] Most residents still make their living by fishing,[8] but the better pay catering to tourists has caused it to run short of manpower. The trade is increasingly reliant on foreign sailors brought in to crew local boats[19] and on cage aquaculture {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|箱|網|養殖}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|箱|网|养殖}}}},}} xiāngwǎng yǎngzhí), the latter of which is also used as a tourist attraction.[20] AgricultureThe lack of rivers on the island[8] and infertile ground[9] makes farming difficult. Early on, the main products came from local coconut palms. After 1945, the islands' farmers focused on sweet potatoes and peanuts. Presently, production on the island's {{convert|140|ha|sp=us}} of farmland has shifted to mangos and other fruits, including papayas, guavas, and rose apples.[19] The overall climate is only suitable for dryness-tolerant crops, but the island's exposure to the monsoon and typhoons make even those high risk. As such, cultivated land has been decreasing since at least 1980 and old fields have been given up to scrubland and forest. The island's agricultural association has focused on high-margin, fast-turnover fruit instead, particularly mangos.[19] TourismThe sea temperature of the island is above {{convert|25|C|sp=us}} year round,{{fact|date=March 2019}} allowing many species of coral reefs to inhabit the area and making it one of the best locations for winter swimming activities in Taiwan. Tourism became a mainstay of Liuqiu's economy in the 21st century. After it was included in the Dapeng Bay National Scenic Area in 2004, it gained media exposure and advertised until it was one of Pingtung County's main sightseeing locations.[21] Home to less than 15,000 residents, the island saw over 500,000 tourists in 2012[21] and over 400,000 in 2014.[22] B&Bs and hotels now cover the island, while others rent bicycles and motorcycles or facilitate scuba certification and diving. The island's main sights are its temples; its beaches, reefs, caves, and rock formations; its net cages for fishing; the bamboo forest and wetland park {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|竹林|生態|濕地|公園}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|竹林|生态|湿地|公园}}}},}} Zhúlín Shēngtài Shīdì Gōngyuán) in the center of the island;[23] the architecture and shops along Sanmin Road {{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|三民|老|街}}}},}} Sānmín Lǎojiē); the Sanfu Fishing Port {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|杉|福|漁港}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|杉|福|渔港}}}},}} Shānfú Yúgǎng); the Sea View Pavilion {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|望|海|亭}}}},}} Wànghǎi Tíng) beside Beauty Cave,[24] Restoration Pavilion {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|復育|涼亭}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|复育|凉亭}}}},}} Fùyù Liángtíng) on a reclaimed landfill on the east coast,[25] and Sunset Pavilion {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|落日|亭}}}},}} Luòrì Tíng) on the island's southwest corner;[26] and Sanzu or Wild Boar Ditch {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|山豬|溝}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|山猪|沟}}}},}} Shānzhū Gōu), a steep gully northwest of Sanban'ao near Black Dwarf Cave.[27][15] ==Religion== Liuqiu is famed for its many temples: at least 38 main ones[28] and as many as 70 in total.[29] The people are quite religious and it is common to pray and give offerings for recovery from illness; for blessings for new ships, houses, and marriages; for protection while fishing; and for appropriate times for funerals.[29] The gods worshipped on the island are mostly those of the local faiths of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in Fujian, whence the original Han settlers originated.[29] The most important and popular is Guanyin, the Buddhist bodhisattva of mercy. Her Jade Cloud Temple {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|碧|雲|寺}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|碧|云|寺}}}},}} Bìyún Sì) and her annual birthday festival on the 19th day of the 2nd lunar month are likewise the main ones on the island. The birthday festivities are celebrated at temples in every village, with ceremonies and Taiwanese opera performances in her honor performed for about a month and a half.[29] This has become a major tourist draw, as has the still larger "Welcoming the King" festival held every three years in honor of the plague god Wuwangye.[29] Two other important temples[15] are Spirit Mountain Temple {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|靈山|寺}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|灵山|寺}}}},}} Língshān Sì) on a cliff beside Baisha Port, built in the early 1960s and primarily dedicated to the Buddha,[30] and the Palace of the Three Prosperous Ones {{nowrap|(t {{lang|zh|{{linktext|三|隆|宮}}}},}} {{nowrap|s {{lang|zh|{{linktext|三|隆|宫}}}},}} Sānlóng Gōng) south of Benfu Village and dedicated to Zhuwangye, Chiwangye, and Wuwangye.[31] Erlong Temple in Haizikou is also a common waypoint used by tourists following the ring road along the island's coast.[32] Christianity was introduced by the Dutch. There is still a Presbyterian church on the island,[29] begun by missionaries. Spanish Catholicism and Japanese Shintoism and Buddhism were introduced by their respective empires but have since died out.[29]EducationThe island provides primary and junior high education. Its four elementary schools are Liuqiu, Baisha, Tiannan, and Quande Primary Schools. Its middle school is Liu-chiu Junior High School. High school and university students attend schools on Taiwan Island. TransportationThe only public transportation to Liuqiu is by ship from Donggang in Pingtung County and Zhongyun[30] in Kaohsiung on Taiwan Island. Boats arrive at Baisha Port on the north end of the island[33] or Dafu Port on its east coast.[34] The island is {{convert|8|-|9|nmi|sp=us}} from the Taiwan mainland, which is about a 25- to 30-minute boat ride. The island has two lighthouses: one guiding ships into Baisha Port and the White Lighthouse on Mount Dongnanjian.[35] Although Liuqiu Airport once had passenger service with direct flights between Kaohsiung international airport and the island, it is now only used for helicopters. Notable natives
See also
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Bibliography{{refbegin}}
External links
4 : Islands of Taiwan|Tourist attractions in Pingtung County|Landforms of Pingtung County|Townships in Pingtung County |
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