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词条 Operation Intercept
释义

  1. Description

  2. Aftermath

  3. See also

  4. Further reading

  5. References

Operation Intercept was an anti-drug measure engaged by President Nixon - effective from Sunday 21 September 1969 at 2:30pm PT to 11 October 1969 (20 days) - that resulted in a near shutdown of border crossings between Mexico and the United States. The initiative was intended to reduce the entry of Mexican marijuana into the United States at a time that was considered to be the prime harvest season.[1] It was implemented by Myles Ambrose, who served as the Commissioner of Customs in the Nixon administration.[2]

Description

Freshly elected President, Nixon launched an anti-drug war (Anaheim's campaign pledge of September 1968). He targeted the cannabis coming from Mexico, and the heroin coming from Turkey through the French Connection.[3] Operation Intercept is considered the opening act of the US involvment in the Mexican Drug War. With this move, Nixon strengthened his conservative base in Southern California.[4] The operation was prepared with G. Gordon Liddy (ref Watergate and prosecutions against Timothy Leary) and Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio.[5]

The policy was instituted as a surprise move, although President Nixon had given Mexican President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz some advance warning when they met on September 8, 1969 to dedicate the Lake Amistad Dam International Crossing. The effort involved increased surveillance of the border from both air and sea, but the major part of the policy was the individual inspection, mandated to last three minutes, of every vehicle crossing into the United States from Mexico.[6] On the same day, Nixon's plan was leaked to the public by the White House correspondent for the New York Times Felix Belair, Jr.[1]

The operation was deployed in all 30 border-crossing stations. Radars were installed to detect unobserved border-crossings. The Navy was deployed in the Gulf of Mexico to reinforce the operation. 27 international airports in the US with flights from Mexico were also affected by the operation.[1]

On the 8th day, the US authorities declared the ongoing operation was a success, despite many complaints of abusive search techniques by US custom patrols. On the US side of twin cities along the border, retail business dropped more than 50%. The United States-Mexican Border Cities Association organized protests against the operation in those cities.[1]

Because of complaints from cross-border travelers, and from Mexican President Diaz Ordaz, the searching of vehicles was reduced after 10 days and completely abandoned after about 20 days.[7]

The Nixon Administration believed that it had largely achieved its goal of encouraging the Mexican government to begin an effort to stem domestic drug production.[3] Then governor Ronald Reagan made a public speech on TV to approve the operation.[8]

Aftermath

Operation intercept was disapproved by the State Department and the Bureau of the Budget. Statistics on the volumes of cannabis seized were way below expectations, and did not exceed the average volumes seized before the operation. A lot of US press publicized marijuana during the crisis. Other temporary illegal smuggling channels were activated during the operation, such as high-potent marijuana shipped from Vietnam, of hashish from northern Africa. A marijuana shortage throughout the country led users to experiment with other drugs, or grow their own.[1][9]

G. Gordon Liddy would later state «For diplomatic reasons the true purpose of the exercise was never revealed. Operation Intercept, with its massive economic and social disruption, could be sustained far longer by the United States than by Mexico. It was an exercise in international extortion, pure, simple, and effective, designed to bend Mexico to our will.» When the operation was ceased, it was replaced by Operation Cooperation, a new anti-drug agreement aiming at designing a shared strategy in fighting drug trafficking.[3][1] According to Kate Doyle, senior analyst of the National Security Archive, this operation was a success for Nixon on three levels: He gained law-and-order stamina, made Mexico bend to his demands, and started a war on drugs that would last for decades.[5]

On the national level, this anti-Mexico campaign had an impact on the stereotype of Mexicans conveyed in the press. Along the border, it revealed how deeply intertwined the Mexican and U.S. border communities were.[4]

In the early part of 1970, the Jefferson Airplane released a single entitled ‘Mexico’ c/w ‘Have You Seen the Saucers’. ‘Mexico’ was not played on some radio stations at the time because the lyrics referred to Operation Intercept, but this song became a classic on many of the so-called underground radio stations.[10]

Operation Intercept is sometimes referred to in the Trump wall issue.[5][11].

See also

  • War on Drugs
  • Drug Enforcement Administration
  • Mexican Drug War
  • Mexico – United States relations

Further reading

  • Elaine Shannon , Desperados: Latin Drug Lords, U.S. Lawmen, and the War America Can't Win, Viking, 1988 ({{ISBN|978-0670810260}})
  • G. Gordon Liddy, Will: The Autobiography of G. Gordon Liddy, St. Martin's Paperbacks, 1991 ({{ISBN|978-0312924126}})
  • Lawrence A. Gooberman, Operation Intercept: The Multiple Consequences of Public Policy, Pergamon, 2013

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 The 1969 marijuana shortage and "Operation Intercept," The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs.
2. ^{{cite news|last1=Schudel|first1=Matt|title=Myles J. Ambrose, who sought to curb illegal drug trade, helped set up the DEA|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/myles-j-ambrose-who-sought-to-curb-nations-drug-trade-helped-set-up-the-dea/2014/06/11/2480316c-f0c4-11e3-9ebc-2ee6f81ed217_story.html|accessdate=October 15, 2016|work=The Washington Post|date=June 12, 2014|quote=In 1969, Mr. Ambrose launched Operation Intercept, a controversial program in which federal agents searched cars for drugs as they entered the United States at the Mexican border.}}
3. ^1 2 Kate Doyle, [https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB86/ Operation Intercept: The Perils of Unilateralism], National Security Archive at George Washington University, with copies of 18 previously classified documents.
4. ^1 Jamie Shenk, Doomed From the Start: “Operation Intercept” and Changing Public Perceptions of Marijuana in the United States, Underfraduatelibrary.org, 2015
5. ^1 2 Shaun Assael, [https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2016/06/28/trump-echoes-nixon-mexico-gambit/ZSDl5q3qnYEVZiDstHrqFN/story.html Trump echoes Nixon on Mexico gambit], Bostonglobe.com, 28 June 2016
6. ^Lawrence A. Gooberman, Operation Intercept: The Multiple Consequences of Social Policy.
7. ^Operation Intercept, Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior.
8. ^[https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/189606 Reagan on Operation Intercept], Sfsu.edu, 30 September 1969
9. ^[https://aadl.org/node/193614 Operation intercept], Ann Arbor Sunday, 2 July 1971
10. ^Bill Thompson Sleeve Notes to Jefferson Airplane’s album ‘Early Flight’ Feb 1974 Grunt APL1-0437
11. ^[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/americas/events/2017/nov/trumps-wall-nixons-1969-operation-intercept-hemispheric-drug-war-and-border-wall Trump's Wall: Nixon's 1969 'Operation Intercept', the Hemispheric Drug War and the Border Wall], Ucl.ac.uk, 14 november 2017
{{Cannabis in Mexico}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Operation Intercept}}

9 : 1969 establishments in the United States|History of drug control|Cannabis in the United States|Operations against organized crime in Mexico|Mexico–United States relations|Cannabis in Mexico|1969 in cannabis|Anti-cannabis operations|Presidency of Richard Nixon
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