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词条 OPN5
释义

  1. Function

  2. Photochemistry

  3. Phylogeny

  4. Species Distribution

  5. References

  6. Further reading

{{Infobox_gene}}Neuropsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN5 gene.[1][2][3] It is a photoreceptor protein sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. The OPN5 gene was discovered in mouse and human genomes and its mRNA expression was also found in neural tissues. Neuropsin is bistable at 0 °C and activates a UV-sensitive, heterotrimeric G protein Gi-mediated pathway in mammalian and avian tissues.[4][5]

Function

Opsins are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Human neuropsin is expressed in the eye, brain, testes, and spinal cord. Neuropsin belongs to the seven-exon subfamily of mammalian opsin genes that includes peropsin (RRH) and retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR). Neuropsin has different isoforms created by alternative splicing.[3]

Photochemistry

When reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal, mouse and human neuropsins absorb maximally at 380 nm. When illuminated these neuropsins are converted into blue-absorbing photoproducts (470 nm), which are stable in the dark. The photoproducts are converted back to the UV-absorbing form, when they are illuminated with orange light (> 520 nm).[4]

Phylogeny

The neuropsins constitute one of the four subclades of the Go/RGR group of opsins, also known as RGR/Go or Group 4. Go/RGR is one of the four major subclades of type-II opsins, also known as metazoan or animal opsins. Go/RGR comprises Go-coupled, RGR, peropsins, and neuropsins. Type-II opsins comprise four subclades: C-opsins (ciliary), R-opsins (rhabdomeric), Cnidops (cnidarian), and Go/RGR. Three of these subclades occur only in Bilateria (all but Cnidops). However, the bilaterian clades constitute a parphyletic taxon without Cnidops.[6][7]

Species Distribution

Neuropsin and its orthologs have been found experimentally in a small number of animals, among them human, house mouse (Mus musculus),[1] chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus),[5][8] the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica),[9] the European brittle star Amphiura filiformis (related to starfish),[10] the tardigrade water bear (Hypsibius dujardini),[11] and the tadpole of Xenopus laevis.[12]

Searches of publicly available databases of genetic sequences have found putative neuropsin orthologs in both major branches of Bilateria: protostomes and deuterostomes. Among protostomes, putative neuropsins have been found in the molluscs owl limpet (Lottia gigantea) (a species of sea snail) and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), in the water flea (Daphnia pulex) (an arthropod), and in the annelid worm Capitella teleta.[11]

References

1. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Tarttelin EE, Bellingham J, Hankins MW, Foster RG, Lucas RJ | title = Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 554 | issue = 3 | pages = 410–6 | date = Nov 2003 | pmid = 14623103 | pmc = | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01212-2 }}
2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, Gloriam DE, Lagerström MC, Schiöth HB | title = Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptors lacking close relatives | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 554 | issue = 3 | pages = 381–8 | date = Nov 2003 | pmid = 14623098 | pmc = | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01196-7 }}
3. ^1 {{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: OPN5 opsin 5| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=221391| accessdate = }}
4. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Kojima D, Mori S, Torii M, Wada A, Morishita R, Fukada Y | title = UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | pages = e26388 | year = 2011 | pmid = 22043319 | pmc = 3197025 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026388 }}
5. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Yamashita|first1=T.|last2=Ohuchi|first2=H.|last3=Tomonari|first3=S.|last4=Ikeda|first4=K.|last5=Sakai|first5=K.|last6=Shichida|first6=Y.|title=Opn5 is a UV-sensitive bistable pigment that couples with Gi subtype of G protein|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=6 December 2010|volume=107|issue=51|pages=22084–22089|doi=10.1073/pnas.1012498107|pmid=21135214|pmc=3009823|url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/134598/1/pnas.1012498107.pdf}}
6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Porter ML, Blasic JR, Bok MJ, Cameron EG, Pringle T, Cronin TW, Robinson PR | title = Shedding new light on opsin evolution | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 279 | issue = 1726 | pages = 3–14 | date = Jan 2012 | pmid = 22012981 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2011.1819 | pmc=3223661}}
7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Liegertová M, Pergner J, Kozmiková I, Fabian P, Pombinho AR, Strnad H, Pačes J, Vlček Č, Bartůněk P, Kozmik Z | title = Cubozoan genome illuminates functional diversification of opsins and photoreceptor evolution | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 5 | pages = 11885 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26154478 | doi = 10.1038/srep11885 | pmc=5155618}}
8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Tomonari S, Migita K, Takagi A, Noji S, Ohuchi H | title = Expression patterns of the opsin 5-related genes in the developing chicken retina | journal = Developmental Dynamics | volume = 237 | issue = 7 | pages = 1910–22 | date = Jul 2008 | pmid = 18570255 | doi = 10.1002/dvdy.21611 }}
9. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakane Y, Ikegami K, Ono H, Yamamoto N, Yoshida S, Hirunagi K, Ebihara S, Kubo Y, Yoshimura T | title = A mammalian neural tissue opsin (Opsin 5) is a deep brain photoreceptor in birds | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 107 | issue = 34 | pages = 15264–8 | date = Aug 2010 | pmid = 20679218 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1006393107 | pmc=2930557}}
10. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Delroisse J, Ullrich-Lüter E, Ortega-Martinez O, Dupont S, Arnone MI, Mallefet J, Flammang P | title = High opsin diversity in a non-visual infaunal brittle star | journal = BMC Genomics | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 1035 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25429842 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1035 | pmc=4289182}}
11. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Hering L, Mayer G | title = Analysis of the opsin repertoire in the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini provides insights into the evolution of opsin genes in panarthropoda | journal = Genome Biology and Evolution | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = 2380–91 | date = Sep 2014 | pmid = 25193307 | doi = 10.1093/gbe/evu193 | pmc=4202329}}
12. ^{{cite journal|last1=Currie|first1=Stephen P.|last2=Doherty|first2=Gayle H.|last3=Sillar|first3=Keith T.|title=Deep-brain photoreception links luminance detection to motor output in frog tadpoles|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=10 May 2016|pages=6053–8|doi=10.1073/pnas.1515516113|volume=113|issue=21|pmid=27166423|pmc=4889350}}

Further reading

{{refbegin|2}}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Terakita A | title = The opsins | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 213 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15774036 | pmc = 1088937 | doi = 10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Vassilatis DK, Hohmann JG, Zeng H, Li F, Ranchalis JE, Mortrud MT, Brown A, Rodriguez SS, Weller JR, Wright AC, Bergmann JE, Gaitanaris GA | title = The G protein-coupled receptor repertoires of human and mouse | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 8 | pages = 4903–8 | date = Apr 2003 | pmid = 12679517 | pmc = 153653 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0230374100 }}
{{refend}}{{NLM content}}{{Eye proteins}}{{G protein-coupled receptors}}{{transmembranereceptor-stub}}

1 : G protein-coupled receptors
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