“Livingston, Texas”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation is just to the east of Livingston. The 2000 census reported a resident population of 480 persons within the reservation.

Geography

Livingston is located at {{Coord|30|42|34|N|94|56|4|W|type:city}} (30.709518, -94.934443).^[5]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of {{convert|8.4|sqmi|km2}}, of which, {{convert|8.4|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} of it is land and 0.12% is covered by water. However, the town of Livingston is about {{convert|10|mi|km|abbr=on}} east of Lake Livingston, which is the largest drinking-water reservoir in the state of Texas.

Demographics

As of the census^[1] of 2000, 5,433 people, 2,048 households, and 1,341 families resided in the town. The population density was 649.9 inhabitants per square mile (250.9/km²). There were 2,358 housing units at an average density of 282.1 per square mile (108.9/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 70.38% White, 18.50% African American, 0.64% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 8.08% from other races, and 1.56% from two or more races. About 13.90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 2,048 households, 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.4% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were not families. About 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the town, the population was distributed as 27.7% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $31,424, and for a family was $37,868. Males had a median income of $30,318 versus $21,774 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,214. About 18.2% of families and 22.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.7% of those under age 18 and 17.4% of those age 65 or over.

In the 2010 Census, Livingston lost 1.8 percent of its population.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120107064836/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/4843132.html 2010 Census for Livingston, Texas]

Government and infrastructure

The Livingston Municipal Airport, operated by the City of Livingston, is located in West Livingston.^[9]^[10]

Nearby West Livingston has the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) Allan B. Polunsky Unit,^[9]^[11]^[12] the location of the State of Texas death row since 1999.^[13]

A few miles outside of Livingston is the IAH Polk County Secure Adult Detention Center, which houses around 700 immigrant men daily who have been detained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Run by private-prison company Community Education Centers, the facility has frequently been criticized for its sub-par treatment of migrants and is currently under fire in a nationwide campaign calling for the closure of ten of the worst detention centers in the nation.^[14]

Livingston uses a manager-council system of government.^[15] The current mayor is Judy Cochran.^[16]

Economy

The most common employers in Livingston are lumber operations and the Allan B. Polunsky Unit state prison in West Livingston.^[17]

Livingston is the headquarters to two regional bank systems, the First National Bank and the First State Bank.

First State Bank has its main office in downtown Livingston and branches in Livingston (west side of town on Highway 190), Onalaska and Shepherd.

First National Bank has its main office on Highway 190 and branches in downtown Livingston and Onalaska.

Transportation

The city's airport, Livingston Municipal Airport (LMA) is located to the southwest of the city. It is classified as a general aviation facility serving private aircraft.

Education

A branch of Angelina College, Polk County Community College, opened in Fall 2014. The college offers various classes and two-year associate degrees.^[18]

Recreation

Lake Evelyn is within the borders of Camp Cho-Yeh, which began operation in the 1940s continues to function as a summer camp and retreat center to this day. Cho-Yeh means, 'land of tall pines' and was labeled that because of the large pine trees on the property^[19].{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

Notable people

Media

Sports championships

Tourism and recreation

Destinations

Entertainment

Attractions

Events

Entertainment references

Lake Livingston was featured on the third episode of the first season of the television show, River Monsters, which airs on Animal Planet. The host, Jeremy Wade, was searching for alligator gar.^[33]

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=2007-10-25}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}
4. ^City of Livingston, Texas, Information, History
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}
8. ^"Post Office Location - LIVINGSTON {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026231801/http://usps.whitepages.com/post_office/TX/LIVINGSTON |date=2011-10-26 }}." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 16, 2010.
9. ^¹"West Livingston CDP, Texas {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606111713/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US4877662&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on |date=2011-06-06 }}." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on May 9, 2010.
10. ^"Municipal Airport {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506141635/http://www.cityoflivingston-tx.com/departments/airport.asp |date=2010-05-06 }}." City of Livingston. Retrieved on May 9, 2010.
11. ^"Polunsky Unit {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725201405/http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/unitdirectory/tl.htm |date=2010-07-25 }}." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 7, 2010.
12. ^Rainwater, Mary. "Death row inmate: No justice by execution." Rapid City Journal. May 5, 2010. Retrieved on May 9, 2010. "are heavy on the mind of 41-year-old former South Dakota resident Kevin Scott Varga, who sits on death row in the Polunsky Unit in Livingston, Texas."
13. ^"Death Row Facts {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806085208/http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/drowfacts.htm |date=2009-08-06 }}." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 7, 2010.
14. ^Expose & Close
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://cityoflivingston-tx.com/148/City-Council|title=City Council {{!}} Livingston, TX|website=cityoflivingston-tx.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-27}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://cityoflivingston-tx.com/149/Mayor|title=Mayor {{!}} Livingston, TX|website=cityoflivingston-tx.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-27}}
17. ^Hannaford, Alex. "Inmates Aren’t the Only Victims of the Prison-Industrial Complex" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6eg6yJ1aU?url=http://www.thenation.com/article/inmates-arent-only-victims-prison-industrial-complex/ Archive]). The Nation. September 16, 2014. Retrieved on January 20, 2016.
18. ^
19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.cho-yeh.org/summer-camp/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw1-fVBRC3ARIsAIifYOMFfOkgPfpoFKAW55yDJL2bk64P920hvPDaMBlB77-XHAhav5IskqUaAk4CEALw_wcB|title=Houston-Area Summer Camp for Kids - Camp Cho-Yeh|work=Camp Cho-Yeh|access-date=2018-03-28|language=en-US}}
20. ^https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/CarrPa20.htm
21. ^¹[https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bma19 "Alabama-Coushatta Indians"], Texas Handbook Online
22. ^http://www.texasescapes.com/AllThingsHistorical/Tennessee-Williams-Texas-Director-Margaret-Virginia-Margo-Jones-BB506.htm
23. ^Doolittle Raiders Online
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eaglefield.net/doolittleroster.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-04-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825101535/http://www.eaglefield.net/doolittleroster.htm |archivedate=2007-08-25 |df= }}
25. ^Thirty_Seconds_Over_Tokyo
26. ^http://www.historicmarkers.com/Texas/Polk_County_Texas/Captain_Isaac_Newton_Moreland_Turner%2C_C._S._A.__TX10428/
27. ^http://usads.ms11.net/randy.html
28. ^Russell, Major Samuel L., "Selfless Service: The Cavalry Career of Brigadier General Samuel M. Whitside from 1858 to 1902." MMAS Thesis, Fort Leavenworth: U.S. Command and General Staff College, 2002.
29. ^Friday Night History - PVIL Past Football Champions - Texas High School Football {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208091839/http://www.fridaynighthistory.com/pvilarchives.html |date=2006-12-08 }}
30. ^UIL: Athletics - Champions Archives and Records
31. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.naskila.com/|title=Naskila Gaming|website=www.naskila.com|access-date=2017-02-27}}
32. ^THC - Atlas - County Search {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225022100/http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/shell-county.htm |date=2013-02-25 }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://animal.discovery.com/fish/river-monsters/alligator-gar/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-05-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622005635/http://animal.discovery.com/fish/river-monsters/alligator-gar/ |archivedate=2010-06-22 |df= }}