| 词条 | Orconectes immunis |
| 释义 |
| image = Orconectes immunis Kalikokrebs calico crayfish.JPG | image_alt = Orconectes immunis | image_caption = Orconectes immunis |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] |genus = Orconectes | species = immunis |authority = (Hagen, 1870) }}Orconectes immunis is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is native to North America and it is an introduced species in Europe, where it lives along the Upper Rhine. Its common names include calico crayfish and papershell crayfish.[1] DescriptionOrconectes immunis is similar to a number of other species of crayfish in the genus Orconectes. While the colouration of the claws is distinctive, it can be difficult to use that to identify a specimen without reference specimens for comparison. O. immunis can be distinguished from O. virilis by the presence of a notch near the base of the dactylus (finger) of the claw, which is not found in O. virilis.[2]DistributionNorth AmericaOrconectes immunis naturally occurs across a wide area of eastern North America, from Maine and Connecticut in the east to Colorado and Wyoming in the west, and from Alabama in the south to Canada in the north.[4] In Canada, it has been recorded from Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec,[4] although the populations in Quebec may be the result of introductions by anglers from New York;[3] the Canadian populations are centred in southern Ontario.[3] It is believed to have been introduced to a number of states in New England, including Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont.[4]EuropeOrconectes immunis has been popular in the aquarium trade in Germany, and is kept as a pet both in aquaria and garden ponds. The first recorded escape was a single individual in a small canal in the Rhine valley of Baden-Württemberg in 1997. Later, a breeding population was discovered, and this has now spread at least as far downstream as Karlsruhe ({{convert|45|km|disp=or|abbr=on}} downstream) and possibly as far as Speyer ({{convert|35|km|disp=or|abbr=on}} downstream from Karlsruhe).[4] It has since been recorded from other locations in Europe, including the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, as well as in France. It appears to be outcompeting another invasive species, Orconectes limosus, which has been present in the area for five decades.[5]EcologyO. immunis is only found in slow-flowing bodies of water, such as streams, ponds, marshes and roadside ditches, in contrast to O. virilis which also lives in rivers with moderate flow. It can survive in areas with large fluctuations in the amount of available water, by burrowing into the ground when the surface waters recede.[2]NamingO. immunis was first described by Hermann August Hagen in 1870, in his Monograph of the North American Astacidae, under the name Cambarus immunis.[6] The original specimens came from Lawn Ridge, Marshall County, Illinois. References{{Portal|Crustaceans}}1. ^1 Adams, S., Schuster, G.A. & Taylor, C.A. 2010. Orconectes immunis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. Downloaded on 16 June 2016. {{Taxonbar|from=Q1722252}}2. ^1 {{cite web |title=Calico Crayfish — Orconectes immunis |work=Montana Field Guide |accessdate=July 29, 2010 |url=http://FieldGuide.mt.gov/detail_ICMAL11450.aspx}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.pinicola.ca/crayfishontario/oimmunisacct.htm |author=Premek Hamr |year=2007 |title=Orconectes immunis |work=Ontario Crayfish Guide |publisher=Bishops Mills Natural History Centre}} 4. ^{{cite journal |author1=D. M. Holdich |author2=J. D. Reynolds |author3=C. Souty-Grosset |author4=P. J. Sibley |year=2009 |journal=Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems |title=A review of the ever increasing threat to European crayfish from non-indigenous crayfish species |volume=394–395 |doi=10.1051/kmae/2009025 |issue=11 |pages=1–46}} 5. ^{{cite journal |author=Christoph Chucholl, Hans Bernd Stich & Gerhard Maier |year=2008 |title=Aggressive interactions and competition for shelter between a recently introduced and an established invasive crayfish: Orconectes immunis vs. O. limosus |journal=Archiv für Hydrobiologie |volume=172 |issue=1 |pages=27–36 |doi=10.1127/1863-9135/2008/0172-0027 |url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_previews/56928.pdf |format=PDF abstract}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |author=James W. Fetzner, Jr. |date=January 14, 2008 |title=Orconectes (Trisellescens) immunis (Hagen, 1870) |work=Crayfish Taxonomy Browser |publisher=Carnegie Museum of Natural History |url=http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/crayfish/NewAstacidea/species.asp?g=Orconectes&s=immunis&ssp= |accessdate=June 11, 2010}} 6 : Cambaridae|Freshwater crustaceans of North America|Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)|Fauna of the Eastern United States|Crustaceans described in 1870|Taxa named by Hermann August Hagen |
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