| 词条 | Lixus (ancient city) |
| 释义 |
| name = Lixus | native_name = | alternate_name = | image = Lixus in Morocco.jpg | alt = | caption = The ruins of Lixus | map_type = Morocco | map_alt = | map_size = | relief = | coordinates = {{coord|35|12|00|N|06|06|40|W|display=inline,title}} | location = Larache, Larache Province, Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco | region = | type = Settlement | part_of = | length = | width = | area = | height = | builder = | material = | built = 12th century BC | abandoned = | epochs = | cultures = | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = | notes = }}Lixus (Canaanite: 𐤋𐤊𐤔 or 𐤌𐤒𐤅𐤌 𐤔𐤌𐤔) is the site of an ancient Canaanite city located in Morocco, just north of the modern seaport of Larache on the bank of the Loukkos River. The location was one of the main cities of the Roman province of Mauretania Tingitana.[1] GeographyAncient Lixus is located on Tchemmich Hill on the right bank of the Loukkos River (other names: Oued Loukous; Locus River). It lies just to the north of the modern seaport of Larache.[2] The site lies within the urban perimeter of Larache, and about three kilometres inland from the mouth of the river and the Atlantic ocean. From its 80 metres above the plain the site dominates the marshes through which the river flows. To the north, Lixus is surrounded by hills which themselves are bordered to the north and east by a forest of cork oaks. Among the ruins are Roman baths, temples, 4th-century walls, a mosaic floor, a Christian church and the intricate and confusing remains of the Capitol Hill.[3] HistoryLegendsSome ancient Greek writers located at Lixus the mythological garden of the Hesperides, the keepers of the golden apples. The name of the city was often mentioned by writers from Hanno the Navigator to the Geographer of Ravenna, and confirmed by the legend on its coins and by an inscription. The ancients believed Lixus to be the site of the Garden of the Hesperides and of a sanctuary of Hercules, where Hercules gathered gold apples, more ancient than the one at Cadiz, Spain. CanaanitesLixus was first settled by the Canaanites in the 12th century BC and was later controlled directly from Carthage.[4]'[5]'[6]'[7]'[8] It was part of a chain of Canaanite towns along the Atlantic coast of modern Morocco; other major settlements further to the south are Chellah (called Sala Colonia by the Romans)[9] and Mogador. When Carthage's empire fell to Rome during the Punic Wars, Lixus, Chellah, and Mogador became outposts of the province of Mauretania Tingitana. Roman EmpireLixus flourished during the Roman Empire, mainly when the emperor Claudius (AD 41-54) established the province of Africa with full rights for the citizens. Lixus was one of the few Roman cities in Berber Africa that enjoyed an amphitheater. In the third century, Lixus became nearly fully Christian and there are even now the ruins of a Paleochristian church overlooking the archaeological area.[10] DestructionThe Muslim invasions destroyed the Roman city. Some Berber life was maintained for about a century after the Islamic conquest of North Africa, attested by the presence of a mosque and a house with a patio with walls covered with painted stucco. Archaeological workThe site was excavated continuously from 1948 to 1969.[11] In the 1960s, Lixus was restored and consolidated. In 1989, following an international conference which brought together many scientists, specialists, historians and archaeologists of the Mediterranean around the history and archaeology of Lixus, the site was partly enclosed. Work was undertaken to study the Roman mosaics of the site, which constitute a very rich unit. Lixus was on a surface of approximately {{convert|75|ha}}. The excavated zones constitute approximately 20% of the total surface of the site. World Heritage StatusThis site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on July 1, 1995 in the Cultural category. See also{{Portal|Berbers|Ancient Rome}}
ReferencesCitations1. ^{{cite web|url=http://0-hera.ugr.es.adrastea.ugr.es/tesisugr/19709298.pdf|title=Las colonias y municipios de la Mauritania Tingitana|website=Adrastea.urg.es|date=2010|author=Rachid Mueden|accessdate=28 March 2018}} 2. ^Prehistoria de España: Trabajos dedicados al IV Congreso Internacional, Santiago Alcobé y Noguer 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76%3Asites-antiques-du-maroc&catid=44&Itemid=104&lang=fr#Lixus|title=Sites Antiques|website=Miniculture.gov.ma|language=fr|accessdate=28 March 2018}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=1EEtmT9Tbj4C&pg=PA200|title=The Phoenicians|last=Moscati|first=Sabatino|date=2001|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=|isbn=9781850435334|location=|pages=200|language=en}} 5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=FFKPBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|title=L'Histoire des marques depuis l'antiquité jusqu'au moyen âge|last=Palma|first=Salvatore Di|date=2014-11-18|publisher=Société des Ecrivains|year=|isbn=9782342031201|location=|pages=139|language=fr}} 6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=RJIFAQAAIAAJ&q|title=Historie de lA̕frique du Nord|last=Jouhaud|first=Edmond Jules René|date=1968|publisher=Éditions des Deux Cogs dÓr|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=22|language=fr}} 7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=a8dXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT45|title=L'Afrique du Nord au féminin|last=Camps|first=Gabriel|date=2015-10-09|publisher=Perrin (réédition numérique FeniXX)|year=|isbn=9782262057435|location=|pages=45|language=fr}} 8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=BuV8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA664|title=Politische Geschichte (Provinzen und Randvölker: Allgemeines; Britannien, Hispanien, Gallien)|last=Temporini|first=Hildegard|date=2016-09-26|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|year=|isbn=9783110882070|location=|pages=664|language=fr}} 9. ^C. Michael Hogan, Chellah, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lexicorient.com/morocco/lixus.htm|title=Lonely Roman ruins|website=Lexicorient.com|accessdate=28 March 2018}} 11. ^The Phoenicians, by Sabatino Moscati Bibliography
External links{{commons category}}
6 : Mauretania Tingitana|Populated places established in the 7th century BC|Phoenician colonies in Africa|Roman towns and cities in Morocco|Archaeological sites in Morocco|Buildings and structures in Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima |
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