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词条 Orexigenic
释义

  1. List of Orexigenics

  2. See also

  3. References

  4. Further reading

  5. External links

An orexigenic, or appetite stimulant, is a drug, hormone, or compound that increases appetite and may induce hyperphagia. This can be a naturally occurring neuropeptide hormone such as ghrelin, orexin or neuropeptide Y,[1][2] or a medication which increases hunger and therefore enhances food consumption. Usually appetite enhancement is considered an undesirable side effect of certain drugs as it leads to unwanted weight gain,[3][4][5] but sometimes it can be beneficial and a drug may be prescribed solely for this purpose, especially when the patient is suffering from severe appetite loss or muscle wasting due to cystic fibrosis, anorexia, old age, cancer or AIDS.[6][7][8][9][10] There are several widely used drugs which can cause a boost in appetite, including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), tetracyclic antidepressants, natural or synthetic cannabinoids, first-generation antihistamines, most antipsychotics and many steroid hormones.

List of Orexigenics

  • 5-HT2C receptor antagonists/inverse agonists — mirtazapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, amitriptyline, cyproheptadine, lurasidone, Agomelatine
  • H1 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists — mirtazapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, amitriptyline, cyproheptadine
  • Dopamine antagonists — haloperidol, chlorpromazine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine
  • Adrenergic antagonists:
    • β blockers — propranolol, etc.
  • Paradoxically, β-adrenergic agonists are also listed.[11]

Obviously, not ephedra/clenbuterol (which is appetite suppressant), but salbutamol and flerobuterol, Zilpaterol etc.

  • α2 adrenergic antagonists{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} — mirtazapine, mianserin
  • Mixed α1/β blockers — carvedilol
  • α2 Adrenergic agonists — clonidine
  • CB1 receptor agonists (cannabinoids — THC/dronabinol (a component of Cannabis), nabilone
  • Corticosteroids — dexamethasone, prednisone, hydrocortisone
  • Certain pregnene steroids — megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate
  • Anabolic steroids — oxandrolone, nandrolone, testosterone
  • Sulfonylurea antidiabetic drugs such as glibenclamide, chlorpropamide and tolbutamide
  • Mood stabilizers such as lithium
  • Some anti-epileptic drugs such as valproate, carbamazepine and gabapentin[12]
  • α2δ VDCC ligands — gabapentin, pregabalin[13]
  • Ghrelin receptor agonists such as anamorelin, GHRP-6, ibutamoren, ipamorelin, and pralmorelin
  • MC4 receptor antagonists
  • Insulin
  • Sugars such as fructose[14]

See also

  • Anorectic (anorexigenic)
  • Anorexia
  • Eating disorder
  • Obesity
  • Obesogen
  • Organic feeding disorder
  • Polydipsia

References

1. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Diepvens K, Häberer D, Westerterp-Plantenga M | date = Mar 2008 | title = Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones in healthy humans | url = | journal = Int J Obes (Lond). | volume = 32 | issue = 3| pages = 510–8 | pmid = 18345020 | doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803758}}
2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Akimoto S, Miyasaka K |title=Age-associated changes of hunger-regulating peptides |journal=Geriatrics & Gerontology International |volume=10 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S107–19 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20590826 |doi=10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00587.x |url=}}
3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Purnell JQ, Weyer C |title=Weight effect of current and experimental drugs for diabetes mellitus: from promotion to alleviation of obesity |journal=Treatments in Endocrinology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=33–47 |year=2003 |pmid=15871553 |doi= 10.2165/00024677-200302010-00004|url=}}
4. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Hermansen K, Mortensen LS |title=Bodyweight changes associated with antihyperglycaemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus |journal=Drug Safety |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=1127–42 |year=2007 |pmid=18035865 |doi= 10.2165/00002018-200730120-00005|url=}}
5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Maayan L, Correll CU |title=Management of antipsychotic-related weight gain |journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=1175–200 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20586697 |doi=10.1586/ern.10.85 |url= |pmc=3501406}}
6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Strasser F, Bruera ED |title=Update on anorexia and cachexia |journal=Hematology/oncology Clinics of North America |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=589–617 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12170570 |doi= 10.1016/s0889-8588(02)00011-4|url=}}
7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Nasr SZ, Drury D |title=use in cystic fibrosis |journal=Pediatric Pulmonology |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=209–19 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18219690 |doi=10.1002/ppul.20766 |url=}}
8. ^{{cite journal |author=Morley JE |title=Weight loss in older persons: new therapeutic approaches |journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design |volume=13 |issue=35 |pages=3637–47 |year=2007 |pmid=18220800 |doi= 10.2174/138161207782794149|url=}}
9. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Fox CB, Treadway AK, Blaszczyk AT, Sleeper RB |title=Megestrol acetate and mirtazapine for the treatment of unplanned weight loss in the elderly |journal=Pharmacotherapy |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=383–97 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19323618 |doi=10.1592/phco.29.4.383 |url=}}
10. ^{{cite journal |author=Holmes S |title=A difficult clinical problem: diagnosis, impact and clinical management of cachexia in palliative care |journal=International Journal of Palliative Nursing |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=320, 322–6 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19648846 |doi= |url=}}
11. ^Lang F, Perrier E, Pellet J. [Noradrenergic hypothesis in anorexia nervosa: prospective study using beta-stimulant therapy]. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1983;141(8):918-25.
12. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Ness-Abramof R, Apovian CM | date = Aug 2005 | title = Drug-induced weight gain | url = | journal = Drugs Today (Barcelona) | volume = 41 | issue = 8| pages = 547–55 | doi = 10.1358/dot.2005.41.8.893630 | pmid = 16234878 }}
13. ^LYRICA® (pregabalin), CV. Full Prescribing Information, Section 5.7 (Weight Gain). Pfizer, Inc. Revised June, 2013.  
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/fructose.php|title=Fructose Metabolism: Relation to Food Intake & Metabolic Dysfunction|author=|date=|website=themedicalbiochemistrypage.org|accessdate=14 April 2018}}

Further reading

  • {{cite web|last1=Archer|first1=Melissa|last2=Steinvoort|first2=Carin|last3=Larson|first3=Bryan|last4=Oderda|first4=Gary|title=

Agents Used as Appetite Stimulants: Drug Class Review|url=http://www.health.utah.gov/pharmacy/ptcommittee/files/Criteria%20Review%20Documents/03.14/Appetite%20Stimulant%20Drug%20Class%20Review.pdf#page=3|publisher=University of Utah College of Pharmacy|date=2014}} Page 3: "Executive Summary".

External links

  • {{Commonscat-inline|Appetite stimulants}}
{{General symptoms and signs}}{{Appetite stimulants}}

1 : Appetite stimulants
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