词条 | Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator |
释义 |
In mathematics, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator is a generalization of the Laplace operator to an infinite-dimensional setting. The Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator plays a significant role in the Malliavin calculus. Introduction: the finite-dimensional pictureThe LaplacianConsider the gradient operator ∇ acting on scalar functions f : Rn → R; the gradient of a scalar function is a vector field v = ∇f : Rn → Rn. The divergence operator div, acting on vector fields to produce scalar fields, is the adjoint operator to ∇. The Laplace operator Δ is then the composition of the divergence and gradient operators: , acting on scalar functions to produce scalar functions. Note that A = −Δ is a positive operator, whereas Δ is a dissipative operator. Using spectral theory, one can define a square root (1 − Δ)1/2 for the operator (1 − Δ). This square root satisfies the following relation involving the Sobolev H1-norm and L2-norm for suitable scalar functions f: The Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operatorOften, when working on Rn, one works with respect to Lebesgue measure, which has many nice properties. However, remember that the aim is to work in infinite-dimensional spaces, and it is a fact that there is no infinite-dimensional Lebesgue measure. Instead, if one is studying some separable Banach space E, what does make sense is a notion of Gaussian measure; in particular, the abstract Wiener space construction makes sense. To get some intuition about what can be expected in the infinite-dimensional setting, consider standard Gaussian measure γn on Rn: for Borel subsets A of Rn, This makes (Rn, B(Rn), γn) into a probability space; E will denote expectation with respect to γn. The gradient operator ∇ acts on a (differentiable) function φ : Rn → R to give a vector field ∇φ : Rn → Rn. The divergence operator δ (to be more precise, δn, since it depends on the dimension) is now defined to be the adjoint of ∇ in the Hilbert space sense, in the Hilbert space L2(Rn, B(Rn), γn; R). In other words, δ acts on a vector field v : Rn → Rn to give a scalar function δv : Rn → R, and satisfies the formula On the left, the product is the pointwise Euclidean dot product of two vector fields; on the right, it is just the pointwise multiplication of two functions. Using integration by parts, one can check that δ acts on a vector field v with components vi, i = 1, ..., n, as follows: The change of notation from “div” to “δ” is for two reasons: first, δ is the notation used in infinite dimensions (the Malliavin calculus); secondly, δ is really the negative of the usual divergence. The (finite-dimensional) Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator L (or, to be more precise, Lm) is defined by with the useful formula that for any f and g smooth enough for all the terms to make sense, The Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator L is related to the usual Laplacian Δ by The Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator for a separable Banach spaceConsider now an abstract Wiener space E with Cameron-Martin Hilbert space H and Wiener measure γ. Let D denote the Malliavin derivative. The Malliavin derivative D is an unbounded operator from L2(E, γ; R) into L2(E, γ; H) – in some sense, it measures “how random” a function on E is. The domain of D is not the whole of L2(E, γ; R), but is a dense linear subspace, the Watanabe-Sobolev space, often denoted by (once differentiable in the sense of Malliavin, with derivative in L2). Again, δ is defined to be the adjoint of the gradient operator (in this case, the Malliavin derivative is playing the role of the gradient operator). The operator δ is also known the Skorokhod integral, which is an anticipating stochastic integral; it is this set-up that gives rise to the slogan “stochastic integrals are divergences”. δ satisfies the identity for all F in and v in the domain of δ. Then the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator for E is the operator L defined by References
| last = Ocone | first = Daniel L. | chapter = A guide to the stochastic calculus of variations | title = Stochastic analysis and related topics (Silivri, 1986) | series = Lecture Notes in Math. 1316 | pages = 1–79 | publisher = Springer | location = Berlin | year = 1988 }} {{MathSciNet|id=953793}}
| last = Sanz-Solé | first = Marta | authorlink=Marta Sanz-Solé | title = Applications of Malliavin Calculus to Stochastic Partial Differential Equations (Lectures given at Imperial College London, 7–11 July 2008) | year = 2008 | url = http://www.ma.ic.ac.uk/~dcrisan/lecturenotes-london.pdf | accessdate = 2008-07-09 }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operator}} 2 : Operator theory|Stochastic calculus |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。