| 词条 | Llívia |
| 释义 |
| name = Llívia | settlement_type = Municipality | official_name = | native_name = | image_skyline = LliviaGeneral.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | image_shield = Escudo de Llívia.svg | shield_size = 100x90px | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Localización de Llívia - Gerona.png | map_caption = Location of Llívia in the province of Girona | pushpin_map = #Catalonia#Spain#European Union | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Catalonia | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = Autonomous community | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Catalonia}} | subdivision_type2 = Province | subdivision_name2 = Girona | subdivision_type3 = Comarca | subdivision_name3 = Cerdanya | subdivision_type4 = Judicial district | subdivision_name4 = Puigcerdà | seat_type = | seat = | coordinates = {{coord|42|27|52|N|1|58|51|E|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | elevation_m = 1224 | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = | area_footnotes =[1] | area_total_km2 = 12.9 | established_title = | established_date = | population_footnotes = [2] | population_total = 1536 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_demonyms = Llivienc, llivienca (ca) Lliviense (es) | population_note = | population_density_km2 = auto | blank_name_sec1 = Official language(s) | blank_info_sec1 = | timezone = CET | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = CEST | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 17527 | area_code_type = Dialing code | area_code = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Elies Nova Inglés (2015)[2] | leader_party = | website = {{URL|www.llivia.org}} | footnotes = }} Llívia ({{IPA-ca|ˈʎiβiə}}; {{lang-es|Llivia}} {{IPA-es|ˈʎiβja|}}) is a town in the comarca of Cerdanya, province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain. It is a Spanish exclave surrounded by the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales. In 2009, the municipality of Llívia had a total population of 1,589. It is separated from the rest of Spain by a corridor about {{convert|1.6|km|1|abbr=in}} wide, which includes the French communes of Ur and Bourg-Madame. HistoryLlívia was the site of an Iberian oppidum which commanded the region and was named Julia Lybica[5] by the Romans. It was the ancient capital of Cerdanya in antiquity, before being replaced by Hix (commune of Bourg-Madame, France) in the Middle Ages. During the Visigothic period, its citadel, the castrum Libiae, was held by the rebel Paul of Narbonne against King Wamba in 672. As the "town (or 'city') of Cerdanya," 8th century Llívia may also have been the scene of the siege by which governor Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi of Muslim Spain rid himself of the Moorish (Berber) rebel Uthman ibn Naissa ("Munnuza"), who had allied himself with Duke Eudo of Aquitaine to improve the chances of his rebellion,[6] ahead of the Battle of Tours (732 or 733), also known as the Battle of Poitiers. In 1659, the Treaty of the Pyrenees ceded the comarques of Roussillon, Conflent, Capcir, Vallespir, and northern Cerdanya ("Cerdagne") to the French crown. Llívia did not become part of the French kingdom as the treaty stipulated that only villages were to be ceded to France, and Llívia was considered a town (vila in Catalan) and not a village because of its status as the ancient capital of Cerdanya.[7] In 1939, at the end of the Spanish Civil War, the government of France was in a position – due to the enclave being completely surrounded by French territory – to deny access to it to the victorious forces of Franco and let Llívia remain a free territory of the defeated Republican government. However, this was never carried out.[8] In any case, such an arrangement would not have survived the German occupation of France. During the era of Francisco Franco residents required special passes to cross France to the rest of Spain. Today with these countries in the Schengen Area there are no frontier formalities and the only nuisance are cross-border infrastructure issues.[3] Both countries share a hospital there, as well as other local initiatives.[4] During the 2017 Catalan declaration of independence the town residents voted for independence. Due to its location, Spanish central government forces did not go to the village.[5] MuseumThe Esteve Pharmacy, which is now located in Llívia's recently revamped municipal museum, is a complete 18th-century pharmacy donated to the town by the family who owned it, on condition the contents remain in the town. There are records of pharmacists practising in Llívia since medieval times. The pharmacy has a large display of albarelli, a type of ceramic jar used in pharmacies, as well as antique drugs, and one of the most important collections of prescription books in Europe. EducationEscola Jaume I is located in Llívia.[6] It was built in the 1950s. {{Asof|2016}} a new school will be constructed with a {{convert|500|sqm|sqft|adj=on}} ground floor and a {{convert|250|sqm|sqft|adj=on}} second floor.[7] References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.idescat.cat/emex/?lang=en&id=170947|title=El municipi en xifres: Llívia|publisher=Statistical Institute of Catalonia|accessdate=2015-11-23}} (Spanish). {{ISBN|84-87135-02-1}} (Catalan).2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://aplicacions.municat.gencat.cat/index.php?page=consulta&mostraEns=1709470005|title=Ajuntament de Llívia|publisher=Generalitat of Catalonia|accessdate=2015-11-13}} 3. ^{{cite web|author=Nogueira Calvar, Andrea|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2014/09/04/inenglish/1409817452_821710.html|title=The Spanish town that ended up in France|publisher=El País|date=2014-09-04}} 4. ^{{cite web|author=Wilkinson, Isambard|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/1417704/Spanish-enclave-breaks-down-the-barriers-with-France.html|title=Spanish enclave breaks down the barriers with France|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=2003-01-02}} 5. ^{{cite web|author=Fourquet, Laure|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/24/world/europe/catalonia-independence-spain-llivia.html|title=This Catalan Town Has Already Broken From Spain, Physically at Least|publisher=The New York Times|date=2017-10-24|accessdate=2017-12-03}} – [https://www.nytimes.com/es/2017/10/26/llivia-cataluna-espana/ Version in Castillian Spanish] 6. ^Home. Escola Jaume I. Retrieved on December 3, 2017. 7. ^{{cite web|title=Llívia es construirà la seva nova escola i després la llogarà a Ensenyament |url=http://www.diaridegirona.cat/comarques/2016/02/10/llivia-construira-seva-nova-escola/766709.html|publisher=Diari de Girona|date=2016-02-10|accessdate=2017-12-03|quote=L'actual centre educatiu del municipi, Jaume I, es va construir fa més de 60 anys,[...]El nou centre escolar de Llívia serà un edifici a dues aigües amb una planta de 500 metres quadrats i un segon pis de 250 metres.}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|title=De la santa iglesia de Gerona |first1=Antolin|last1=Merino |first2=José|last2=de la Canal|date=1819 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P39bAAAAcAAJ&lpg=PA6&ots=cs9XO79l7c&dq=Cerretania%20Lybica&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q=Cerretania%20Lybica&f=false|publisher=Google Books|accessdate=9 June 2015|language=Catalan}} 9. ^1 Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi, p. 361, and Roger Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1989, p. 89 10. ^1 Capdevila i Subirana, Joan: Historia del deslinde de la frontera Hispano-Francesa. Del tratado de los Pirineos (1659) a los tratados de Bayona (1856–1868), Ed. Ministerio de Fomento, Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica, Madrid, 2009, pp. 146–149. {{ISBN|978-84-416-1480-2}} (Spanish) 11. ^1 Robinson GWS (1959). Exclaves. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 49 (3), 283–295 {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.x}}
}} External links
|Centre = Llívia |N = Targassonne (France) |NE = |E = Estavar (France) |SE = Saillagouse (France) |S = Sainte-Léocadie (France) |SW = Bourg-Madame (France) |W = Ur (France) |NW = Angoustrine-Villeneuve-des-Escaldes (France) }}{{Cerdanya}}{{Municipalities in Girona|state=autocollapse}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Llivia}} 5 : Municipalities in Cerdanya (comarca)|Municipalities in the Province of Girona|France–Spain border|Enclaves and exclaves|Populated places in the Province of Girona |
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