| 词条 | Loaded question |
| 释义 |
A loaded question or complex question is a question that contains a controversial or unjustified assumption (e.g., a presumption of guilt).[1] Aside from being an informal fallacy depending on usage, such questions may be used as a rhetorical tool: the question attempts to limit direct replies to be those that serve the questioner's agenda.[2] The traditional example is the question "Have you stopped beating your wife?" Whether the respondent answers yes or no, he will admit to having a wife and having beaten her at some time in the past. Thus, these facts are presupposed by the question, and in this case an entrapment, because it narrows the respondent to a single answer, and the fallacy of many questions has been committed.[2] The fallacy relies upon context for its effect: the fact that a question presupposes something does not in itself make the question fallacious. Only when some of these presuppositions are not necessarily agreed to by the person who is asked the question does the argument containing them become fallacious.[2] Hence the same question may be loaded in one context, but not in the other. For example, the previous question would not be loaded if it were asked during a trial in which the defendant had already admitted to beating his wife.[2] This fallacy should be distinguished from that of begging the question,[3] which offers a premise whose plausibility depends on the truth of the proposition asked about, and which is often an implicit restatement of the proposition.[4] DefenseA common way out of this argument is not to answer the question (e.g. with a simple 'yes' or 'no'), but to challenge the assumption behind the question. To use an earlier example, a good response to the question "Have you stopped beating your wife?" would be "I have never beaten my wife".[5] This removes the ambiguity of the expected response, therefore nullifying the tactic. However, the asker is likely to respond by accusing the one who answers of dodging the question. Historical examplesMadeleine Albright (U.S. Ambassador to the U.N.) fell into a trap of answering a loaded question (and later regretted not challenging it instead) on 60 Minutes on 12 May 1996. Lesley Stahl asked, regarding the effects of UN sanctions against Iraq, "We have heard that a half million children have died. I mean, that is more children than died in Hiroshima. And, you know, is the price worth it?" Instead of questioning this unattributed death toll or how much of it could have been due to sanctions, Madeleine Albright said "I think that is a very hard choice, but the price, we think, the price is worth it."[6] She later wrote of this response:
For another example, the 2009 referendum on corporal punishment in New Zealand asked: "Should a smack as part of good parental correction be a criminal offence in New Zealand?" Murray Edridge, of Barnardos New Zealand, criticized the question as "loaded and ambiguous" and claimed "the question presupposes that smacking is a part of good parental correction".[8] See also{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
References1. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rBkD0HQJvnsC |title=Critical Thinking |first=Gregory |last=Bassham |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2004 |isbn=9780072879599}} 2. ^1 2 3 Douglas N. Walton, Informal logic: a handbook for critical argumentation, Cambridge University Press, 1989, {{ISBN|0-521-37925-3}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kswimguc5uYC&pg=PA36&dq=%22complex+question%22+%22Loaded+question%22&as_brr=0&ei=P820S9GbFI20MPOqiOkO&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22complex%20question%22%20%22Loaded%20question%22&f=false pp. 36–37] 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/begging-the-question.html |title=Fallacy: Begging the Question |publisher=The Nizkor Project |accessdate=January 22, 2008}} 4. ^{{cite book |url=http://skepdic.com/begging.html |title=The Skeptic's Dictionary |first=Robert Todd |last=Carroll |ISBN=0-471-27242-6 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |authorlink= Robert Todd Carroll |page=51 }} 5. ^{{cite book |title =The Power of Logic | first =C. Stephen | last =Layman | year= 2003 | page=158 }} 6. ^{{cite web|author=Douglas E. Hill |url=http://orangecoyote.blogspot.com/2006/07/albrights-blunder.html |title=Albright's Blunder |accessdate=2008-01-04 |year=2002 |publisher=Irvine Review |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030603215848/http://www.irvinereview.org/guest1.htm |archivedate=2003-06-03 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 7. ^{{cite book |title =A Memoir | first =Madeleine | last =Albright | year= 2003 | page=275 |isbn=0-7868-6843-0 }} 8. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.3news.co.nz/nznews/antismacking-debate-goes-to-referendum-2009061517 |title=Anti-smacking debate goes to referendum |publisher=3 News |date=June 15, 2009 |accessdate=2010-02-03}} External links
1 : Informal fallacies |
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