| 词条 | Lobelia |
| 释义 |
|image = Lobelia (aka).jpg |image_caption = Lobelia erinus |taxon = Lobelia |authority = L.[1] |type_species= Lobelia cardinalis |type_species_authority = L.[2] |synonyms_ref = [3] |synonyms = *Mecoschistum Dulac
|}}Lobelia ({{IPAc-en|l|oʊ|ˈ|b|iː|l|i|ə|,_|l|ə|-}}{{refn|{{OxfordDictionaries.com|accessdate=2016-01-21|Lobelia}}}}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|accessdate=2016-01-21|Lobelia}}}}[4]) is a genus of flowering plants comprising 415 species,[5] with a subcosmopolitan distribution primarily in tropical to warm temperate regions of the world, a few species extending into cooler temperate regions.[6] They are known generally as lobelias.[7] DescriptionThe genus Lobelia comprises a substantial number of large and small annual, perennial and shrubby species, hardy and tender, from a variety of habitats, in a range of colours. Many species appear totally dissimilar from each other. However, all have simple, alternate leaves and two-lipped tubular flowers, each with five lobes. The upper two lobes may be erect while the lower three lobes may be fanned out. Flowering is often abundant and the flower colour intense, hence their popularity as ornamental garden subjects.[8] TaxonomyThe genus is named after the Flemish botanist Matthias de Lobel (1538–1616).[6] Some botanists place the genus and its relatives in the separate family Lobeliaceae, others as a subfamily Lobelioideae within the Campanulaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group did not make a firm decision on this, listing the genus under both families. Lobelia is probably the base form from which many other lobelioid genera are derived; it is therefore highly paraphyletic and not a good genus in a cladistic sense. For example, the Hawaiian species (see Hawaiian lobelioids), currently classified in several genera, originated from a single introduction to a now-submerged Hawaiian Island 15 million years ago, probably from an Asian Lobelia in Lobelia subg. Tupa.[8]A New Zealand study concluded that local species of Hypsela, Isotoma and Pratia should be treated as Lobelia.[9] EcologyLobelia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Setaceous Hebrew Character. Cultivation and usesSeveral species are cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens. These include Lobelia cardinalis syn. Lobelia fulgens (cardinal flower or Indian pink), Lobelia siphilitica (blue lobelia), and Lobelia erinus, which is used for edging and window boxes.[10] HybridsNumerous hybrids have been produced, notably Lobelia × speciosa, a hybrid derived from L. fulgens, L. cardinalis & L. siphilitica. The term "fan hybrids" is also used.[11] This plant is borderline hardy and requires fertile, moist soil. It is suitable for summer bedding schemes or growing in containers. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[12] {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Traditional medicineThe species used most commonly in modern herbalism is Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco).[19] Use of lobelia for cardiovascular diseases may cause adverse effects.[20] Lobelia has been used as "asthmador" in Appalachian traditional medicine.[21] Two species, L. siphilitica and L. cardinalis, were once considered a cure for syphilis.[22] Herbalist Samuel Thomson popularized medicinal use of lobelia in the United States in the early 19th century.[19] Adverse effectsMany members of the genus are considered poisonous, with some containing the toxic principle lobeline.[23] Because of lobeline's similarity to nicotine, the internal use of lobelia may be dangerous to susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women,[24] and individuals with cardiac disease. Excessive use will cause nausea and vomiting.[25] It is not recommended for use by pregnant women and is best administered by a practitioner qualified in its use. It also has a chemical known as lobellicyonycin,{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} which may cause dizziness. Chemical constituentsExtracts of Lobelia inflata contain lobeline[27] and those from Lobelia chinensis contain apigenin, lobeline, lobelanine, isolobelanine, lobelanidine, quercetin, coumarins, glucosides and other flavonoids.[28] DiversitySpecies include:[29][30] {{Columns-list|
}} Mexican spurred lobeliasAbout eleven species native to Mexico and Central America have spurs on the flowers. These spurred lobelias appear to form a monophyletic group. Most have been classified in the genera Heterotoma (or sometimes Calcaratolobelia). However, since their closest relatives such as Lobelia anatina are in Lobelia, Koopman and Ayers classify them in Lobelia.[33] Partial list:
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References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6918 |title=Genus: Lobelia L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1999-01-27 |accessdate=2011-02-03}} 2. ^lectotype designated by Hitchcock & Green, Nomenclature, Proposals by British Botanists 184 (1929) 3. ^Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 4. ^Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 5. ^{{cite journal| last = Lammers| first = Thomas | title = Revision of the Infrageneric Classification of Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)| journal =Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden| doi =10.3417/2007150| accessdate =| volume=98| pages=37–62| year = 2011 }} 6. ^1 Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}. 7. ^Lobelia. USDA PLANTS. 8. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3558341 | title = Seed Coat Morphology and Its Systematic Implications in Cyanea and Other Genera of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae) | year = 2001 |author1=Craig C. Buss |author2=Thomas G. Lammers |author3=Robert R. Wise |author4=Craig C. Buss |author5=Thomas G. Lammers |author6=Robert R. Wise | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88 | pages = 1301–1308 | pmid = 11454630 | issue = 7 | jstor = 3558341 }} 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Knox|first=E. B.|last2=Heenan|first2=P. B.|last3=Muasya|first3=A. M.|last4=Murray|first4=B. G.|title=Phylogenetic position and relationships of Lobelia glaberrima (Lobeliaceae), a new alpine species from southern South Island (New Zealand)|journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany|volume=46|issue=1|pages=77–85|doi=10.1080/00288250809509755|year=2008}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|title=RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}} 11. ^Paghat's Garden: "Fan Burgundy" Cardinal Flower 12. ^{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 56 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 25 March 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia x speciosa 'Fan Orchidrosa'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1184|accessdate=22 May 2013}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia x speciosa 'Fan Scharlach'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3405|accessdate=22 May 2013}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia x speciosa 'Fan Tiefrot'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5033|accessdate=22 May 2013}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia x speciosa 'Fan Zinnoberrosa'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5037|accessdate=22 May 2013}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia x speciosa 'Kompliment Scharlach'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5039|accessdate=22 May 2013}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia x speciosa 'Pink Elephant'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3406|accessdate=22 May 2013}} 19. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=2e7354b6-ae71-4dab-90df-c7026eb1c66f&chunkiid=111703 | title = Lobelia | publisher = EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board |date=January 2006 | accessdate = 2007-09-12}} 20. ^{{cite journal|pmid=20633025|year=2010|author1=Cohen|first1=P. A.|title=Safety of herbal supplements: A guide for cardiologists|journal=Cardiovascular Therapeutics|volume=28|issue=4|pages=246–53|last2=Ernst|first2=E|doi=10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00193.x}} 21. ^AJ Giannini, AE Slaby, MC Giannini. Handbook of Overdose and Detoxification Emergencies. New Hyde Park, NY Medical Examination Publishing,1982. Pp.53-56. {{ISBN|0-87488-182-X}} 22. ^Guédon, Marie-Françoise (2000). Sacred Smudging in North America. Walkabout Press. 23. ^{{Cite journal | author = Bergner P. | date = 1998 |journal = Medical Herbalism | volume = 10 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 15–34 | title = Lobelia toxicity: A literature review }} 24. ^Lobelia, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 25. ^[https://www.drugs.com/npp/lobelia.html Lobelia], drugs.com 26. ^{{Cite journal | pmid = 21778282| year = 2011| author1 = Horton| first1 = D. B.| title = Novel N-1,2-dihydroxypropyl analogs of lobelane inhibit vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function and methamphetamine-evoked dopamine release| journal = Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics| volume = 339| issue = 1| pages = 286–97| last2 = Siripurapu| first2 = K. B.| last3 = Zheng| first3 = G| last4 = Crooks| first4 = P. A.| last5 = Dwoskin| first5 = L. P.| doi = 10.1124/jpet.111.184770| pmc = 3186287}} 27. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Ma Y, Wink M |title=Lobeline, a piperidine alkaloid from Lobelia can reverse P-gp dependent multidrug resistance in tumor cells |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=754–8 |date=Sep 2008 |pmid=18222670 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.028 }} 28. ^{{Cite journal | pmid = 24444893| year = 2014| author1 = Yang| first1 = S| title = Chemical constituents of Lobelia chinensis| journal = Fitoterapia| volume = 93| pages = 168–74| last2 = Shen| first2 = T| last3 = Zhao| first3 = L| last4 = Li| first4 = C| last5 = Zhang| first5 = Y| last6 = Lou| first6 = H| last7 = Ren| first7 = D| doi = 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.007}} 29. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6918 |title=GRIN Species Records of Lobelia |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1999-01-27 |accessdate=2011-02-03}} 30. ^{{ITIS |id=34503 |taxon=Lobelia}} 31. ^{{Cite web | url=http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile.php/37480 | title=Lobelia arnhemiaca E.Wimm.: FloraBase: Flora of Western Australia}} 32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=1192|title=Lobelia perpusilla {{!}} New Zealand Plant Conservation Network|website=www.nzpcn.org.nz|access-date=2017-11-02}} 33. ^1 {{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.3.558 | title = Nectar spur evolution in the Mexican lobelias (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) | year = 2005 | author = Koopman, M. M. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | pages = 558–62 | last2 = Ayers | first2 = T. J. | issue = 3 | pmid = 21652434 }} 34. ^{{Cite journal | title = A tree-ring reconstruction of past precipitation for Baja California Sur, Mexico | doi = 10.1002/joc.664 | year = 2001 | author = Díaz, Sara C. | journal = International Journal of Climatology | volume = 21 | pages = 1007–1019 | last2 = Touchan | first2 = Ramzi | last3 = Swetnam | first3 = Thomas W. | issue = 8 | bibcode = 2001IJCli..21.1007D }} 35. ^ipni.org 36. ^1 2 3 4 World Checklist Bibliography{{refbegin}}
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6 : Lobelia|Garden plants|Medicinal plants|Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine|Plants used in traditional Native American medicine|Campanulaceae genera |
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