| 词条 | Otto Schuhart | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Otto Schuhart |birth_date={{birth date|1909|9|4|df=y}} |death_date={{death date and age|1990|3|10|1909|4|1|df=y}} |birth_place=Hamburg, German Empire |death_place=Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany |image=Otto Schuhart.jpg |caption=Otto Schuhart |nickname= |allegiance={{flag|Weimar Republic}} (to 1933) {{flag|Nazi Germany}} (to 1945) {{flag|West Germany}} |branch={{navy|Weimar Republic}} {{navy|Nazi Germany}} {{navy|GER}} |serviceyears=1929–45, 1955–67 |rank=Korvettenkapitän (Wehrmacht) Kapitän zur See (Bundeswehr) |commands={{GS|U-8|1935|2}}, {{GS|U-25|1936|2}}, {{GS|U-29|1936|2}} 21st U-boat Flotilla |unit=SSS Niobe cruiser Emden cruiser Karlsruhe {{SMS|Schleswig-Holstein||2}} |battles=World War II
|awards=Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross Federal Cross of Merit 1st class |laterwork=}} Otto Schuhart (4 September 1909 – 10 March 1990) commanded the U-boat {{GS|U-29|1936|2}} in Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross ({{lang-de|Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes}}), a decoration awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or outstanding military leadership. Korvettenkapitän (corvette captain) Schuhart is credited with the sinking of the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Courageous|50|6}} on 17 September 1939, the first British warship to be lost in the war. In total Schuhart claimed thirteen ships sunk on seven war patrols, for a total of {{GRT|67,277|disp=long}} of Allied merchant shipping and one warship of {{convert|22,500|LT|abbr=off}}. Born in Hamburg, Schuhart joined the Reichsmarine (navy) of the Weimar Republic in 1929. After a period of training on surface vessels he transferred to the U-boat force in 1936. Following the sinking of HMS Courageous the entire crew of U-29 received the Iron Cross 2nd Class while Schuhart as commander received both classes of the Iron Cross, 2nd and 1st Class. After further six war patrols, Schuhart became commander of the 1. U-Lehr Division ("1st U-boat Training Division") and later of the 21st U-boat Flotilla. He spent the last months of the war at the Naval Academy at Mürwik. After World War II he worked in various civil jobs and in 1955 rejoined military service in the Bundesmarine of the Bundeswehr of the Federal Republic of Germany. He retired in 1967 and died on 10 March 1990 in Stuttgart. Early life and pre-war serviceSchuhart was born on 4 September 1909 in Hamburg, then in the German Empire. He began his naval career with the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1929 as a member of "Crew 29" (the incoming class of 1929).{{refn|The German Reichsmarine which was renamed the Kriegsmarine on 1 June 1935.|group="Note"}}. He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund (1 April 1929 – 30 June 1929).[1][2] Schuhart was then transferred to the training ship Niobe (1 July 1929 – 11 October 1929), attaining the rank of Seekadett (midshipman) on 10 October 1929.[3] He then underwent a training course at the Naval Academy at Mürwik (12 October 1929 – 5 January 1930) before serving on the light cruisers {{Ship|German cruiser|Emden||2}} (6 January 1930 – 21 May 1930) and {{Ship|German cruiser|Karlsruhe||2}} (22 May 1930 – 4 January 1931).[4] Emden at the time was under the command of Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, a U-boat commander during World War I. Schuhart sailed on Emden{{'}}s third training cruise, which started on 13 January 1930 and took him and her crew to Madeira, Saint Thomas, New Orleans, Kingston/Jamaica, San Juan/Puerto Rico, Charlestown and back to Germany via Las Palmas and Santa Cruz. They returned to Wilhelmshaven on 13 May 1930.[5] Karlsruhe{{'}}s first training cruise left Kiel 24 May 1930 and took its crew through the Suez Canal via the Mediterranean Sea. They then proceeded down Africa's east coast, around the Cape of Good Hope to the Angra Pequena and the Walvis Bay. The cruise continued to Lobito, Angola, where they stopped before heading to South America, from here they headed back to Germany via Vigo, Spain. They arrived back in Kiel on 12 December 1930.[6] While stationed on Karlsruhe, he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See (officer cadet) on 1 January 1931.[7]Schuhart then underwent a number of casted training courses from 5 January 1931 to 30 September 1932. These courses included a naval infantry course for cadets at Stralsund (5 January 1931 – 2 April 1931),[8] the main cadet course at the Naval Academy in Mürwik (3 April 1931 – 29 March 1932),[9] a torpedo course in Mürwik (30 March – 25 May 1932),[10] an artillery course for cadets at Kiel-Wik (26 May – 30 July 1932),[11] an anti-aircraft artillery course at Wilhelmshaven (31 July – 15 August 1932),[12] a pathfinder course for cadets at Kiel-Wik (16 August – 7 September 1932),[13] and lastly a communication course for cadets at Mürwik again (8–30 September 1932).[14] On 1 October 1932 Schuhart was assigned to the pre-dreadnought {{SMS|Schleswig-Holstein||2}} where he stayed until 25 September 1934. On this assignment he was promoted to Leutnant zur See (second lieutenant) on 1 October 1933.[7] His stay was briefly interrupted by a radio communication course at Mürwik (3 January – 29 March 1934).[4][15] After service as a company commander in the 3rd Naval Artillery Department (26 September 1934 – 30 September 1937) at Swinemünde where he was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See (first lieutenant) on 1 June 1935,[7][16] Schuhart joined Unterseebootsflottille Weddingen as an aide-de-camp on 1 October 1936.[17] He attended another torpedo training course at Mürwik from 5 October 1937 to 31 October 1937 before being appointed company officer with the Unterseebootsflottille Emsmann and Hundius (1 November 1937 – 29 January 1938). On 12 July 1938 he served as officer of the watch on board of {{GS|U-25|1936|2}}, based in Wilhelmshaven. In 1938 he became commander of {{GS|U-8|1935|2}} in the U-Bootschule. In December 1938 he was given command of U-25. On 4 April 1939 Schuhart was transferred to U-29 in the Unterseebootsflottille Saltzwedel. World War IIU-29 left Wilhelmshaven on 19 August 1939, 12 days before the German Invasion of Poland which marked the beginning of World War II in Europe. Oberleutnant zur See Georg Lassen, who had joined U-29 four days earlier, was Schuhart's I. Wachoffizier (first watch officer) on all of his seven war patrols. U-29 headed for sea at 8:00 together with {{GS|U-28|1936|2}} (Günter Kuhnke), {{GS|U-33|1936|2}} (Hans-Wilhelm von Dresky), {{GS|U-34|1936|2}} (Wilhelm Rollmann), {{GS|U-37|1938|2}} (Heinrich Schuch), {{GS|U-38|1938|2}} (Heinrich Liebe), {{GS|U-39|1938|2}} (Gerhard Glattes), {{GS|U-40|1938|2}} (Werner von Schmidt) and {{GS|U-41|1939|2}} (Gustav-Adolf Mugler). The last five U-boats belonged to the Unterseebootsflottille Hundius. Schuhart's orders were to patrol the sea west of Ireland. The approach was largely uneventful and was made mostly submerged up to the Faroe Islands due the numerous fishing trawlers in the North Sea. U-29 reached its patrol area on 28 August where it stopped.[18]Right after the outbreak of World War II, on 17 September 1939, Schuhart encountered the British carrier HMS Courageous. After stalking her for two hours, Schuhart saw his opportunity when Courageous turned into the wind to launch her aircraft. This manoeuvre put the ship right across the bow of the U-29, which then fired three torpedoes. Two of the torpedoes struck the ship on her port side, and she capsized and sank in 15 minutes with the loss of 518 of her crew, including her captain. During the war Schuhart sank twelve ships on nine patrols, for a total of 67,277 tons of Allied merchant shipping. After transferring back to land, Schuhart became commander of 1. U-Lehr Division ("1st U-boat Training Division") and later of 21st U-boat Flotilla in Pillau. From 1944-1945 he was commander of I./Marineschule Flensburg-Mürwik. After the German capitulation he commanded a marine battalion until August 1945. Until December 1945 he served in the German mine clearing service. Personal and later lifeSchuhart married Irmgard Wellner, the widow of his Crew 29 comrade Kapitänleutnant Horst Wellner, commander of {{GS|U-16|1936|2}}. The marriage produced two children. Wellner and the entire crew of U-16 had been killed in action on 25 October 1939; the submersible had been sunk by {{HMS|Puffin|L52|6}} and {{HMS|Cayton Wyke}}.[19] Following Schuhart's release from military service he worked at a factory in Satrup from January to July 1946. He then underwent training at the Gothaer fire insurance company in Hamburg until July 1947. From August 1947 to September 1948 he worked for a transportation firm in Hamburg before working for the childcare of the Evangelical Relief Fund.[20] He was head of the vocational education department of the H. C. Stülcken Sohn shipbuilding company located in Hamburg from April 1951 until 30 November 1955.[19] On 3 December 1955 Schuhart entered the Bundeswehr where he served in various land based capacities. Upon his retirement on 30 September 1967, he received the Bundesverdienstkreuz I class. Summary of careerShips attacked{{GeoGroupTemplate}}As commander of {{GS|U-29|1936|2}} Schuhart is credited with the sinking of 12 ships for a total of {{GRT|67,277|disp=long}} and one warship, the {{HMS|Courageous|50|2}}, of {{convert|22,500|LT|abbr=off}}.[21] {{Clear}}
Awards
Promotions
Translation notes1. ^2nd department —II. Abteilung 2. ^standing ship division —Schiffsstammdivision 3. ^Röll 2013, pp. 148, 150. 4. ^1 Röll 2013, p. 148. 5. ^Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz 1993, v. 3., pp. 54–55. 6. ^Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz 1993, v. 5., pp. 89. 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Röll 2013, p. 150. 8. ^infantry course for cadets—Infanterielehrgang für Fähnriche 9. ^main cadet course—Hauptlehrgang für Fähnriche 10. ^torpedo course for cadets—Torpedolehrgang für Fähnriche 11. ^artillery course for cadets—Artillerielehrgang für Fähnriche 12. ^anti-aircraft artillery course for cadets—Fla-Waffenlehrgang für Fähnriche 13. ^pathfinder course for cadets—Sperrlehrgang für Fähnriche 14. ^communication course for cadets—Nachrichtenlehrgang für Fähnriche 15. ^radio communication course—Funklehrgang 16. ^3rd Naval Artillery Department—III. Marine-Artillerieabteilung 17. ^Aide-de-camp—Flaggleutnant 18. ^Röll 2013, p. 11. 19. ^1 Röll 2013, p. 145. 20. ^childcare of the Evangelical Relief Fund—Jugendfürsorge des Evangelischen Hilfswerk 21. ^{{Cite web |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |title=Ships hit by U-29 |url=http://uboat.net/boats/successes/u29/html |accessdate=2 March 2014}} 22. ^1 2 3 Busch & Röll 2003, p. 33. 23. ^1 2 Busch & Röll 2003, p. 34. 24. ^Fellgiebel 2000, p. 391. 25. ^Scherzer 2007, p. 688. Notes{{Reflist|group="Note"}}ReferencesCitations{{Reflist|25em}}Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last1=Busch |first1=Rainer |last2=Röll |first2=Hans-Joachim |year=2003 |title=Der U-Boot-Krieg 1939–1945 — Die Ritterkreuzträger der U-Boot-Waffe von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 |trans-title=The U-Boat War 1939–1945 — The Knight's Cross Bearers of the U-Boat Force from September 1939 to May 1945 |language=German |location=Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn Germany |publisher=Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn |isbn=978-3-8132-0515-2 }}
|last=Fellgiebel |first=Walther-Peer |authorlink=Walther-Peer Fellgiebel |year=2000 |origyear=1986 |title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile |trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches |language=German |location=Friedberg, Germany |publisher=Podzun-Pallas |isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6 }}
|last1=Hildebrand |first1=Hans H. |last2=Röhr |first2=Albert |last3=Steinmetz |first3=Hans-Otto |year=1993 |title=Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe. Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart. (10 Bände) |trans-title=The German Warships. Biographies - a Mirror of Naval History from 1815 to the Present. (10 Volumes) |volume=3, 5 |language=German |location=Ratingen, DE |publisher=Mundus Verlag |isbn=3-7822-0211-2 }}
|last=Röll |first=Hans-Joachim |year=2013 |title=Korvettenkapitän Otto Schuhart — U 29 meldet: Britischer Flugzeugträger "Courageous" versenkt |trans-title=Corvette Captain Otto Schuhart — U 29 reports: British Aircraft-Carrier "Courageous" sunk |language=German |location=Würzburg, Germany |publisher=Flechsig |isbn=978-3-8035-0038-0 }}
|last=Scherzer |first=Veit |year=2007 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |language=German |location=Jena, Germany |publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 }}{{Refend}} External links
|last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |title=Otto Schuhart |url=http://uboat.net/men/schuhart.htm |accessdate=5 March 2014}}
before= Korvettenkapitän Paul Büchel| after= Kapitänleutnant Herwig Collmann| title=Commander of the 21st U-boat Flotilla| years=June 1943 – September 1944 }}{{succession box| before= — after= Kapitän zur See Hubert Freiherr von Wangenheim| title=Commander of the Naval Academy Mürwik| years=2 May 1956 – 28 June 1956 }}{{succession box| before= Fregattenkapitän Josef Zacher| after= Kapitän zur See Bernhardt Biederbick| title=Commander of the Marinestützpunktkommando Flensburg-Mürwik| years=November 1959 – May 1960 }}{{succession box| before= Kapitän zur See Gerd Schreiber| after= Fregattenkapitän Ernst Bauer| title=Commander of the Marinestützpunktkommando Kiel| years=April 1964 – March 1965 }}{{s-end}}{{Authority control}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Biography | portal2=Military of Germany | portal3=Submarine | portal4=World War II }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Schuhart, Otto}} 8 : 1909 births|1990 deaths|People from Hamburg|U-boat commanders (Kriegsmarine)|Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross|Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|German Navy personnel|Reichsmarine personnel |
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