| 词条 | Loch Morar |
| 释义 |
| name = Loch Morar | image = Loch Morar.jpg | caption = The shallower western end of the loch | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = Lochaber, Highland | type = freshwater loch, dimictic, oligotrophic | inflow = River Meoble | outflow = River Morar | catchment = {{convert|168|km2}} | basin_countries = Scotland | length = {{convert|18.8|km|abbr=on}} | width = | area = {{convert|26.7|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|284|ft|disp=flip}} | max-depth = {{convert|1017|ft|abbr=on|disp=flip}} | volume = {{convert|81482000000|ft3|km3|disp=flip}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|9|m}} | islands = | cities = | pushpin_map = Scotland Lochaber | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Lochaber | coordinates = {{coord|56|57|00|N|5|40|20|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = Loch Morar (Scottish Gaelic: Loch Mhòrair) is a freshwater loch in Lochaber, Highland, Scotland. It is the fifth-largest loch by surface area in Scotland, at {{convert|26.7|km2|abbr=on}}, and the deepest freshwater body in the British Isles with a maximum depth of {{convert|1017|ft|abbr=on|disp=flip}}. The loch was created by glacial action around 10,000 years ago, and has a surface elevation of {{convert|9|m}} above sea level. It separates the traditional district of North Morar (which contains the village of Morar), from Arisaig and Moidart. GeographyLoch Morar is {{convert|18.8|km}} long, has a surface area of {{convert|26.7|km2|abbr=on}}, and is the deepest freshwater body in the British Isles with a maximum depth of {{convert|1017|ft|abbr=on|disp=flip}}.[1][2] In 1910, John Murray and Laurence Pullar found it to have a mean depth of {{convert|284|ft|disp=flip}} and a total volume of {{convert|81482000000|ft3|km3|disp=flip}} during their survey of Scottish lochs.[3] The bottom is deepened below the United Kingdom Continental Shelf, and until 1943, when a depth of {{convert|1062|ft|disp=flip}} was observed in the Inner Sound, it was believed to be the deepest water in the United Kingdom.[4][5] The surface of the loch is {{convert|9|m}} above sea level.[6] The water of the loch is clear and oligotrophic, with a minimal intake of nutrients, making it a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).[7][7] The main inflow is the River Meoble at the southern end, which drains from Loch Beoraid, although there are three other major inflows at the eastern end of the loch and a stream draining a complex of lochans to the north-west of Loch Morar.[7][10] The outflow is the River Morar at the western end, which at a few hundred metres long is one of the shortest rivers in the British Isles.[7][8] At the shallower western end of the loch, there are a number of sizeable forested islands.[9][10] Swordland Lodge, on the northern shore of the loch, was used as training school STS 23b during the Second World War by the Special Operations Executive.[11][12] A 750 KW hydroelectric power station with a hydraulic head of {{convert|5.5|m}} was built on the River Morar in 1948.[13][14] HabitationAt the western end of the loch is the village of Morar, which is between Arisaig and Mallaig on the coastal A830 road. The settlements of Bracorina and Bracara are located along the northern shore of the loch, but there is no road along the southern shore.[9] Tarbet, on the shore of Loch Nevis, is a short distance from Loch Morar.[9] During the period of the Highland Clearances, many residents emigrated to Canada.[15] Boats left in 1790,[15] 1802,[16] and 1826,[17] carrying people to Quebec, Glengarry in Ontario, and the Strait of Canso in Nova Scotia respectively. GeologyLoch Morar is located entirely within the Morar Group of sediments, which were deposited in the latter part of the Cambrian, and subsequently subjected to many phases of deformation.[18] The loch occupies a basin produced by the overdeepening of the valley by glacial erosion, along an east-west fault line.[19][20] It is not a sea loch due to isostatic rebound that raised the rock sill at the end of the loch.[21] Based on estimates of erosion of between {{convert|2|-|4|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year, the deep basin was created over a period of 67,000 – 150,000 years of glacial action, which occurred intermittently during the last million years of the Quaternary glaciation.[19] An outwash fan made up of sand and gravels at the western end of the loch marks the limit of the re-advance in the Morar valley.[22] Subsequently, colonised by vegetation and known as Mointeach Mhòr (the mossy plain), these deposits blocked the outflow of the loch to the south, so that it drained from the north-west corner instead.[23] The catchment area of the loch is {{convert|168|km2}}, and the geology is base-poor.[7][24] A site to the north of the loch was selected in 2011 as a SSSI for its characteristic rock exposures of the Moine group by the Geological Conservation Review, replacing the area around Mallaig harbour, which had been previously regarded as the most representative site.[18][25] WildlifeThe loch is surrounded by a mix of natural woodland, open hillside, sheep and cattle pasture and planted mixed coniferous and broadleaf woodlands.[26] Only around 0.7% of the surface of the loch can be colonised by plants.[7] FishLoch Morar's fish population is believed to be limited to Atlantic Salmon, brown trout and sea trout, Arctic char, eel, stickleback, and minnow.[27][28] Trout average around {{convert|0.75|lb}} in size, but ferox trout of up to {{convert|15|lb}} have been caught.[29] The loch is also known to contain eels, although none were caught in a recent survey of eel populations in Lochaber, suggesting that they prefer the loch to the tributaries surveyed.[30] Catches of salmon and sea trout declined dramatically between the 1970s and 1980s, in common with other catchments on the west coast.[31] Artificial stocking of the River Morar with salmon and sea trout was suspended in 2007 after the hatchery was closed.[7] The main salmonid spawning grounds are the River Meoble and the smaller burns that feed into the loch.[7] The hydroelectric power station, which contain one of only two fish counters in Lochaber, is shut down during the smolt run, following a study on smolt mortality in 1992.[27][7] The catchment is managed by the Morar District Salmon Fishery Sub-board, which employs a full-time fisheries manager.[7] Poaching in the form of netting has been known to occur at the mouth of the River Morar.[7] Monster{{main|Morag (loch monster)}}In common with Loch Ness, occasional reports of large unidentified creatures in the loch's waters are made. The monster has been dubbed Morag.[32][33] References1. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MKNnAAAAMAAJ |title=Lochaber: a historical guide |first=Paula |last=Martin |year=2005 |publisher=Birlinn |page=xix |isbn=978-1-84158-241-2}} 2. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cdqEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |title=The Landscape of Britain |first=Michael |last=Reed |page=21 |isbn=978-1-134-72804-6 |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/text.cfm?cid=37374 |title=Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897–1909 |publisher=National Library of Scotland|accessdate=11 July 2014}} 4. ^{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/00369224908735399| title = Deep clefts in the inner sound of Raasay| journal = Scottish Geographical Magazine| volume = 65| pages = 20–25| year = 1949| last1 = Robinson | first1 = A. H. W.}} 5. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4RRaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |page=58 |title=The British Isles |year=2013 |first=Frederick |last=Mort |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-63281-3 |origyear=1914}} 6. ^{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dyM2kv5r7-gC&pg=PA464 |title=The Biology of Loch Ness |journal=New Scientist |issue=1345 |pages=462–467 |date=17 February 1983 |volume=80 |issn=0262-4079 |first=Adrian |last=Shine}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 http://www.rafts.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Lochaber-Fisheries-Management-Plan.pdf 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3181.html |title=Morar, River |publisher=scottish-places.info |accessdate=13 July 2014}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{Google maps |url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@56.9603146,-5.6298173,12z |title=Loch Morar |accessdate=13 July 2014}} 10. ^{{cite map |url=http://maps.nls.uk/view/74422165 |title=Loch Morar |publisher=National Library of Scotland |accessdate=13 July 2014}} 11. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YIK7dMz1HK4C&pg=PA4 |page=4 |title=How to be a Spy: The World War II SOE Training Manual |first=Denis |last=Rigden |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-55488-191-8 |publisher=Dundurn}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://her.highland.gov.uk/hbsmrgatewayhighland/DataFiles/LibraryLinkFiles/11136.htm |title=Special Operations |author=David Harrison |publisher=her.highland.gov.uk |accessdate=14 July 2014}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst10839.html |title=Morar Power Station |publisher=scottish-places.info |accessdate=13 July 2014}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/record/rcahms/277877/morar-dam-hydro-electric-power-scheme/rcahms |title=Morar Dam, Hydro-electric Power Scheme |publisher=scotlandsplaces.gov.uk |accessdate=13 July 2014}} 15. ^1 {{cite book |title=The People's Clearance: Highland Emigration to British North America, 1770-1815 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akEtTJNF7DAC&pg=PA74 |year=1982 |publisher=University of Manitoba Press |isbn=978-0-88755-382-0 |page=74}} 16. ^{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=J.K. |last2=Wilson |first2=Bruce G. |title=Historical Essays on Upper Canada: New Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asyduxzal4gC&pg=PA172 |year=1989 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=978-0-7735-7354-3 |page=172}} 17. ^{{cite book |last=Campey |first=Lucille H. |title=After the Hector: The Scottish Pioneers of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, 1773-1852 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcucbvRuozUC&pg=PA118 |year=2007 |publisher=Dundurn |isbn=978-1-55002-770-9 |page=118}} 18. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.lochmorar.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Geology-of-Loch-Morar.pdf |title=Geology of Loch Morar |publisher=lochmorar.org.uk |accessdate=12 July 2014}} 19. ^1 {{cite book|author=N. H. Trewin|title=The Geology of Scotland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObdepEp9r7kC&pg=PA411|year=2002|publisher=Geological Society of London|isbn=978-1-86239-126-0|page=411}} 20. ^{{cite book|author=Bernard E. Leake|title=The Life and Work of Professor J. W. Gregory FRS (1864-1932): Geologist, Writer and Explorer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSMB0DrDnsIC&pg=PA145|year=2011|publisher=Geological Society of London|isbn=978-1-86239-323-3|page=145}} 21. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hluxrq3xyGQC&pg=PA90 |title=Glacial Environments |first=M. J. |last=Hambrey |year=1994 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0510-0 |page=90}} 22. ^{{cite journal |url= http://sjg.lyellcollection.org/content/2/1/84.abstract | title= The limits of the Late-glacial Highland, or Loch Lomond, Readvance along the West Highland seaboard from Oban to Mallaig |year=1966 |last=McCann| first= S.B. |journal=Scottish Journal of Geology |volume=2|at=Synopsis}} 23. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.lochabergeopark.org.uk/Pages/Road_to_the_Isles.asp |work=Road to the Isles | title=4. Mointeach Mhòr |publisher=Lochaber Geopark |accessdate= 20 July 2014}} 24. ^{{Cite book |last1=Bailey-Watts |first1=A. E. |last2=Duncan |first2=P. |year=1981 |chapter=Chemical characterisation — A one-year comparative study |title=The Ecology of Scotland's Largest Lochs |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=44 |pages=67 |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-8635-0_3 |isbn=978-94-009-8637-4}} 25. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.road-to-the-isles.org.uk/westword/april2011.html |work=West Word |title=News from Mallaig Harbour April 2011 |accessdate=20 July 2014}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lochmorar.org.uk/wildlife/ |title=Wildlife Around Loch Morar |publisher=lochmorar.org.uk |accessdate=11 July 2014}} 27. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite report |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Uploads/Documents/Coll1496.pdf |title=A Repeat Survey of Salmon and Trout Stocks in the Loch Morar System |first=Andrew |last=Walker |year=1996 |publisher=Fisheries Research Service}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lochmorar.org.uk/wildlife/fish-populations/ |title=Fish Populations |publisher=lochmorar.org.uk |accessdate=11 July 2014}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lochmorar.org.uk/fishing/ |title=Fishing on Loch Morar |publisher=lochmorar.org.uk |accessdate=11 July 2014}} 30. ^{{cite report |url=http://www.lochaberfish.org.uk/cust_images/Lochaber_eel_report_2010.pdf |format=PDF |first=Diane |last1=Baum |first2=Lucy |last2=Smith |title=Lochaber Eel Report 2010|publisher=Lochaber Fisheries Trust |year=2010}} 31. ^{{cite report |url=http://scotland.gov.uk/Uploads/Documents/Coll0102.pdf |title=The Status of Salmon and Sea Trout Stocks in the West Coast of Scotland |first1=J. C. |last1=Maclean |first2=A. F. |last2=Walker |year=2002 |publisher=Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory}} 32. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=H82nPAAACAAJ |last1=Campbell |first1=Elizabeth Montgomery |first2=David John |last2=Solomon |title=The Search for Morag |publisher=Tom Stacey |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-85468-093-1}} 33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lochmorar.org.uk/wildlife/cryptozoology/ |title=Cryptozoology |publisher=lochmorar.org.uk |accessdate=13 July 2014}} External links{{commons category}}
4 : Lochs of Highland (council area)|Lochaber|Sites of Special Scientific Interest in North Lochaber|Freshwater lochs of Scotland |
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