词条 | Lockheed Constellation | |||||||||||||||||
释义 |
The Lockheed Constellation ("Connie") is a propeller-driven, four-engine airliner built by Lockheed Corporation between 1943 and 1958 at Burbank, California. Lockheed built 856 in numerous models—all with the same triple-tail design and dolphin-shaped fuselage. Most were powered by four 18-cylinder Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclones. The Constellation was used as a civil airliner and as a military and civilian air transport, seeing service in the Berlin and the Biafran airlifts. The Constellation series was the first pressurized-cabin civil airliner series to go into widespread use. Its pressurized cabin enabled large numbers of commercial passengers to fly well above most bad weather for the first time, thus significantly improving the general safety and ease of air-travel.[1] Three of them served as the presidential aircraft for Dwight D. Eisenhower. Design and developmentInitial studiesLockheed had been working on the L-044 Excalibur, a four-engine, pressurized airliner, since 1937. In 1939, Trans World Airlines (TWA), at the instigation of major stockholder Howard Hughes, requested a 40-passenger transcontinental airliner with a range of {{convert|3,500|mi|km|abbr=on}}[2]—well beyond the capabilities of the Excalibur design. TWA's requirements led to the L-049 Constellation, designed by Lockheed engineers including Kelly Johnson and Hall Hibbard.[3] Willis Hawkins, another Lockheed engineer, maintains that the Excalibur program was purely a cover for the Constellation.[4] Development of the ConstellationThe Constellation's wing design was close to that of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, differing mostly in size.[5] The triple tail kept the aircraft's height low enough to fit in existing hangars,[4] while features included hydraulically boosted controls and a de-icing system used on wing and tail leading edges.[2] The aircraft had a maximum speed of over {{convert|375|mph|km/h|-1|abbr=on}}, faster than that of a Japanese Zero fighter, a cruise speed of {{convert|340|mph|km/h|-1|abbr=on}}, and a service ceiling of {{convert|24000|ft|m|-2|abbr=on}}.[6] According to Anthony Sampson in Empires of the Sky, Lockheed may have undertaken the intricate design, but Hughes' intercession in the design process drove the concept, shape, capabilities, appearance, and ethos.[7] These rumors were discredited by Johnson. Howard Hughes and Jack Frye confirmed that the rumors were not true in a letter in November 1941.[8] Operational historyWorld War IIWith the onset of World War II, the TWA aircraft entering production were converted to an order for C-69 Constellation military transport aircraft, with 202 aircraft intended for the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). The first prototype (civil registration NX25600) flew on January 9, 1943, a short ferry hop from Burbank to Muroc Field for testing.[2] Edmund T. "Eddie" Allen, on loan from Boeing, flew left seat, with Lockheed's own Milo Burcham as copilot. Rudy Thoren and Kelly Johnson were also on board. Lockheed proposed the model L-249 as a long-range bomber. It received the military designation XB-30, but the aircraft was not developed. A plan for a very long-range troop transport, the C-69B (L-349, ordered by Pan Am in 1940 as the L-149),[12] was canceled. A single C-69C (L-549), a 43-seat VIP transport, was built in 1945 at the Lockheed-Burbank plant. The C-69 was mostly used as a high-speed, long-distance troop transport during the war.[9] A total of 22 C-69s were completed before the end of hostilities, but not all of these entered military service. The USAAF cancelled the remainder of the order in 1945. However, some aircraft remained in USAF service into the 1960s, serving as passenger ferries for the airline that relocated military personnel, wearing the livery of the Military Air Transport Service. At least one of these airplanes had rear-facing passenger seats. Postwar useAfter World War II, the Constellation came into its own as a fast civilian airliner. Aircraft already in production for the USAAF as C-69 transports were finished as civilian airliners, with TWA receiving the first on 1 October 1945. TWA's first transatlantic proving flight departed Washington, D.C., on December 3, 1945, arriving in Paris on December 4 via Gander and Shannon.[2] TWA transatlantic service started on February 6, 1946 with a New York-Paris flight in a Constellation. On June 17, 1947, Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) opened the first-ever scheduled round-the-world service with their L-749 Clipper America. The famous flight "Pan Am 1" operated until 1982. As the first pressurized airliner in widespread use, the Constellation helped to usher in affordable and comfortable air travel. Operators of Constellations included TWA, Eastern Air Lines, Pan Am, Air France, BOAC, KLM, Qantas, Lufthansa, Iberia Airlines, Panair do Brasil, TAP Portugal, Trans-Canada Air Lines (later renamed Air Canada), Aer Lingus, VARIG, Cubana de Aviación, and Línea Aeropostal Venezolana. RecordsSleek and powerful, Constellations set a number of records. On April 17, 1944, the second production C-69, piloted by Howard Hughes and TWA president Jack Frye, flew from Burbank, California, to Washington, D.C., in 6 hours and 57 minutes (about {{convert|2300|mi}} at an average {{convert|331|mph}}). On the return trip, the aircraft stopped at Wright Field in Ohio to give Orville Wright his last flight, more than 40 years after his historic first flight near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. He commented that the Constellation's wingspan was longer than the distance of his first flight.[3] On September 29, 1957, a TWA L-1649A flew from Los Angeles to London in 18 hours and 32 minutes (about {{convert|5420|mi}} at {{convert|292|mph}}). The L-1649A holds the record for the longest-duration, non-stop passenger flight aboard a piston-powered airliner. On TWA's first London-to-San Francisco flight on October 1–2, 1957, the aircraft stayed aloft for 23 hours and 19 minutes (about {{convert|5350|mi}} at {{convert|229|mph}}). ObsolescenceJet airliners such as the de Havilland Comet, Boeing 707, Douglas DC-8, Convair 880, and Sud Aviation Caravelle rendered the Constellation obsolete. The first routes lost to jets were the long overseas routes, but Constellations continued to fly domestic routes. The last scheduled passenger flight of a Constellation in the lower 48 states was made by a TWA L749 on May 11, 1967, from Philadelphia to Kansas City, Missouri;[10] the last passenger flight in Alaska was by Western's N86525, Anchorage to Yakutat to Juneau on 26 November 1968. Constellations carried freight in later years, and were used on backup sections of Eastern Airlines' shuttle service between New York, Washington, D.C., and Boston until 1968. Prop airliners were used on overnight freight runs into the 1990s, as their low speed was not an impediment. An Eastern Air Lines Connie holds the record for a New York to Washington, D.C. flight from take off to touchdown in just over 30 minutes. The record was set prior to speed restrictions by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) below {{convert|10,000|ft}}.[11] One of the reasons for the elegant appearance of the aircraft was the fuselage shape, a continuously variable profile with no two bulkheads the same shape. This construction was expensive and was replaced by mostly tube-shaped modern airliners. The tube is more resistant to pressurization changes and cheaper to build. After ending Constellation production Lockheed chose not to develop a first-generation jetliner, sticking to its military business and production of the turboprop Lockheed L-188 Electra. Lockheed did not build a large passenger aircraft again until its L-1011 Tristar debuted in 1972. While a technological marvel, the L-1011 was a commercial failure, and Lockheed left the commercial airliner business permanently in 1983.[12] Variants{{Main|List of Lockheed Constellation variants}}The initial military versions carried the Lockheed designation of L-049; as World War II came to a close, some were completed as civilian L-049 Constellations followed by the L-149 (L-049 modified to carry more fuel tanks). The first purpose-built passenger Constellations were the more powerful L-649 and L-749 (which had more fuel in the outer wings),[14]{{Page needed|date=November 2010}} L-849 (an unbuilt model to use the R-3350 TurboCompound engines adopted for the L-1049 ), L-949 (an unbuilt, high-density seating-cum-freighter type, what would come to be called a "combi aircraft").[14] These were followed by the L-1049 Super Constellation (with longer fuselage), L-1149 (proposal to use Allison turbine engines)[14] and L-1249 (similar to L-1149, built as R7V-2/YC-121F),[14] L-1449 (unbuilt proposal for L1049G, stretched {{convert|55|in|cm|abbr=on}}, with new wing and turbines)[14] and L-1549 (unbuilt project to stretch L-1449 {{convert|95|in|cm|abbr=on}}).[14] The final civilian variant was the L-1649 Starliner (all new wing and L1049G fuselage).[14] Military versions included the C-69 and C-121 for the Army Air Forces/Air Force and the R7O R7V-1 (L-1049B) EC-121 WV-1 (L-749A) WV-2 (L-1049B) (widely known as the Willie Victor) and many variant EC-121 designations for the Navy.[15][16] Operators{{See also|List of Lockheed Constellation operators}}After TWA's initial order was filled following World War II, customers rapidly accumulated, with over 800 aircraft built. In military service, the U.S. Navy and Air Force operated the EC-121 Warning Star variant until 1978, nearly 40 years after work on the L-049 began. Cubana de Aviación was the first airline in Latin America to operate Super Constellations. Pakistan International Airlines was the first airline from an Asian country to fly the Super Constellation. Surviving aircraftCommercial
Military
Specifications (L-1049G Super Constellation){{aircraft specifications| ref = Great Aircraft of the World[54] and Quest for Performance[55] | jet or prop? = prop | plane or copter? = plane | crew = five flight crew, varying cabin crew | capacity = typically 62–95 passengers (109 in high-density configuration) | length main = 116 ft 2 in | length alt = 35.42 m | span main = 126 ft 2 in | span alt = 38.47 m | height main = 24 ft 9 in | height alt = 7.54 m | area main = 1,654 ft2 | area alt = 153.7 m2 | empty weight main = 79,700 lb | empty weight alt = 36,150 kg | loaded weight main = | loaded weight alt = | useful load main = 65,300 lb | useful load alt = 29,620 kg | max takeoff weight main = 137,500 lb | max takeoff weight alt = 62,370 kg | more general = | Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0.0211 | Drag area: {{convert|34.82|ft2|m2|abbr=on}} | Aspect ratio: 9.17 | engine (prop) = Wright R-3350-DA3 Turbo Compound | type of prop = 18-cylinder supercharged radial engines | number of props = 4 | power main = 3,250 hp | power alt = 2,424 kW | max speed main = 377 mph | max speed alt = 327 kn, 607 km/h | cruise speed main = 340 mph | cruise speed alt = 295 kn, 547 km/h | cruise speed more = at {{convert|22,600|ft|m|abbr=on}} | stall speed main = 100 mph | stall speed alt = 87 kn, 160 km/h | range main = 5,400 mi | range alt = {{convert|4,700|nmi|km|abbr=on}} | ceiling main = 24,000 ft | ceiling alt = 7,620 m | climb rate main = 1,620 ft/min | climb rate alt = 8.23 m/s | loading main = 87.7 lb/ft2 | loading alt = 428 kg/m2 | power/mass main = 0.094 hp/lb | power/mass alt = 0,155 W/kg | more performance = | Lift-to-drag ratio: 16.0 }} Accidents and incidents{{Main|List of accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed Constellation}}Like every other major type in long service and operation, accidents and incidents have been recorded that have substantially reduced the numbers flying. See also{{Aircontent|related=
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|see also= }} ReferencesNotes1. ^Historic airliner trucked 300 miles to be a hotel bar CNN Travel. By Thom Patterson. Oct. 13th October 2018. Downloaded Oct. 21, 2018. 2. ^1 2 3 Taylor 1993, pp. 606–607. 3. ^1 Yenne 1987, pp. 44–46. 4. ^1 Boyne 1998, pp. 135–137. 5. ^Johnson 1985, pp. 82 6. ^"Lockheed C-69 Constellation." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015160605/http://militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=465 |date=2012-10-15 }} militaryfactory.com, May 25, 2009. Retrieved: July 18, 2009. 7. ^{{harvnb|Sampson |1985}} 8. ^Johnson 1985, pp. 92 9. ^Pace 2003, p. 17. 10. ^Germain 1998, p. 89. 11. ^"Lockheed Constellation L749 N749NL Comeback." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040024/http://wn.com/Lockheed_Constellation |date=2012-11-14 }} World News. Retrieved: February 22, 2011. 12. ^Birtles 1998, p. 56. 13. ^Alternate Wars.com — R7V-2 Standard Aircraft Characteristics {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014215711/http://alternatewars.com/SAC/R7V-2_Constellation_SAC_-_1_September_1953.pdf |date=2011-10-14 }}; Retrieved 10/12/11 14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stringfellow and Bowers 1992. 15. ^Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1976. {{ISBN|0-87021-968-5}}. 16. ^Fahey, James C. The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, volumes 1–4, 1939–45. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1965. 17. ^"Lockheed L-049 Constellation." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725124346/http://www.pimaair.org/collection-detail.php?cid=155 |date=2011-07-25 }} Pima Air & Space Museum. Retrieved: July 18, 2009. 18. ^"Lockheed Constellation, A majestade dos ares (in Portuguese). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228103227/http://www.museutam.com.br/smt/jsp/default.jhtml?adPagina=445&adArtigo=3835 |date=2007-02-28 }} Museum Asas de um Sonho (Portugal). Retrieved: July 18, 2009. 19. ^Pettersen, Ralph M. "N9412H c/n 2072." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121005818/http://www.conniesurvivors.com/N9412H.htm |date=2011-01-21 }} Constellation Survivors, 2011. Retrieved: February 22, 2011. 20. ^Kinder, Steve. "AirlineFan: AeroSur Constellation N2520B in AeroSur Colors" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013550/http://www.airlinefan.com/airline-photos/large/8792542/AeroSur/Lockheed/Constellation/N2520B/ |date=2014-02-22 }} "AirlineFan: AeroSur Constellation N2520B in AeroSur Colors", 2008. Retrieved: June 17, 2012. 21. ^"F-ZVMV c/n 2503." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915213659/http://www.conniesurvivors.com/F-ZVMV.htm |date=2008-09-15 }} conniesurvivors.com. Retrieved: July 18, 2009. 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.adastron.com/lockheed/constellation/stones-connie.htm|title=THE STONES' CONNIE — The Lockheed File|website=www.adastron.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909011925/http://www.adastron.com/lockheed/constellation/stones-connie.htm|archivedate=2011-09-09|df=}} 23. ^Hayles, John. "Science Museum Swindon: Constellation N7777G." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727074342/http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/mus/uk/u-z/wroughton.htm |date=2008-07-27 }} aeroflight.co.uk, July 4, 2009. Retrieved: July 18, 2009. 24. ^Bogash, Robert "Super Constellation CF-TGE." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019220832/http://www.rbogash.com/connie.html |date=2011-10-19 }} rbogash.com. Retrieved: November 3, 2011. 25. ^Petersen, Ralph M. "CF-TGE c/n 4544." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011200119/http://conniesurvivors.com/CF-RNR.htm |date=2011-10-11 }} conniesurvivors.com. Retrieved: November 3, 2011. 26. ^"Lockheed L-1049 G Super Constellation" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614223840/http://www.munich-airport.de/en/consumer/erlebnis/hist_flugz/superconst/index.jsp |date=2009-06-14 }} Munich Airport Retrieved: August 31, 2009. 27. ^Pettersen, Ralph M. "N974R c/n 1040." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218020158/http://www.conniesurvivors.com/N974R.htm |date=2010-12-18 }} Constellation Survivors, 2011. Retrieved: February 22, 2011. 28. ^"Lockheed L1649A Starliner, ZS-DVJ, c/n 1042." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154503/http://www.saamuseum.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71&Itemid=84 |date=2011-07-21 }} The South African Airways Museum Society via saamuseum.co.za. Retrieved: July 18, 2009. 29. ^"Story of F-BGNJ." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721021530/http://superconstellation-nantes.fr/pages/en_histoirefbgnj.html |date=2011-07-21 }} Amicale du Super Constellation. Retrieved: March 23, 2010. 30. ^Pettersen, Ralph M. "HI-542CT c/n 4825." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214071520/http://conniesurvivors.com/HI-542CT.htm |date=2010-12-14 }} Constellation Survivors, 2011. Retrieved: February 22, 2011. 31. ^"N6937C Lockheed Super Constellation "Star of America." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511155657/http://www.airlinehistorymuseum.com/ |date=2008-05-11 }} Airline History Museum at Kansas City.Retrieved: July 18, 2009. 32. ^Denning, Larry. "Connie at the Movies." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225160657/http://www.airlinehistorymuseum.com/movie_1.htm |date=2012-02-25 }} Airline History Museum at Kansas City. Retrieved: July 18, 2009. 33. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.sunjournal.com/petitioners-grounded-lufthansa-says-it-still-plans-to-move-constellation-to-germany/|title=Lufthansa sticks to plans to move Constellation to Germany - Lewiston Sun Journal|date=2018-03-27|work=Lewiston Sun Journal|access-date=2018-10-16|language=en-US}} 34. ^{{Cite news|url=http://superstar.lufthansa.com/en/milestones.html|title=Lufthansa Super Star|work=Lufthansa Super Star|access-date=2018-10-16|language=en-GB}} 35. ^[https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/10/08/vintage-commercial-airplane-set-undertake-long-slow-journey-maine-new-york-where-turned-into-cocktai/1572080002/ "Vintage 'Connie' flying from Maine to NYC to become hotel cocktail lounge"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009181410/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/10/08/vintage-commercial-airplane-set-undertake-long-slow-journey-maine-new-york-where-turned-into-cocktai/1572080002/|date=2018-10-09}} USA Today via usatoday.com. Retrieved: October 10, 2018. 36. ^Pettersen, Ralph M. "Breitling Super Constellation. After the discovery of corrosion, it was grounded for a time, but is flying again after extensive repairs." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201105649/http://conniesurvivors.com/1-breitling_super_connie.htm |date=2009-02-01 }} conniesurvivors.com, May 2004. Retrieved: July 18, 2009. 37. ^"Historical Aircraft Restoration Society Super Constellation." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131060457/http://hars.org.au/2010/02/connie-takes-to-the-skies/ |date=2012-01-31 }} hars.org.au. Retrieved: January 30, 2012. 38. ^Pettersen, Ralph M. "N494TW c/n 2601." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123080015/http://www.conniesurvivors.com/N494TW.htm |date=2011-01-23 }} Constellation Survivors, 2011. Retrieved: February 22, 2011. 39. ^Pima Air and Space Museum webpage {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707065809/http://www.pimaair.org/collection-detail.php?cid=147 |date=2010-07-07 }}. Retrieved 2013-11-05 40. ^Petersen, Ralph M. "53-7885 c/n 4151." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529031050/http://www.conniesurvivors.com/53-7885.htm |date=2013-05-29 }} Lockheed Constellation Survivors. Retrieved: 16 July 2013. 41. ^[https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/lockheed-1049f-55-96-constellation "C-121A."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201200741/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/lockheed-1049f-55-96-constellation |date=2018-02-01 }} National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 9 March 2018. 42. ^[https://archive.today/20130223140010/http://www.aerospaceca.org/museum_aircraft/ec121d.html "EC-121D."] Aerospace Museum of California. Retrieved: January 20, 2013. 43. ^"EC121T". {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128122913/http://petemuseum.org/EC121T.html |date=2010-11-28 }} petemuseum.org. Retrieved: November 21, 2010. 44. ^"Lockheed EC-121T Constellation." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108034826/http://www.pimaair.org/collection-detail.php?cid=152 |date=2010-01-08 }} Pima Air & Space Museum. Retrieved: July 18, 2009. 45. ^Lockheed EC-121D Constellation {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207011441/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/196058/lockheed-ec-121d-constellation.aspx |date=2016-12-07 }} National Museum of the United States Air Force via nationalmuseum.af.mil. Retrieved: October 16, 2016. 46. ^"N4247K c/n 4144." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120225439/http://conniesurvivors.com/IN315.htm |date=2010-11-20 }} conniesurvivors.com. Retrieved: November 21, 2010. 47. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.conniesurvivors.com/1-salina_connie.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-17 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204220509/http://www.conniesurvivors.com/1-salina_connie.htm |archivedate=2012-12-04 |df= }} Salina Connie. Retrieved February 16, 2013. 48. ^{{cite news |title=First Air Force One Aircraft Lands in Bridgewater for Restorations |url=http://www.nbc29.com/story/31552601/first-air-force-one-aircraft-lands-in-bridgewater-for-restorations |first=Jenna |last=Dagenhart |publisher=WVIR |date=March 23, 2016 |accessdate=March 24, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327111817/http://www.nbc29.com/story/31552601/first-air-force-one-aircraft-lands-in-bridgewater-for-restorations |archivedate=March 27, 2016 |df= }} 49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/first-air-force-one-plane-decaying-arizona-field-f6C10655363|title=First Air Force One plane decaying in Arizona field — NBC News|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203102/http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/first-air-force-one-plane-decaying-arizona-field-f6C10655363|archivedate=2014-08-12|df=}} 50. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dD8QiMlCk9U|title=AMERICA'S LOST AIR FORCE ONE|first=|last=First Air Force One|date=3 June 2014|publisher=|via=YouTube|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217053025/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dD8QiMlCk9U|archivedate=17 February 2016|df=}} 51. ^{{cite web|url=http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/the-first-air-force-one-has-taken-to-the-skies-once-aga-1766275489|title=The First Air Force One Has Taken To The Skies Once Again|first=Tyler|last=Rogoway|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503105204/http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/the-first-air-force-one-has-taken-to-the-skies-once-aga-1766275489|archivedate=2016-05-03|df=}} 52. ^"N4247K." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120230015/http://conniesurvivors.com/N4247K.htm |date=2010-11-20 }} conniesurvivors.com. Retrieved: November 23, 2010. 53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.warbirdsnews.com/warbirds-news/qantas-museum-acquires-super-constellation.html|title=Qantas Founders Museum Saves a ‘Super Constellation’|publisher=Warbirds News|date=22 September 2014|accessdate=29 November 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105008/http://www.warbirdsnews.com/warbirds-news/qantas-museum-acquires-super-constellation.html|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=}} 54. ^Cacutt 1989, pp. 314–322. 55. ^Loftin, L. K. Jr. Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft. NASA SP-468. {{webarchive|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210139/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm |date = 2006-06-13 }} Retrieved: April 22, 2006. Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
External links{{Commons|Lockheed Constellation}}
8 : Lockheed aircraft|United States airliners 1940–1949|United States military transport aircraft 1940–1949|Four-engined tractor aircraft|Low-wing aircraft|Lockheed Constellation|Aircraft first flown in 1943|Four-engined piston aircraft |
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