请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Lockheed L-188 Electra
释义

  1. Development

  2. Design

  3. Operational history

     Civilian operations  Military use 

  4. Variants

  5. Operators

     Current operators  Former civilian operators  Military operators  Orders 

  6. Aircraft on display

  7. Accidents and incidents

  8. Specifications (Model 188A)

  9. See also

  10. References

     Notes  Bibliography 

  11. Further reading

  12. External links

name = L-188 Electraimage = File:PSA Electra, circa 1960s.jpgcaption = An L-188A Electra of Pacific Southwest Airlines

}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type

type = Turboprop airlinernational origin = United Statesmanufacturer = Lockheed Corporationdesigner = first flight = December 6, 1957introduction = January 12, 1959, with Eastern Air Linesretired =status = In limited useprimary user = Buffalo Airwaysmore users = Eastern Air Lines (Retired)
American Airlines (Retired)
National Airlines (Retired)		produced = 1957–61number built = 170unit cost =developed from =variants with their own articles = Lockheed P-3 Orion
}}

The Lockheed L-188 Electra is an American turboprop airliner built by Lockheed. First flown in 1957, it was the first large turboprop airliner built in the United States. Initial sales were good, but after two fatal crashes that led to expensive modifications to fix a design defect, no more were ordered. With its unique high power-to-weight ratio, huge propellers and very short wings (resulting in the majority of the wingspan being enveloped in propwash), large Fowler flaps which significantly increased effective wing area when extended, and four-engined design, the airplane had airfield performance capabilities unmatched by many jet transport aircraft even today—particularly on short runways and high field elevations.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} Jet airliners soon supplanted turboprops for many purposes, and many Electras were modified as freighters. Some Electras are still being used in various roles into the 21st century. The airframe was also used as the basis for the much more successful Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft.

Development

Lockheed had established a strong position in commercial airliner production with its piston-engine Constellation series. Further development brought turboprop engines to the Constellation airframe with the Lockheed L-1249 Super Constellation.

In 1951, Lockheed was approached by Capital Airlines to develop a new turboprop airliner which was designated the YC-130, however there was no interest from any other carriers, so the design was dropped. Subsequently, Capital Airlines went on to order 60 British Vickers Viscounts.[4] In 1954, as a result of American Airlines' interest in developing a twin engine aircraft, the idea resurfaced and the company offered a twin-engine design now designated the CL-303. This newer design was a high-wing type and would allow for 60 to 70 passengers. This design was also shelved for lack of interest from other carriers.[4]

The following year, American Airlines revised its requirement to a four-engine design for 75 passengers with {{convert|2000|mi|km}} range.[4] Lockheed proposed a new design, the CL-310 with a low wing and four Rolls-Royce Darts or Napier Elands.[4] The CL-310 design met the American Airlines requirements, but failed to meet those of another interested carrier, Eastern Air Lines. Its requirements were for a longer range; a minimum cruising speed of {{convert|350|mph}}; and increased seating capacity to the 85-to-90-passenger level.[4] Lockheed redesigned the CL-310 to use the Allison 501-D13, a civilian version of the T56 developed for the Lockheed C-130 Hercules military transport.[4] The airframe was stretched to allow for more seats and handle the increased performance. This design was launched as the Model 188 with an order for 35 by American Airlines on June 8, 1955. This was followed by Eastern Air Lines with an order for 40 on September 27, 1955.[4] The first aircraft took 26 months to complete and by that time Lockheed had orders for 129. The prototype, a Model 188A, first flew on December 6, 1957, two months ahead of schedule.[11][12] Lockheed was awarded a type certificate by the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) on 22 August 1958. The first delivery – to Eastern Air Lines – was on October 8, 1958, but it did not enter service until January 12, 1959.[4][1]

In 1957 the United States Navy issued a requirement for an advanced maritime patrol aircraft. Lockheed proposed a development of the Electra that was later placed into production as the P-3 Orion, which saw much greater success — the Orion has been in continual front-line service for more than 50 years.

Design

The Model 188 Electra is a low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by four wing-mounted Allison 501-D13 turboprops. It has a retractable tricycle landing gear and a conventional tail. It has a cockpit crew of three and can carry 66 to 80 passengers in a mixed-class arrangement, although 98 could be carried in a high-density layout. The first variant was the Model 188A, followed by the longer-range 188C with room for {{convert|1000|USgal|litre}} more fuel and maximum take-off weight {{convert|3000|lb|kg}} higher.

Operational history

Civilian operations

American Airlines was the launch customer. Eastern Air Lines, Braniff Airways and Northwest Airlines followed. The Electra suffered a troubled start. Passengers of early aircraft complained of noise in the cabin forward of the wings, caused by propeller resonance.[15] Lockheed redesigned the engine nacelles, tilting the engines upwards three degrees.[15][17] The changes were incorporated on the production line by mid-1959 or as modification kits for the aircraft already built, and resulted in improved performance and a better ride for passengers.[17][19]

Three aircraft were lost in fatal accidents between February 1959 and March 1960. After the third crash, the FAA limited the Electra's speed until the cause could be determined.[15]

After an extensive investigation, two of the crashes (in September 1959 and March 1960) were found to be caused by an engine mount problem. The mounts were not strong enough to damp a phenomenon called "whirl mode flutter" (analogous to the precession of a child's top as it slows down) that affected the outboard engine nacelles. When the oscillation was transmitted to the wings and the flutter frequency decreased to a point where it was resonant with the outer wing panels (at the same frequency, or harmonically related ones), violent up-and-down oscillation increased until the wings would tear off.[15][22][23]

The company implemented an expensive modification program (the Lockheed Electra Achievement Program or LEAP) in which the engine mounts and the wing structures supporting the mounts were strengthened, and some of the wing skins were replaced with thicker material.[15] All Electras were modified at Lockheed's expense at the factory, the modifications taking 20 days for each aircraft. The changes were incorporated in later aircraft as they were built.[15] However, the damage had been done, and the public lost confidence in the type. This and the smaller jets that were being introduced eventually relegated Electras to the smallest airlines. Production ended in 1961 after 170 had been built. Losses to Lockheed have been estimated as high as $57 million, not counting an additional $55 million in lawsuits.[12] Electras continued to carry passengers into the 1980s, but most now in use are freighters.

Several airlines in the US flew Electras, but the only European airline to order the type from Lockheed was KLM which used twelve between September 1959 and January 1969 in Europe and east to Saigon and Kuala Lumpur.

In the South Pacific, Tasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL) and its successor Air New Zealand flew the Electra on trans-Tasman flights.[27] In Australia Trans Australia Airlines (TAA) and Ansett each operated three Electras on trunk routes between the Australian mainland state capital cities, and later to Port Moresby, from 1959 until 1971.[19] Ansett had its three Electras converted to freighters in 1970–71 and continued to fly them until 1984.[29] Qantas also operated four Electras on its routes to Hong Kong and Japan; to New Caledonia; and to New Guinea (until the New Guinea route was handed to Ansett and TAA); then later across the Indian Ocean to South Africa, and across the Tasman in competition with TEAL after that airline became 100% New Zealand-owned.[27][31] The divestiture of TEAL's 50%-Australian shareholding was itself prompted by the Electra order, as TEAL wanted jet aircraft, but was forced by the Australian government to order Electras in order to standardise with Qantas.[31][33][34] Three Qantas Electras were retired in the mid-1960s and the fourth in 1971.[27]

Some Electras were sold to South American airlines, where the Electra had highly successful operations, such as those of Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano and Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas;[2] in both cases, the Electra ensured the airlines' international operations before they started using jets. Most notably, Brazilian flagship airline Varig operated flawlessly a fleet of 14 Electras on the extremely busy Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo shuttle service (the so-called Ponte Aérea - or "Air Bridge," in Portuguese) for 30 years, completing over half a million flights on the route before the type was replaced by Boeing 737-300 and Fokker 100 jets in 1992.[3] The Electra became so iconic on that route that its retirement caused a commotion in Brazil, with extensive press coverage and many special tributes.[4]

During the mid-1970s, several secondhand Electras were bought by travel clubs, including Adventurers and Shillelaghs. Others were retired from passenger service into air cargo use, 40 being modified by a subsidiary of Lockheed from 1968 with one or two large doors in the left side of the fuselage and a reinforced cabin floor.[15] Air California and Pacific Southwest Airlines were still operating Electras for passenger service during the late 1970s into smaller airports in the western United States.

Military use

In 1973, the Argentine Navy bought three Electras equipped with cargo doors. These were used during the "Dirty War" to toss political prisoners into the Rio de La Plata in the infamous death flights.[40] The Electras were also used for transport duties during the Falklands War in 1982.

In 1983, after the retirement of its last SP-2H Neptune, the Argentine Navy bought further civilian Electra airframes, modified several for maritime patrol,[41] and widely used them until their replacement by P-3s in 1994.[42] One of the Argentine Navy's Electras, known locally as L-188E Electron, is preserved at the Argentine Naval Aviation Museum (Museo de la Aviación Naval) at Bahía Blanca.[43]

Variants

{{visible anchor|L-188A}}

Initial production version

L-188AF (All Freight version)

Unofficial designation for freighter conversions of L-188A carried out under a supplementary type certificate.

L-188PF (Passenger-Freight version)

Unofficial designation for freighter conversions of L-188A carried out under a supplementary type certificate.

{{visible anchor|L-188C}}

Long-range version with increased fuel capacity (6,940 gallon fuel capacity from 5,450 gallons on L-188A) and a higher operating gross weight (Maximum takeoff weight is 116,000 lb compared to 113,000 lb of the "A" version)

L-188CF

Unofficial designation for freighter conversion of L-188C carried out under a supplementary type certificate.

//lockheed P-3 Orion">YP-3A Orion

One Orion aerodynamic test bed, fuselage shortened by seven feet.

Operators

Current operators

As of July 2018, a total of 2 Electras remain in active airliner service.[5] Other aircraft are in service as air tankers as follows:

Canada
  • Air Spray (aerial firefighting) fourteen registered with nine[6] in active service as air tankers;
  • Buffalo Airways (cargo/bulk fuel & aerial firefighting) shows eight registered with four in active service (two used for Cargo/Bulk Fuel Transport and two as air tankers)
  • Conair Group (aerial firefighting) with one registered in active service as an air tanker.[47]
{{col-begin}}

Former civilian operators

{{col-3}}
Australia
  • Ansett Airlines
  • Qantas
  • Trans Australia Airlines
Austria
  • Amerer Air
Bolivia
  • Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano
Brazil
  • Varig[7]
Canada
  • International Jetair
  • Northwest Territorial Airways[8]
  • Nordair[9] 1972–1987 (Canadian Airlines 1987–1989[10]) - 4 operated for Transport Canada Ice Reconnaissance service 1970s–1989
Colombia
  • SAM Colombia
  • AeroCóndor[11]
Republic of the Congo
  • Trans Service Airlift
Costa Rica
  • APSA
  • Lacsa
Ecuador
  • Ecuatoriana de Aviación
  • Transportes Aereos Nacionales Ecuatorianos (TAME)[12]
El Salvador
  • TACA International Airlines
Guyana
  • Guyana Airways
Honduras
  • SAHSA[13]
  • Transportes Aereos Nacionales (TAN Airlines)[14]
Hong Kong
  • Cathay Pacific Airways
{{col-3}}
Indonesia
  • Garuda Indonesia Airlines
  • Mandala Airlines
Ireland
  • Hunting Cargo Airlines
Laos
  • Royal Air Lao
Mexico
  • Banco de México (corporate aircraft)
Netherlands
  • KLM
Netherlands Antilles
  • Air ALM (all cargo freighter version[15])
Norway
  • Fred. Olsen Airtransport[16]
  • Nordic Air[16]
New Zealand
  • Air New Zealand
  • TEAL
Panama
  • Copa Airlines[17]
Paraguay
  • Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas[18]
Peru
  • Líneas Aéreas Nacionales SA
Philippines
  • Air Manila International
Sweden
  • Falcon Air
  • West Air Sweden
Taiwan
  • Winner Airways (one L-188A leased from Eastern Air Lines for two months in 1970)
{{col-3}}
United Kingdom
  • Air Bridge Carriers
  • Atlantic Airlines
  • Channel Express
United States
  • Air California[19]
  • Air Florida
  • Air Southwest[20]
  • American Airlines
  • Braniff International Airways
  • Denver Ports of Call
  • Eastern Air Lines
  • Evergreen International Airlines[21]
  • Federal Aviation Administration
  • Fairbanks Air Service
  • Great Northern Airlines[22]
  • Gulf Air Transport
  • Hawaiian Airlines[23] (all cargo freighter versions)
  • Holiday Airlines
  • Intermountain Airlines
  • Johnson International Airlines
  • McCulloch International Airlines
  • NASA
  • National Airlines
  • National Center for Atmospheric Research[24]
  • Northwest Airlines
  • Overseas National Airways
  • Pacific Southwest Airlines[25]
  • Reeve Aleutian Airways[26] (passenger/cargo "Combi" versions)
  • Saturn Airways
  • Shillelagh Travel Club[69]
  • Southeast Airlines
  • Trans International Airlines,[27] later became Transamerica Airlines
  • TPI International Airways
  • Western Airlines
  • Zantop International Airlines[28]
Zaire
  • Karibu Airways
  • Trans Service Airlift
{{col-end}}

Military operators

Argentina
  • Argentine Naval Aviation
Bolivia
  • Bolivian Air Force - 1 from 1973, still in use in 1987.[29]
Ecuador
  • TAME
Honduras
  • Honduran Air Force - one 188A from 1979
Mexico
  • Mexican Air Force - one 188A from 1978 to 1987.
Panama
  • Panamanian Air Force - One 188C from 1973 to 1984.

Orders

Model 188A
  • Eastern Air Lines ordered 40 188As which were delivered between November 1958 and August 1959, the last five as 188Cs.[73]
  • American Airlines ordered 35 188As which were delivered between November 1958 and March 1960.[73]
  • National Airlines ordered 14 188As which were delivered between April 1959 and January 1961.[73]
  • Ansett-ANA ordered three 188As which were delivered to Australia in February 1959, April 1959 and February 1960.[27][73]
  • Braniff ordered nine 188As which were delivered between April 1959 and January 1960.[73]
  • Western Airlines ordered 12 188As which were delivered between May 1959 and February 1961.[73]
  • Cathay Pacific ordered two 188As which were delivered in 1959.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
  • Trans Australia Airlines ordered three 188As which were delivered to Australia between June 1959 and August 1960.[73]
  • General Motors ordered one 188A which was delivered in July 1958.[73]
Model 188C
  • Northwest Orient Airlines ordered 18 188Cs which were delivered between July 1959 and June 1961.[73]
  • Pacific Southwest Airlines ordered three 188Cs which were delivered in November and December 1959.[73]
  • Capital Airlines ordered five 188Cs but later cancelled the order. The five aircraft were sold to other operators.[73]
  • Qantas ordered four 188Cs which were delivered between October and December 1959.[73]
  • KLM ordered 12 188Cs which were delivered between September 1959 and December 1960.[73]
  • Tasman Empire Airways ordered three 188Cs which were delivered in October and December 1959.[73]
  • Garuda ordered three 188Cs which were delivered in January 1961.[73]

Aircraft on display

  • s/no. 1003 ex NASA N428NA. This was the first P-3 Orion prototype. It was converted from an existing L188 Electra airframe into the YP3V-1/YP-3A Orion. It was later converted into the NP-3A by United States Naval Research Laboratory, then used by NASA for the Earth Resources Observation Program.[30]{{Failed verification|reason=The source does not state any information that is included here, other than that a converted Electra designated as NP-3A was used by NASA|date=July 2016}} Preserved at the National Naval Aviation Museum, Forrest Sherman Field, Pensacola, Florida.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the history of this aircraft; and its preservation at the NAM|date=July 2016}}
  • s/no. 1025 ex Varig PP-VJM; preserved at the Museu Aeroespacial in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil[31]
  • s/no. 1125 TAM69, in TAM – Transporte Aéreo Militar colors at the Bolivia Aeronautical Museum, El Alto, La Paz, Bolivia.[32]{{failed verification|reason=Although an Electra is visible in an image on the source webpage, there is no actual mention of it at all, thus the details are not confirmed |date=November 2016}}[33]{{better source|reason=An image is not a reliable source; in this case the photographer may have misidentified the subject's details, such as its serial number|date=November 2016}}
  • ex Argentine Navy 6-P-104, converted to L-188EW WAVE, retired in 1996; on display at the Museo de la Aviación Naval, Bahia Blanca, Argentina.[43]
  • ex Argentine Navy 6-P-106, converted to L-188E Electron, retired in 1996; on display at the Museo de la Aviación Naval, Comandante Espora Air Naval Base, Bahia Blanca.[34]

Accidents and incidents

Of the total of 170 Electras built, as of June 2011, 58 have been written off because of crashes and other accidents.[95]

  • February 3, 1959: American Airlines Flight 320 en route from Chicago to New York City crashed on approach, killing 65 of 73 on board.[96][97]
  • September 29, 1959: A Braniff Electra (Braniff Flight 542) crashed in Buffalo, Texas, en route to Dallas, Texas from Houston, Texas. All 29 passengers and five crew members died in the crash. The Civil Aeronautics Board blamed the crash on the "whirl-mode" prop theory and in-flight separation of a wing from the aircraft.[98][99]
  • March 17, 1960: Northwest Orient Flight 710, en route from Chicago to Miami, Florida, broke apart in flight over Perry County, Indiana, in the second "whirl-mode" crash. All 63 people on board were killed (57 passengers and six crew members).[15][101]
  • September 14, 1960: An Electra operated as American Airlines Flight 361 caught its landing gear on a dike while landing at LaGuardia Airport. The aircraft came to rest upside down. There were no fatalities among the 76 occupants (70 passengers, six crew).[35][36]
  • October 4, 1960: Eastern Air Lines Flight 375 crashed on takeoff from Boston, Massachusetts's Logan International Airport, killing 62 of 72 on board. The crash was eventually determined to be the result of bird ingestion into three of the four engines.[104]
  • June 12, 1961: KLM Flight 823 crashed short of the runway at Cairo killing 20 of the 36 on board.[105]
  • September 17, 1961: Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 706 crashed on takeoff from Chicago-O'Hare International Airport, killing all 37 on board. The crash was eventually determined to be the result of mechanical failure in the aileron primary control system due to the improper replacement of the aileron boost assembly.[106]
  • March 27, 1965: While on a training flight, a Tasman Empire Airways L-188 crashed while landing at Whenuapai airport in Auckland, New Zealand. Although the aircraft was completely destroyed, all occupants escaped with only one minor injury.[37]
  • April 22, 1966: American Flyers Flight 280 crashed into a hill on approach to Ardmore Municipal Airport in Oklahoma, killing all five crew and 78 of the 93 passengers on board.
  • February 16, 1967: Garuda Indonesia Airways Flight 708 crashed while attempting to land at Manado-Sam Ratulangi Airport. A total of 22 of 92 passengers and crew on board were killed. The crash was eventually determined to be the result of an awkward landing technique resulting in an excessive rate of sink on touchdown. Marginal weather at the time of landing was a contributing factor.[108]
  • May 3, 1968: Braniff Flight 352, en route from Houston to Dallas, disintegrated over Dawson, Texas. All 80 passengers and five crew members were killed. This was the worst air disaster in Texas at the time. The National Transportation Safety Board found the probable cause to be overstressing of the structure beyond its ultimate strength during attempted recovery from unusual aircraft attitude produced by turbulence of a thunderstorm.[109]
  • August 9, 1970: LANSA Flight 502 crashed shortly after takeoff from Quispiquilla Airport near Cusco, Peru, killing 99 of the 100 people on board, plus two people on the ground. The co-pilot was the only survivor.[110]
  • December 24, 1971: LANSA Flight 508, en route from Lima to Pucallpa, Peru, entered an area of strong turbulence and lightning and disintegrated in midair due to structural failure following a lightning strike and fire. Of the 92 people on board, 91 were killed.[111] One passenger, Juliane Koepcke, survived the crash.
  • August 27, 1973: A Lockheed L-188A Electra passenger plane (HK-777) operated by Aerocondor was destroyed when it flew into the side of the Cerro el Cable mountain shortly after takeoff from Bogotá-Eldorado Airport (BOG), Colombia. All 36 passengers and six crew members were killed.[38]
  • June 4, 1976: An Air Manila 188A (RP-C1061) crashed just after takeoff from the Guam Naval Air Station, killing the 45 occupants and one person on the ground.[113][114]
  • On November 18, 1979, Transamerica Airlines L-188 (N859U), operating a flight for the US military (Logair 3N18) from Hill Air Force Base, crashed near Salt Lake City airport, Utah. While climbing between 12,000 and 13,000 ft, all electrical power was lost; the crew requested an immediate descent. The aircraft attained a high airspeed and a high rate of descent and the aircraft disintegrated in flight killing all three crew members. The NTSB investigation stated the probable cause was a progressive failure of the aircraft electrical system leading to the disabling or erratic performance of flight critical flight instruments and lighting. As a result, the crew became disoriented and lost control of the aircraft. The crew's efforts to regain control of the aircraft imposed loads which exceeded the design limits and caused it to break up in flight.
  • On 8 June 1983, Reeve Aleutian Airways Flight 8's number-four propeller separated from the aircraft and tore a hole in the fuselage over the Pacific Ocean causing a rapid decompression and loss of control. The pilots managed to land the aircraft safely at Anchorage, Alaska and all 15 passengers and crew survived. Since the propeller fell into the sea and was never recovered, the cause of the separation is currently unknown.
  • May 30, 1984, Zantop International Airlines Flight 931, a Lockheed L-188AF Electra (N5523) flying regularly scheduled cargo service from Baltimore/Washington International Airport (BWI) to Detroit-Willow Run Airport (YIP), crashed at Chalkhill, Pennsylvania killing all three crew members and the sole passenger. While cruising at FL220, at approximately 01:44 AM, the aircraft entered an unusual attitude shortly after a course change. During efforts to recover the aircraft the pilots imposed loads on the airframe that exceeded the aircraft's design limits and it broke apart at altitude. NTSB reported that in-flight problems with the aircraft's gyros likely provided conflicting attitude data to the flight crew at the time of the upset and this, combined with a lack of visual cues, were contributing causes of the accident.[39]
  • January 21, 1985: Chartered Galaxy Airlines Flight 203 crashed after takeoff from Reno-Cannon International Airport en route to Minneapolis, Minnesota, killing 70 of the 71 people on board.[116]
  • September 12, 1988: Tame Ecuador L-188A Electra, registration HC-AZY, crashed near Lago Agrio Airport killing 6 crew and one passenger shortly after takeoff. [40]
  • September 4, 1989: Tame Ecuador L-188C Electra, registration HC-AZJ, crash-landed at Taura AFB with no fatalities.[41]
  • December 18, 1995: An overloaded 188C of Trans Service Airlift crashed near Cahungula, Angola with the loss of 141 of the 144 occupants.[119]
  • July 16, 2003: An Air Spray Lockheed L-188 Electra (Tanker #86 C-GFQA) crashed and was destroyed at Cranbrook British Columbia shortly after delivering the retardant load. Tanker 86 was seen to turn right initially, then entered a turn to the left. At 1221 MST, the Electra struck the terrain on the side of a steep ridge at about 3900 feet above sea level. The aircraft exploded on impact and the two pilots were fatally injured. An intense post-crash fire consumed much of the wreckage and started a forest fire at the crash site and the surrounding area.[42]

Specifications (Model 188A)

{{aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?= plane
|jet or prop?= prop
|ref=Lockheed Aircraft since 1913[121]
|crew= Five (3 flight deck)
|capacity=98 passengers
|payload main=33,800 lb
|payload alt=15331 kg
|length main= 104 ft 6 in
|length alt= 31.85 m
|span main= 99 ft 0 in
|span alt= 30.18 m
|height main= 32 ft 10 in
|height alt= 10.00 m
|area main= 1,300 sq ft
|area alt= 120.8 m²
|airfoil=
|empty weight main= 57,400 lb
|empty weight alt= 26,036 kg
|loaded weight main=
|loaded weight alt=
|useful load main=
|useful load alt=
|max fuel main=
|max fuel alt=
|max takeoff weight main= 113,000 lb
|max takeoff weight alt= 51,256 kg
|more general=
|engine (prop)= Allison 501-D13
|type of prop=turboprop engines
|number of props=4
|power main= 3,750 eshp
|power alt= 2,800 kW
|power original=
|max speed main= 390 knots
|max speed alt= 448 mph, 721 km/h
|max speed more=at 12,000 ft (3,660 m)
|cruise speed main= 324 knots
|cruise speed alt= 373 mph, 600 km/h
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|stall speed main=
|stall speed alt=
|range main= 1,913 nmi
|range alt= 2,200 mi, 3,540 km
|range more=with maximum payload, 2,409 nmi, 2,770 mi, 4,455 km with 17,500 lb (7,938 kg) payload
|ceiling main= 32,000 ft
|ceiling alt= 9,753 m
|climb rate main= 1,970 ft/min
|climb rate alt= 10 m/s
|loading main=
|loading alt=
|thrust/weight=
|power/mass main=
|power/mass alt=
|more performance=
|armament=
|avionics=
}}

See also

{{aircontent
|related =
  • Lockheed P-3 Orion
  • Lockheed CP-140 Aurora
  • Lockheed P-7

|similar aircraft=
  • Antonov An-10
  • Antonov An-12
  • Bristol Britannia
  • Canadair CL-44
  • Ilyushin Il-18
  • Vickers Vanguard
  • Vickers Viscount

|lists=
|see also=
  • Lockheed Model 10 Electra, an unrelated piston-engine airliner with the same name

}}

References

Notes

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.aviationclassics.co.uk/news/issue-21-lockheed-martin-airliner-to-submarine-hunter|title=Issue 21 - Lockheed Martin: Airliner to submarine hunter - Aviation Classics Magazine|website=www.aviationclassics.co.uk|access-date=2016-03-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323193917/http://www.aviationclassics.co.uk/news/issue-21-lockheed-martin-airliner-to-submarine-hunter|archivedate=2016-03-23|df=}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.flogao.com.br/ilovevarig/131690382 |title=LAP - Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas |language=Portuguese |date=2009-09-15 |accessdate=2014-12-22 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222104506/http://www.flogao.com.br/ilovevarig/131690382 |archivedate=2014-12-22 |df= }}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.avioesemusicas.com/as-aventuras-com-o-electra-na-africa-causos-parte-2.html |title=As aventuras com o Electra na África – "Causos" Parte 2 |language=Portuguese |trans-title=Adventures with the Electra in Africa - Stories, Part 2 |last=Sousa |first=Joselito |date=2010-02-26 |accessdate=2014-12-22 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222103625/http://www.avioesemusicas.com/as-aventuras-com-o-electra-na-africa-causos-parte-2.html |archivedate=2014-12-22 |df= }}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aviacaocomercial.net/jetsite/nostalgia_electra.htm |title=Electra II |language=Portuguese |last=Beting |first=Gianfranco |work=Arquivo Jetsite |accessdate=2014-12-22 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222104444/http://www.aviacaocomercial.net/jetsite/nostalgia_electra.htm |archivedate=2014-12-22 |df= }}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/24536|title=World Airline Census 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Flightglobal.com|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-26}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://fireaviation.com/tag/l-188/|title=Two air tankers recently certified|access-date=2016-08-24|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012132556/http://fireaviation.com/tag/l-188/|archivedate=2016-10-12|df=}}
7. ^Endres 1979, pp. 333–334.
8. ^Endres 1979, p. 40–41.
9. ^Endres 1979, p. 38.
10. ^CF-NAY and C-http://www.airliners.net/search?airline=21089&display=detail
11. ^Endres 1979, p. 154.
12. ^Endres 1979, p. 152.
13. ^Endres 1979, p. 163.
14. ^Endres 1979, p. 164.
15. ^http://www.timetableimages.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912213455/http://timetableimages.com/ |date=2017-09-12 }}, April 1, 1991 ALM system timetable
16. ^1 Hagby 1998, p. 55.
17. ^Endres 1979, p. 162.
18. ^Endres 1979, p. 416.
19. ^Endres 1979, p. 192.
20. ^Flight International, 10 April 1969, p.557
21. ^Endres 1979, p. 230.
22. ^Endres 1979, p. 238.
23. ^Endres 1979, p. 239.
24. ^NCAR Electra specs{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 20 October 2012
25. ^Endres 1979, p. 256.
26. ^Endres 1979, p. 264.
27. ^Endres 1979, pp. 280–281.
28. ^Endres 1979, p. 298.
29. ^Siegrist 1987, pp. 174–175.
30. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/apollo.photechnqs2.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-02-24 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303090359/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/apollo.photechnqs2.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 |df= }} retrieved 24 February 2016
31. ^{{Cite web |title=LOCKHEED L188A - Electra II |url=http://www2.fab.mil.br/musal/index.php/anvs/332-electra |website=fab.mil.br/musal/ |publisher=Brazilian Air Force |language=Portuguese |access-date=13 July 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003181954/http://www2.fab.mil.br/musal/index.php/anvs/332-electra |archivedate=3 October 2016 |df= }}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://aviacionboliviana.net/art_historia-del-museo-aeroespacial/|title=Historia del Museo Aeroespacial de la Fuerza Aérea Boliviana – AviaciónBoliviana.Net|website=aviacionboliviana.net|access-date=2016-11-15|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115134244/http://aviacionboliviana.net/art_historia-del-museo-aeroespacial/|archivedate=2016-11-15|df=}}
33. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.jetphotos.net/photo/8132189|title=Photo: TAM-69 (CN: 1125) TAM - Transporte Aéreo Militar Lockheed L-188A Electra by Zenon Sanchez Z.|access-date=2016-11-15|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115134004/http://www.jetphotos.net/photo/8132189|archivedate=2016-11-15|df=}}
34. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.ara.mil.ar/pag.asp?idItem=114 |title=Museo de la Aviación Naval |language=Spanish |website=ara.mil.ar |publisher=Estado Mayor General de la Armada |access-date=13 July 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817064155/http://www.ara.mil.ar/pag.asp?idItem=114 |archivedate=17 August 2016 |df= }}
35. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Electra Airliner Flips at LaGuardia, Burns; 76 Aboard Walk Out |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OmgtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=44kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3957%2C1956478 |newspaper=Schenectady Gazette |location=Schenectady, New York |date={{date|1960-09-15|mdy}} |accessdate={{date|2014-10-09|mdy}} }}
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19600914-1 |title=ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-188 Electra N6127A New York-LaGuardia Airport, NY (LGA) |author= |date= |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=Aviation Safety Network / Flight Safety Foundation |accessdate={{date|2014-10-09|mdy}} |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20141010173635/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19600914-1 |archivedate=2014-10-10 |df= }}
37. ^"Lockheed Electra L-188 crash." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813040331/http://www.teal.co.nz/teal/TEAL%203.htm |date=2013-08-13 }} Tasman Empire Airways Limited, 2001. Retrieved: September 17, 2013.
38. ^{{cite web|title=ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-188A Electra HK-777 Bogotá-Eldorado Airport (BOG)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19730827-1|website=Aviation Safety Network|accessdate=22 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014211354/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19730827-1|archivedate=14 October 2017|df=}}
39. ^{{ASN accident|19840530-0|title=Zantop International Airlines Flight 931|}}
40. ^{{ASN accident|19880912-1|title=ICAO Adrep Summary (#26)}}
41. ^{{ASN accident|19890904-0|title=ICAO Adrep Summary 5/89 (#41)}}
42. ^{{Cadors-accident|2003P0829|Air Spray (Tanker #86 C-GFQA)}}
43. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Francillon 1982, pp. 396–397.
44. ^1 Francillon 1982, p. 398.
45. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Allen 1995, p. 155.
46. ^1 Allen 1995, p. 158.
47. ^1 2 Allen 1995, p. 159.
48. ^1 2 Allen 1995, p. 161.
49. ^1 Lee, Stuart. "Lockheed Electra: Killer Airliner (Part 2)." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926235203/http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~steve/Spiro/electra2.html |date=2011-09-26 }} cs.clemson.edu. Retrieved: 17 July 2010.
50. ^1 "Lessons of a turboprop inquest." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104081345/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%200225.html |date=2012-11-04 }} Flight 17 February 1961, p. 225.
51. ^1 Allen 1995, pp. 161–162.
52. ^1 2 3 4 Allen 1995, p. 162.
53. ^1 2 Brimson 1984, pp. 190–193.
54. ^1 Brimson 1984, pp. 160–165.
55. ^1 2 Rumerman, Judy. "Lockheed in Mid-Century." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204043006/http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Aerospace/Lockheed_in_Mid-Century/Aero15.htm |date=2014-02-04 }} centennialofflight.net, 2003. Retrieved: July 17, 2010.
56. ^1 "Lockheed Model 188 page." {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110630055755/http://aviation-safety.net/database/type/type.php?type=334 |date=2011-06-30 }} Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: June 29, 2011.
57. ^1 Martinez, Diego. "Aviones de la muerte (In Spanish)". {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114133332/http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-131277-2009-09-06.html |date=2010-01-14 }} Pagina 12, September 6, 2009. Retrieved on 6 March 2010.
58. ^1 "Official site picture (Notice all the windows compared to the P-3 Orion). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206214001/http://www.ara.mil.ar/archivos/imgs/AVION%20L-188%20ELECTRA%201_.jpg |date=2010-12-06 }} Aviones de Exploración, Amarda Argentina. Retrieved: March 6, 2010.
59. ^1 Gaggero, Pablo J. "La Armada renueva su flota aérea para el control del mar (In Spanish)." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605215313/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=125769 |date=2011-06-05 }} La Nación, January 25, 1999. Retrieved: March 6, 2010.
60. ^1 Flight, February 13, 1959, p. 231.
61. ^1 "Aircraft" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528095707/http://www.conair.ca/aircraft |date=2013-05-28 }} Conair Group.Retrieved: January 4, 2014
62. ^1 "Shillelagh Travel Club: L188C N125US." Airliners.net. Retrieved: July 17, 2010.
63. ^1 "Accident Synopsis: 09291959." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222014412/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=09291959 |date=2014-12-22 }} AirDisaster.Com. Retrieved: July 17, 2010.
64. ^1 Francillon 1982, p. 403.
65. ^1 NTSB report # AAR-77-06.
66. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19590203-1|title="The February 3, 1959 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra N6101A at New York-La Guardia Airport, NY (LGA)."|accessdate=July 17, 2010}}
67. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19590929-0|title="The September 29, 1959 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra N9705C at Buffalo, TX."|accessdate=July 17, 2010}}
68. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19600317-0|title="The March 17, 1960 accident of Lockheed L-188C Electra N121US at Cannelton, IN."|accessdate=July 17, 2010}}
69. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19601004-0|title="The October 4, 1960 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra N5533 at Boston-Logan International Airport, MA (BOS)."|accessdate=July 17, 2010}}
70. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19610612-1|title="The June 12, 1961 accident of Lockheed L-188C Electra PH-LLM at Cairo International Airport (CAI)."|accessdate=July 17, 2010}}
71. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19610917-3|title="The September 17, 1961 accident of Lockheed L-188C Electra N137US at Chicago-O'Hare International Airport, IL (ORD)."|accessdate=July 17, 2010}}
72. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19670216-1|title="The February 16, 1967 accident of Lockheed L-188C Electra PK-GLB at Manado-Sam Ratulangi Airport (MDC)."|accessdate=July 17, 2010}}
73. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19680503-0|title="The May 3, 1968 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra N9707C at Dawson, TX."|accessdate=July 16, 2010}}
74. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19700809-0|title="The August 9, 1970 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra OB-R-939 at Cuzco Airport (CUZ)."|accessdate=July 17, 2010}}
75. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19711224-0|title="The December 24, 1971 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra OB-R-941 at Puerto Inca."|accessdate=July 17, 2010}}
76. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19760604-0|title="The June 4, 1976 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra RP-C1061 at Guam-Agana NAS (NGM)."|accessdate=June 29, 2011}}
77. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19850121-0|title="The January 21, 1985 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra N5532 at Reno/Tahoe International Airport, NV (RNO)."|accessdate=July 16, 2010}}
78. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19951218-0|title="The December 18, 1995 accident of Lockheed L-188C Electra 9Q-CRR at Cahungula."|accessdate=July 17, 2010}}
79. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Eastwood 1990, pp. 313–324.
[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79]
}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}
  • "2010 World Airliner Census". Flight International, August 24–30, 2010, pp. 29–49.
  • "2011 World Airliner Census". Flight International
  • "Air Commerce: The New York Tragedy". Flight, February 13, 1959, p. 231.
  • Allen, Eric. Airliners in Australian Service, Volume 1. Weston Creek ACT: Aerospace Publications, 1995. {{ISBN|1-875671-14-5}}.
  • Brimson, Samuel. Flying the Royal Mail: The History of Australia's Airlines. Sydney, Australia: Dreamweaver Books, 1984. {{ISBN|0-949825-05-0}}.
  • Eastwood, Tony and John Roach. Turbo Prop Airliner Production List. West Drayton, Middlesex, UK: The Aviation Hobby Shop, 1990. {{ISBN|0-907178-32-4}}.
  • Endres, Günter G. World Airline Fleets 1979. Hounslow, UK: Airline Publications and Sales Ltd., 1979. {{ISBN|0-905117-53-0}}.
  • Francillon, René J. Lockheed Aircraft since 1913. London: Putnam, 1982. {{ISBN|0-370-30329-6}}.
  • Hagby, Kay. Fra Nielsen & Winther til Boeing 747 (in Norwegian). Drammen, Norway. Hagby, 1998. {{ISBN|82-994752-0-1}}.
  • Siegrist, Martin. "Bolivian Air Power — Seventy Years On". Air International, Vol. 33, No. 4, October 1987. pp. 170–176, 194. {{ISSN|0306-5634}}.
{{Refend}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book |last=Nuñez Padin |first=Jorge |authorlink= |date=2006 |title=Lockheed L-188 Electra |edition= |publisher= |series=Serie Aeronaval |volume=Nº20 |language=Spanish, English |url=http://www.fuerzasaeronavales.com/?product=libro-lockheed-l-188-electra-serie-aeronaval-no20 |accessdate=May 6, 2014 |isbn= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506170129/http://www.fuerzasaeronavales.com/?product=libro-lockheed-l-188-electra-serie-aeronaval-no20 |archivedate=May 6, 2014 |df= }}

External links

{{Commons|Lockheed L-188 Electra}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20050322072631/http://home.arcor.de/ulrichhoppe/ELECTRA.HTM Information, Pictures and Production List]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20040922020534/http://www.adastron.com/lockheed/electra/leap.htm Engineering Summary of Propeller Whirl on the Electra]
  • Kiwanis Electra Memorial website
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070704134033/http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR69-03.pdf NTSB Report on 1968 Braniff N9707C Crash]
  • "Lockheed Electra" a 1955 Flight article
{{Lockheed}}

7 : Lockheed aircraft|United States airliners 1950–1959|Four-engined tractor aircraft|Low-wing aircraft|Four-engined turboprop aircraft|Lockheed P-3 Orion|Aircraft first flown in 1957
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/28 15:22:09