词条 | Outline of Ethiopia |
释义 |
Ethiopia is a landlocked sovereign country located in the Horn of Africa.[1] Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, South Sudan to the south-west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the north-east. Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world[2] and Africa's second-most populous nation.[3] Ethiopia has yielded some of humanity's oldest traces,[4] making the area important in the history of human evolution. Recent studies claim that the vicinity of present-day Addis Ababa was the point from which human beings migrated around the world.[5][6][7] Ethiopian dynastic history traditionally began with the reign of Emperor Menelik I in 1000 BC.[8][9] The roots of the Ethiopian state are similarly deep, dating with unbroken continuity to at least the Aksumite Empire (which adopted the name "Ethiopia" in the 4th century) and its predecessor state, D`mt (with early 1st millennium BC roots).[10][11] After a period of decentralized power in the 18th and early 19th centuries known as the Zemene Mesafint ("Era of the Judges/Princes"), the country was reunited in 1855 by Kassa Hailu, who became Emperor Tewodros II, beginning Ethiopia's modern history.[12][13][14][15] Ethiopia's borders underwent significant territorial expansion to its modern borders for the rest of the century,[16][17][18] especially by Emperor Menelik II and Ras Gobena, culminating in its victory over the Italians at the Battle of Adwa in 1896 with the military leadership of Ras Makonnen, and ensuring its sovereignty and freedom from colonization.[17][18] It was brutally occupied by Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy from 1936 to 1941,[19] ending with its liberation by British Empire and Ethiopian Patriot forces. {{TOC limit|limit=2}}General reference
Geography of EthiopiaGeography of Ethiopia
{{Flag|Sudan}} 723 km {{Flag|South Sudan}} 883 km {{Flag|Somalia}} 1,600 km {{Flag|Eritrea}} 912 km {{Flag|Kenya}} 861 km {{Flag|Djibouti}} 349 km
Environment of EthiopiaEnvironment of Ethiopia
Natural geographic features of Ethiopia
Regions of EthiopiaRegions of EthiopiaEcoregions of EthiopiaList of ecoregions in EthiopiaAdministrative divisions of EthiopiaAdministrative divisions of EthiopiaRegions of EthiopiaRegions of Ethiopia
Zones of EthiopiaZones of EthiopiaMunicipalities of Ethiopia
Demography of EthiopiaDemographics of EthiopiaGovernment and politics of Ethiopia{{Main|Government of Ethiopia|Politics of Ethiopia}}
Branches of the government of EthiopiaGovernment of EthiopiaExecutive branch of the government of Ethiopia
#Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Tewodros Adhanom #Ministry of Defense - Siraj Fegesa #Ministry of Federal Affairs - Shiferaw Teklemariam #Ministry of Justice - Berhan Hailu #Ministry of Civil Service - Muktar Kedir #Ministry of Finance and Economic Development - Sufian Ahmed #Ministry of Agriculture - Tefera Deribew #Ministry of Industry - Mekonnen Manyazewal #Ministry of Trade and Industry - Kebede Chane #Ministry of Science and Technology - Desse Dalke #Ministry of Transport - Diriba Kuma #Ministry of Communications and Information Technology - Debretsion Gebremichael #Ministry of Urban Development and Construction - Mekuria Haile #Ministry of Water and Energy - Alemayehu Tegenu #Ministry of Mines - Sinkinesh Ejigu #Ministry of Education - Demeke Mekonnen #Ministry of Health - Keseteberhan Admasu #Ministry Labor and Social Affairs - Abdulfetah Abdulahi Hassen #Ministry of Culture and Tourism - Amin Abdulkadir #Ministry of Women, Youth and Children’s Affairs - Zenebu Tadesse Legislative branch of the government of Ethiopia
Judicial branch of the government of EthiopiaCourt system of Ethiopia Foreign relations of EthiopiaForeign relations of Ethiopia
International organization membershipThe Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is a member of:[1] {{Col-begin}}{{Col-2}}
Law and order in EthiopiaLaw of Ethiopia
Military of EthiopiaMilitary of Ethiopia
Local government in EthiopiaLocal government in Ethiopia History of EthiopiaHistory of Ethiopia
Culture of EthiopiaCulture of Ethiopia
Art in Ethiopia
Sports in EthiopiaSports in Ethiopia
Economy and infrastructure of EthiopiaEconomy of Ethiopia
Education in Ethiopia
Health in Ethiopia
See also{{Portal|Ethiopia|Africa}}{{InterWiki|Amharic language|code=am}}Ethiopia
References1. ^1 {{cite web|date=October 23, 1998, 2009|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html|title=Ethiopia|work=The World Factbook|publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=July 23, 2009}} 2. ^{{cite web | title = Ethiopia | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108373/Ethiopia | accessdate = 2008-02-02}} 3. ^Ethiopia, Africa's second most populous country 4. ^{{cite web | title = Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of Homo sapiens | publisher = Nature | date = 16 February 2005 | url = http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050214/full/050214-10.html | accessdate = 2008-02-02}} 5. ^{{cite journal|title=Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation|journal=Science|date=February 2008|volume=319|issue=5866|pages=1100–1104|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5866/1100|doi=10.1126/science.1153717|author=Li, J. Z.|pmid=18292342|last2=Absher|first2=DM|last3=Tang|first3=H|last4=Southwick|first4=AM|last5=Casto|first5=AM|last6=Ramachandran|first6=S|last7=Cann|first7=HM|last8=Barsh|first8=GS|last9=Feldman|first9=M|last10=Cavalli-Sforza|first10=L. L.|last11=Myers|first11=R. M.|bibcode=2008Sci...319.1100L|display-authors=8}} 6. ^[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM&refer=australia Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says] 7. ^Around the world from Addis Ababa {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |date=2013-06-03 }} 8. ^Speaking after his signing the disputed treaty between Ethiopia and Italy in 1889, Emperor Menelik II made clear his position: "We cannot permit our integrity as a Christian and civilised nation to be questioned, nor the right to govern our empire in absolute independence. The Emperor of Ethiopia is a descendant of a dynasty that is 3,000 years old — a dynasty that during all that time has never submitted to an outsider. Ethiopia has never been conquered and she never shall be..." [https://books.google.com/books?id=7zaniYN-kqUC&pg=PR25&dq=ethiopia+%223000+years%22&lr=&sig=rE1plTiqZ61uD-JMhO0Md1vd4Ao Ethiopia Unbound: Studies In Race Emancipation - p. xxv by Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford] 9. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=w5q7NV-vSPwC&pg=PA319&dq=ethiopia+%223000+years%22&lr=&sig=YSqFflAVmAQK2j9Pu1IvTX0R_E0 Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years - p. 319 by John Spencer] 10. ^Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press, 1991, pp.57. 11. ^Paul B. Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, 2005. 12. ^Christopher S. Clapham, Haile-Selassie's Government, 1969, p.12. 13. ^Teshale Tibebu [https://books.google.com/books?id=DeD4gruvuNEC&pg=PR12&dq=&ei=J9fBR-elBYPaygSa1qCzCA&sig=3G7dkBJmIhU-KxsNMMMPwque5M4 The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974], p. xii. 14. ^S. Rubenson, "Modern Ethiopia" in Joseph C. Anene, Godfrey N. Brown, eds. Africa in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A Handbook for Teachers, p. 216. 15. ^Mordechai Abir, Ethiopia: The ERA of the Princes: The Challenge of Islam and Re-unification, p. 183, "The coronation of Teodros is considered by most historians of Ethiopia to be the end of the era of the princes and the beginning of modern Ethiopia." 16. ^Marcus, A History of Ethiopia {{ISBN|0520224795}} (page no?) 17. ^1 B. Holcomb & S. Ibssa, The Invention of Ethiopia (Trenton, 1990) (page no?) 18. ^1 Jalata, Oromia and Ethiopia: State Formation and Ethnonational Conflict {{ISBN|1569022461}} (page no?) 19. ^It was decided at the official Paris Conference, that, for Ethiopia, WWII began on 3 October 1935. Other dates aside from 1 September 1939 are used for other countries such as China and Japan, as well. Richard Pankhurst, "Italian Fascist War Crimes in Ethiopia: A History of Their Discussion, from the League of Nations to the United Nations (1936-1949)" in Northeast African Studies 6.1-2 (1999). p. 116. 20. ^The only glaciers in Africa are on Mt Kenya (in Kenya), on Kilimanjaro (in Tanzania), and in the Ruwenzori Mountains (which are located in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo). See Proceedings of the Riederalp Workshop, September 1978; Actes de l'Atelier de Riederalp, septembre 1978): IAHS-AISH Publ. no. 126, 1980. External links{{Sister project links|Ethiopia}}{{Wikiatlas|Ethiopia}}
3 : Outlines of countries|Ethiopia-related lists|Ethiopia |
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