“Outline of Poland”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Outline of Poland

释义

General reference
Geography of Poland
Environment of Poland Natural geographic features of Poland Regions of Poland Ecoregions of Poland Administrative divisions of Poland Provinces of Poland Municipalities of Poland Demography of Poland
Government and politics of Poland
Branches of the government of Poland Executive branch of the government of Poland Legislative branch of the government of Poland Judicial branch of the government of Poland Foreign relations of Poland International organization membership Law and order in Poland Military of Poland Local government in Poland Other
History of Poland
Culture of Poland
Art in Poland Sports in Poland
Economy and infrastructure of Poland
Transportation in Poland
Education in Poland
Health in Poland
See also
References
External links

{{double image|right|Flag of Poland.svg|195|Herb Polski.svg|103|The Flag of Poland|The Coat of arms of Poland}}

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Poland:

The Republic of Poland is a sovereign country located in Central Europe.^[1] Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 km² (120,728 sq mi),^[2] making it the 69th largest country in the world and 9th in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38.5 million people, which makes it the 33rd most populous country in the world.^[3]

The establishment of a Polish state is often identified with the adoption of Christianity by its ruler Mieszko I in 966 (see Baptism of Poland), when the state covered territory similar to that of present-day Poland. Poland became a kingdom in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a long association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by uniting to form the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth collapsed in 1795, and its territory was partitioned among Prussia, Russia, and Austria. Poland regained its independence in 1918 after World War I but lost it again in World War II, occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Poland lost over six million citizens in World War II, and emerged several years later as a socialist republic within the Eastern Bloc under strong Soviet influence. In 1989 communist rule was overthrown and Poland became what is constitutionally known as the "Third Polish Republic". Poland is a unitary state made up of sixteen voivodeships ({{lang-pl|województwo}}). Poland is also a member of the European Union, NATO and OECD.

General reference

Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Poland.ogg|ˈ|p|oʊ|l|ən|d}}
Common English country name: Poland
Official English country name: The Republic of Poland
Common endonym(s): Polska
Official endonym(s): Rzeczpospolita Polska
Adjectival(s): Polish, polski(a)–polskie
Demonym(s): Polish
Etymology: Name of Poland
International rankings of Poland
ISO country codes: PL, POL, 616
ISO region codes: See PL
Internet country code top-level domain: .pl

Geography of Poland

Poland is: a sovereign state
- Member state of the European Union
Location:
- Northern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere
- Eurasia
- Europe
- Central Europe
- Eastern Europe
- Time zone: Central European Time (UTC+01), Central European Summer Time (UTC+02)
- Extreme points of Poland
- High: Rysy {{convert|2499|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
- Low: Żuławy Wiślane {{convert|-1.8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
- Land boundaries: 3,071 km

{{Flag|Czech Republic}} 796 km

{{Flag|Slovakia}} 541 km

{{Flag|Ukraine}} 535 km

{{Flag|Germany}} 467 km

{{Flag|Belarus}} 418 km

{{Flag|Russia}} 210 km

{{Flag|Lithuania}} 104 km

Coastline: Baltic Sea 440 km
Population of Poland: 38,115,967 (June 30, 2007) - 33rd most populous country
Area of Poland: 312679 km²
Atlas of Poland

Environment of Poland

Main: Environment of Poland

Climate of Poland
Ecoregions in Poland
Renewable energy in Poland
Geology of Poland
Protected areas of Poland
- Biosphere reserves in Poland
- National parks of Poland
Wildlife of Poland
- Fauna of Poland
- Amphibians of Poland
- Birds of Poland
- Mammals of Poland

Natural geographic features of Poland

Glaciers of Poland
Islands of Poland
Lakes of Poland
Mountains of Poland
- Volcanoes in Poland
Rivers of Poland
- Waterfalls of Poland
Valleys of Poland
World Heritage Sites in Poland

Regions of Poland

Ecoregions of Poland

List of ecoregions in Poland

Ecoregions in Poland

Administrative divisions of Poland

Voivodeships of Poland
- Powiats of Poland
- Gminas of Poland

Provinces of Poland

Districts of Poland

Municipalities of Poland

Capital of Poland: Warsaw
Cities of Poland

Demography of Poland

Demographics of Poland

Government and politics of Poland

Form of government: unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic
Capital of Poland: Warsaw
Elections in Poland
Political parties in Poland

Branches of the government of Poland

Government of Poland

Executive branch of the government of Poland

Head of state: President of Poland, Andrzej Duda
Head of government: Prime Minister of Poland, Mateusz Morawiecki
Cabinet of Poland

Legislative branch of the government of Poland

National Assembly of the Republic of Poland (bicameral)
- Upper house: Senate of Poland
- Lower house: Sejm of Poland

Judicial branch of the government of Poland

Court system of Poland

Supreme Court of Poland

Foreign relations of Poland

Diplomatic missions in Poland
Diplomatic missions of Poland

International organization membership

The Republic of Poland is a member of:^[1]

Arctic Council (observer)
Australia Group
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC) (observer)
Central European Initiative (CEI)
Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI)
Council of Europe (CE)
Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
European Investment Bank (EIB)
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
European Space Agency (ESA) (cooperating state)
European Union (EU)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
International Criminal Court (ICCt)
International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Energy Agency (IEA)
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
Nonaligned Movement (NAM) (guest)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) (observer)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Organization of American States (OAS) (observer)
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Schengen Convention
Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) (observer)
United Nations (UN)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)
United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT)
United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS)
United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)
United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI)
United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
Western European Union (WEU) (associate)
World Confederation of Labour (WCL)
World Customs Organization (WCO)
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
World Health Organization (WHO)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
World Veterans Federation
Zangger Committee (ZC)

Law and order in Poland

Law of Poland

Capital punishment in Poland
Constitution of Poland
Crime in Poland
Human rights in Poland
- LGBT rights in Poland
- Freedom of religion in Poland
Law enforcement in Poland

Military of Poland

Command
- Commander-in-chief:
- Ministry of Defence of Poland
Forces
- Army of Poland
- Navy of Poland
- Air Force of Poland
- Special forces of Poland
Military history of Poland
Military ranks of Poland

Local government in Poland

Other

Political scandals of Poland

History of Poland

Timeline of the history of Poland
Current events of Poland
Military history of Poland
History of rail transport in Poland

Culture of Poland

Architecture of Poland
Cuisine of Poland
Ethnic minorities in Poland
Festivals in Poland
Languages of Poland
Media in Poland
National symbols of Poland
- Coat of arms of Poland
- Flag of Poland
- National anthem of Poland
People of Poland
Prostitution in Poland
Public holidays in Poland
Records of Poland
Religion in Poland
- Buddhism in Poland
- Christianity in Poland
- Hinduism in Poland
- Islam in Poland
- Judaism in Poland
- Sikhism in Poland
World Heritage Sites of Poland

Art in Poland

Art in Poland
Cinema of Poland
Literature of Poland
Music of Poland
Television in Poland
Theatre in Poland

Sports in Poland

Football in Poland
Poland at the Olympics

Economy and infrastructure of Poland

Economy of Poland

Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2018): 22nd (twenty-second)
Agriculture in Poland
Banking in Poland
- National Bank of Poland
Communications in Poland
- Internet in Poland
Companies of Poland
Currency of Poland: Złoty
- ISO 4217: PLN
Energy in Poland
- Bełchatów Power Station – largest thermal power station in Europe, and one of largest fossil fuel power stations in the world. It produces 27-28 TWh of electricity per year, 20% of Poland's total power generation.
- Energy policy of Poland
- Oil industry in Poland
Health care in Poland
Mining in Poland
Poland Stock Exchange
Tourism in Poland
Water supply and sanitation in Poland

Transportation in Poland

Transport in Poland

Airports in Poland
Rail transport in Poland
- High-speed rail in Poland
Roads in Poland
- National roads in Poland
- Motorways in Poland
- Expressways in Poland
- Voivodeship roads
- Powiat roads
- Gmina roads

Education in Poland

List of schools in Poland
List of universities in Poland

Health in Poland

References

1. ^¹{{cite web |date=July 2, 2009 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html |title=Poland |work=The World Factbook |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=July 23, 2009 }}
2. ^{{cite book |url=http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/roczniki-statystyczne/roczniki-statystyczne/maly-rocznik-statystyczny-polski-2013,1,14.html |title=Mały Rocznik Statystyczny Polski 2013 |trans-title=Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland 2013 |chapter=Warunki Naturalne i Ochrona Środowiska (Environment and Environmental Protection) |publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny |page=26 |year=2013 |issn=1640-3630 |language=Polish, English }}
3. ^NationMaster.com 2003-2007, Poland, Facts and figures

External links

General

Poland.gov.pl - Polish national portal
Polish Information
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html Poland at the World Factbook]
[https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2875.htm Background Note: Poland]

Travel

{{Wikivoyage-inline|Poland}}
Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures: Poland's Heritage

Photos

Photos from Poland

3 : Outlines of countries|Poland|Poland-related lists

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