“Outline of Russia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Outline of Russia

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General reference
Geography of Russia
Environment of Russia Geographic features of Russia Regions of Russia Ecoregions of Russia Subdivisions of Russia Republics of Russia Oblasts of Russia Krais of Russia Autonomous oblasts of Russia Autonomous okrugs of Russia Federal cities of Russia Municipalities of Russia Demographics of Russia
Government and politics of Russia
Branches of the government of Russia Executive branch of the government of Russia Legislative branch of the government of Russia Judicial branch of the government of Russia Foreign relations of Russia International organization membership Law and order in Russia Military of Russia Local government in Russia
History of Russia
History of Russia, by period History of Russia, by Region Republics Krais Oblasts Federal cities History of Russia, by subject
Culture of Russia
Art in Russia Sports in Russia
Economy and infrastructure of Russia
Education in Russia
See also
References
External links

{{double image|right|Flag of Russia.svg|188|Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|105|The Flag of Russia|The Coat of arms of Russia}}

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Russia.

The Russian Federation, commonly known as Russia, is the most extensive country in the world, covering {{convert|17075400|km2|sqmi|-2}}, more than an eighth of the Earth’s land area.^[1] Russia is a transcontinental country extending across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe; it spans 11 time zones and incorporates a great range of environments and landforms. With 143 million people, Russia is the ninth most populated country. Russia has the world's largest mineral and energy resources, has the world's largest forest reserves, and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the Earth's fresh liquid water.

General reference

Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Russia.ogg|ˈ|r|ʌ|ʃ|ə}}
Common English country name: Russia
Official English country name: The Russian Federation
Common endonym(s): Россия (Rossiya)
Official endonym(s): Российская Федерация (Rossiyskaya Federatsiya)
Adjectival(s): Russian
Demonym(s):
Etymology: Name of Russia
International rankings of Russia
ISO country codes: RU, RUS, 643
ISO region codes: See RU
Internet country code top-level domain: .ru, .su and .рф

Geography of Russia

Russia is: a country
Location: transcontinental (lies in both Europe and Asia)
- Eastern Hemisphere
- Northern Hemisphere
- Eurasia
- Europe
- Eastern Europe
- Asia
- North Asia
- Time zones:
- Kaliningrad Time – UTC+03
- Moscow Time – UTC+04
- Samara Time – UTC+05
- Yekaterinburg Time – UTC+06
- Omsk Time – UTC+07
- Krasnoyarsk Time – UTC+08
- Irkutsk Time – UTC+09
- Yakutsk Time – UTC+10
- Vladivostok Time – UTC+11
- Magadan Time – UTC+12
- Kamchatka Time – UTC+13
- Extreme points of Russia
- High: Mount Elbrus {{convert|5642|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} – highest point in Europe
- Low: Caspian Sea {{convert|-28|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} – lowest point in Europe
- Land boundaries: 20,242 km^[2]

{{flag|Kazakhstan}} 6,846 km

{{flag|China}} 3,645 km

{{flag|Mongolia}} 3,441 km

{{flag|Ukraine}} 1,576 km

{{flag|Finland}} 1,313 km

{{flag|Belarus}} 959 km

{{flag|Georgia}} 723 km, including:

{{flag|Abkhazia}} 255 km^[2]

{{flag|South Ossetia}} 70 km^[2]

{{flag|Poland}} 432 km

{{flag|Latvia}} 292 km

{{flag|Estonia}} 290 km

{{flag|Azerbaijan}} 284 km

{{flag|Lithuania}} 227 km

{{flag|Norway}} 196 km

{{flag|North Korea}} 18 km

Coastline: 37,653 km^[3]
Population of Russia: 142,942,000 people (2010 census) – 8th most populous country
Area of Russia: {{convert|17075400|km2|abbr=on}} – 1st largest country
Atlas of Russia

Environment of Russia

Climate of Russia
Environmental issues in Russia
Ecoregions in Russia
Renewable energy in Russia
Geology of Russia
National Parks of Russia
Nature Reserves ("Zapovedniks") in Russia
Ramsar Wetlands in Russia
Protected areas of Russia
Wildlife of Russia
- Fauna of Russia
- Birds of Russia
- Mammals of Russia

Geographic features of Russia

Glaciers of Russia
Islands of Russia
Lakes of Russia
- Caspian Sea (lake with 1.3% salinity, about a third the salinity of seawater. Compare with Great Salt Lake.)
Mountains of Russia
- Caucasus Mountains
- Ural Mountains
- Volcanoes in Russia
Plains of Russia
- West Siberian Plain
Rivers of Russia
- Waterfalls of Russia
Valleys of Russia
World Heritage Sites in Russia

Regions of Russia

Central Russia
North Caucasus
Siberia
Russian Far East
Economic regions of Russia

Ecoregions of Russia

List of ecoregions in Russia

Ecoregions in Russia

Subdivisions of Russia

Federal subjects of Russia (83)
- Republics of Russia (22)
- Oblasts of Russia (46)
- Krais of Russia (9)
- Autonomous oblasts of Russia (1)
- Autonomous okrugs of Russia (4)
- Federal cities of Russia (3)
Types of inhabited localities in Russia
- List of cities and towns in Russia

Republics of Russia

1. Republic of Adygea

2. Altai Republic

3. Republic of Bashkortostan

4. Buryat Republic

5. Republic of Dagestan

6. Republic of Ingushetia

7. Kabardino-Balkar Republic

8. Republic of Kalmykia

9. Karachay–Cherkess Republic

10. Republic of Karelia

11. Komi Republic

12. Mari El Republic

13. Republic of Mordovia

14. Sakha (Yakutia) Republic

15. Republic of North Ossetia–Alania

16. Republic of Tatarstan

17. Tuva Republic

18. Udmurt Republic

19. Republic of Khakassia

20. Chechen Republic

21. Chuvash Republic

22. Republic of Crimea^[4]

Oblasts of Russia

1. Amur Oblast

2. Arkhangelsk Oblast

3. Astrakhan Oblast

4. Belgorod Oblast

5. Bryansk Oblast

6. Chelyabinsk Oblast

7. ~~Chita Oblast~~

8. Irkutsk Oblast

9. Ivanovo Oblast

10. Kaliningrad Oblast

11. Kaluga Oblast

12. Kemerovo Oblast

13. Kirov Oblast

14. Kostroma Oblast

15. Kurgan Oblast

16. Kursk Oblast

17. Leningrad Oblast

18. Lipetsk Oblast

19. Magadan Oblast

20. Moscow Oblast

21. Murmansk Oblast

22. Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

23. Novgorod Oblast

24. Novosibirsk Oblast

25. Omsk Oblast

26. Orenburg Oblast

27. Oryol Oblast

28. Penza Oblast

29. Pskov Oblast

30. Rostov Oblast

31. Ryazan Oblast

32. Sakhalin Oblast

33. Samara Oblast

34. Saratov Oblast

35. Smolensk Oblast

36. Sverdlovsk Oblast

37. Tambov Oblast

38. Tomsk

39. Tver Oblast

40. Tula Oblast

41. Tyumen Oblast

42. Ulyanovsk Oblast

43. Vladimir Oblast

44. Volgograd Oblast

45. Vologda Oblast

46. Voronezh Oblast

47. Yaroslavl Oblast

Krais of Russia

1.Altai Krai

2.Kamchatka Krai

3.Khabarovsk Krai

4.Krasnodar Krai

5.Krasnoyarsk Krai

6.Perm Krai

7.Primorsky Krai

8.Stavropol Krai

9.Zabaykalsky Krai

Autonomous oblasts of Russia

Russia has one autonomous oblast (autonomous province), the Jewish Autonomous Oblast (shaded dark blue).

Autonomous okrugs of Russia

1. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

2. Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug

3. Nenets Autonomous Okrug

4. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Federal cities of Russia

Moscow
Saint Petersburg
Sevastopol

Municipalities of Russia

Demographics of Russia

2002 Census

Government and politics of Russia

{{Quote box
|quote = Russia has made its choice in favor of democracy. Fourteen years ago, independently, without any pressure from outside, it made that decision in the interests of itself and interests of its people — of its citizens. This is our final choice, and we have no way back. There can be no return to what we used to have before. And the guarantee for this is the choice of the Russian people, themselves. No, guarantees from outside cannot be provided. This is impossible. It would be impossible for Russia today. Any kind of turn towards totalitarianism for Russia would be impossible, due to the condition of the Russian society.
|source = Vladimir Putin, statement in press release, Office of the White House Press Secretary, United States (February 24, 2005). "[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/02/20050224-9.html President and President Putin Discuss Strong U.S.-Russian Partnership]"
|width = 50%
|align = right}}Politics of Russia

Form of government: federal presidential republic
Capital of Russia: Moscow
Elections in Russia
Political parties in Russia
Taxation in Russia

Branches of the government of Russia

Government of Russia

Executive branch of the government of Russia

Head of state: President of Russia, Vladimir Putin
- State Council of the Russian Federation (advisory board to the Head of State)
- Presidential Administration of Russia (President's support staff)
Head of government: Prime Minister of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev
- Public Chamber of Russia
- 17 Ministries
- 7 Federal Services
- 30+ Federal Agencies

Legislative branch of the government of Russia

Federal Assembly of Russia (bicameral parliament)
- Upper house: Federation Council of Russia
- Lower house: State Duma

Judicial branch of the government of Russia

Judiciary of Russia

Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
Supreme Court of Russia

Foreign relations of Russia

Diplomatic missions of Russia
Diplomatic missions in Russia
International counter-terrorism operations of Russia

International organization membership

The Russian Federation is a member of:^[1]

Arctic Council
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (dialogue partner)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum (ARF)
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC)
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Council of Europe (CE)
Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)
Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) (observer)
General Confederation of Trade Unions (GCTU)
Group of Eight (G8)
Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (G20)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
International Criminal Court (ICCt) (signatory)
International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
International Organization for Migration (IOM) (observer)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)

Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) (observer)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
Nonaligned Movement (NAM) (guest)
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) (observer)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (accession state)
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Organization of American States (OAS) (observer)
Paris Club
Partnership for Peace (PFP)
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
United Nations (UN)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)
United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)
United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS)
United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)
United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire (UNOCI)
United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)
United Nations Security Council (permanent member)
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
World Customs Organization (WCO)
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
World Health Organization (WHO)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
World Trade Organization (WTO) (observer)
World Veterans Federation
Zangger Committee (ZC)

Law and order in Russia

Law of Russia

Capital punishment in Russia
Constitution of Russia
Crime in Russia
Human rights in Russia
- Racism in Russia
- LGBT rights in Russia
- Freedom of religion in Russia
Law enforcement in Russia
Media freedom in Russia

Military of Russia

Command
- Commander-in-chief:President of the Russian Federation
Russian Armed Forces
- Russian Ground Forces
- Russian Navy
- Russian Aerospace Forces
- Strategic Missile Troops
- Russian Airborne Troops
Military history of Russia
Military ranks of Russia

Local government in Russia

History of Russia

{{main article|History of Russia|Timeline of Russian history|Portal:Current events/Russia|l3=Current events of Russia}}

History of Russia, by period

Ancient Russia
- Proto-Indo-Europeans
- Scythians
- Bosporan Kingdom
- Khazaria
Early East Slavs
- East Slavs
- Rus' Khaganate
Kievan Rus'
Mongol invasion of Rus
Tatar invasions
Volga Bulgaria
Golden Horde
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia
Russian Empire
French invasion of Russia
World War I
Russian Revolution of 1917
Russian Civil War
History of the Soviet Union
- Russian SFSR
- Soviet Union
- Soviet Union in World War II
- World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
- Cold War
- Soviet–Afghan War
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Russian Federation

History of Russia, by Region

Republics

History of Adygea
History of the Altai Republic
History of Bashkortostan
History of Buryatia
History of Chechnya
History of Chuvashia
History of Dagestan
History of Ingushetia
History of Kabardino-Balkaria
History of Kalmykia
History of Karachay-Cherkessia
History of the Republic of Karelia
History of Khakassia
History of the Komi Republic
History of Mari El
History of Mordovia
History of North Ossetia–Alania
History of the Sakha Republic
History of Tatarstan
History of Tuva
History of Udmurtia

Krais

History of Altai Krai
History of Kamchatka Krai
History of Khabarovsk Krai
History of Krasnodar Krai
History of Krasnoyarsk Krai
History of Perm Krai
History of Primorsky Krai
History of Stavropol Krai
History of Zabaykalsky Krai

Oblasts

History of Amur Oblast
History of Arkhangelsk Oblast
History of Astrakhan Oblast
History of Belgorod Oblast
History of Bryansk Oblast
History of Chelyabinsk Oblast
History of Irkutsk Oblast
History of Ivanovo Oblast
History of Kaliningrad Oblast
History of Kaluga Oblast
History of Kemerovo Oblast
History of Kirov Oblast
History of Kostroma Oblast
History of Kurgan Oblast
History of Kursk Oblast
History of Leningrad Oblast
History of Lipetsk Oblast
History of Magadan Oblast
History of Moscow Oblast
History of Murmansk Oblast
History of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
History of Novgorod Oblast
History of Novosibirsk Oblast
History of Omsk Oblast
History of Orenburg Oblast
History of Oryol Oblast
History of Penza Oblast
History of Pskov Oblast
History of Rostov Oblast
History of Ryazan Oblast
History of Sakhalin Oblast
History of Samara Oblast
History of Saratov Oblast
History of Smolensk Oblast
History of Sverdlovsk Oblast
History of Tambov Oblast
History of Tomsk Oblast
History of Tula Oblast
History of Tver Oblast
History of Tyumen Oblast
History of Ulyanovsk Oblast
History of Vladimir Oblast
History of Volgograd Oblast
History of Vologda Oblast
History of Voronezh Oblast
History of Yaroslavl Oblast

Federal cities

History of Moscow
History of Saint Petersburg

History of Russia, by subject

History of Russian culture
Economic history of the Russian Federation
Film history of Russia
- History of Russian animation
History of innovation in Russia
History of the Jews in Russia
History of the Russian language
Military history of Russia
- Red Army
Postage stamps and postal history of Russia

Culture of Russia

Architecture of Russia
Cuisine of Russia
Festivals in Russia
Humor in Russia
Languages of Russia
- Russian language
Material culture in Russia
Media in Russia
Museums in Russia
National symbols of Russia
- Coat of arms of Russia
- Flag of Russia
- List of Russian flags
- National anthem of Russia
People of Russia
- Famous Russians
Prostitution in Russia
Public holidays in Russia
Records of Russia
Religion in Russia
- Buddhism in Russia
- Christianity in Russia
- Hinduism in Russia
- Islam in Russia
- Judaism in Russia
- Sikhism in Russia
Russian folklore
Russian martial arts
World Heritage Sites in Russia

Art in Russia

Russian architecture
Art in Russia
- Russian avant-garde
Ballet in Russia

Cinema of Russia
Literature of Russia
Music of Russia

Television in Russia
Theatre in Russia
Opera in Russia

Sports in Russia

Football in Russia

Economy and infrastructure of Russia

Economy of Russia

Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2008): 8th (eighth)
Agriculture in Russia
Banking in Russia
- Central Bank of Russia
Communications in Russia
- Internet in Russia
- List of Russian-language television channels
Companies of Russia
Currency of Russia: Ruble
- ISO 4217: RUB
Defense industry of Russia
Economic history of Russia
Energy in Russia
- Energy policy of Russia
- Oil industry in Russia
Health care in Russia
Mining in Russia
Russia Stock Exchange
Tourism in Russia
Transport in Russia
- Airports in Russia
- Rail transport in Russia
- Roads in Russia
Water supply and sanitation in Russia

Education in Russia

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|date=July 2, 2009|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html|title=Russia|website=The World Factbook|publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=July 23, 2009}}
2. ^¹²Russia recognizes Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states, thus bordering in total 16 countries, more than any other country. If only widely recognized states counted, Russia ties with China, each bordering 14 countries.
3. ^Russia also borders the Caspian Sea, a remnant of the ancient Paratethys Sea.
4. ^de facto epublic of Russia, de jure part of Ukraine

External links

Interfax.com—News agency based in Moscow
Russia Profile English-language information service
[https://web.archive.org/web/20080408132601/http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/russgus.htm RussGUS] Bibliographic database of German publications on Russia (about 175 000 positions)

Government resources

Russian News Agency Ria Novosti
Duma—Official site of the parliamentary lower house {{ru icon}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20080416210036/http://www.council.gov.ru/eng/index.html Federative Council]—Official site of the parliamentary upper house
[https://web.archive.org/web/20080410003232/http://kremlin.ru/eng/ Kremlin]—Official presidential site
Gov.ru—Official governmental portal {{ru icon}}
Russian Federation Today—Official issue of the Federal Assembly {{ru icon}}
Ministry of Foreign affairs
Russian Federal Customs Service
Central Bank of Russia

3 : Outlines of countries|Russia|Russia-related lists

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