“Amos 'n' Andy”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Amos 'n' Andy is an American radio and television sitcom set in Harlem, Manhattan's historic black community. The original radio show, which ran from 1928 until 1960, was created, written and voiced by two white actors, Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll, who played Amos Jones (Gosden) and Andrew Hogg Brown (Correll), as well as incidental characters.

When the show moved to television, black actors took over the majority of the roles; white characters were infrequent. Amos 'n' Andy began as one of the first radio comedy series and originated from station WMAQ in Chicago. After the first broadcast in 1928, the show became a hugely popular radio series. Early episodes were broadcast from the El Mirador Hotel in Palm Springs, California.^[2]{{rp|168–71}} The show ran as a nightly radio serial (1928–43), as a weekly situation comedy (1943–55) and as a nightly disc-jockey program (1954–60). A television adaptation ran on CBS (1951–53) and continued in syndicated reruns (1954–66). It would not be shown to a nationwide audience again until 2012.^[4]

Origins

Gosden and Correll were white actors familiar with minstrel traditions. They met in Durham, North Carolina,^[5]^[3] in 1920. Both men had some scattered experience in radio, but it was not until 1925 that the two appeared on Chicago's WQJ.^[4] Their appearances soon led to a regular schedule on another Chicago radio station, WEBH, where their only compensation was a free meal.^[8]^[5] The pair hoped that the radio exposure would lead to stage work; they were able to sell some of their scripts to local bandleader Paul Ash,^[6] which led to jobs at the Chicago Tribunes station WGN in 1925. This lucrative offer enabled them to become full-time broadcasters. The Victor Talking Machine Company also offered them a recording contract.^[8]

Since the Tribune syndicated Sidney Smith's popular comic strip The Gumps, which had successfully introduced the concept of daily continuity, WGN executive Ben McCanna thought a serialized version would work on radio. He suggested that Gosden and Correll adapt The Gumps for radio. The idea seemed to involve more risk than either Gosden or Correll was willing to take; neither was adept at imitating female voices, which would have been necessary for The Gumps. They were also conscious of having made names for themselves with their previous act. By playing the roles of characters using dialect, they would be able to conceal their identities enough to be able to return to their old pattern of entertaining if the radio show was a failure.^[8]

Instead, they proposed a series about "a couple of colored characters", which, nevertheless, borrowed certain elements from The Gumps. Their new show, Sam 'n' Henry,^[7] began on January 12, 1926, and fascinated radio listeners throughout the Midwest.^[8] It became so popular that in 1927 Gosden and Correll requested that it be distributed to other stations on phonograph records in a "chainless chain" concept that would have been the first radio syndication. When WGN rejected the proposal, Gosden and Correll quit the show and the station; their last musical program for WGN was announced in the Chicago Daily Tribune on January 29, 1928.^[9] Episodes of Sam 'n' Henry continued to be aired until July 14, 1928.^[10] Correll's and Gosden's characters contractually belonged to WGN, so the pair was unable to use the character names when performing in personal appearances after leaving the station.^[4]^[11]

WMAQ, the Chicago Daily News station, hired Gosden and Correll and their former WGN announcer, Bill Hay, to create a series similar to Sam 'n' Henry. It offered higher salaries than WGN as well as the right to pursue the syndication idea.^[12] The creators later said that they named the characters Amos and Andy after hearing two elderly African-Americans greet each other by those names in a Chicago elevator.^[13] Amos 'n' Andy began on March 19, 1928^[14] on WMAQ, and prior to airing each program, Gosden and Correll recorded their show on 78-rpm discs at Marsh Laboratories, operated by electrical recording pioneer Orlando R. Marsh.^[15] Early 1930s broadcasts of the show originated from the El Mirador Hotel in Palm Springs, California.^[16]

For the program's entire run as a nightly series in its first decade, Gosden and Correll provided over 170 male voice characterizations. With the episodic drama and suspense heightened by cliffhanger endings, Amos 'n' Andy reached an ever-expanding radio audience. It was the first radio program to be distributed by syndication in the United States, and by the end of the syndicated run in August 1929, at least 70 other stations carried recorded episodes.^[11]

Early storylines and characters

Amos Jones and Andy Brown worked on a farm near Atlanta, Georgia, and during the first week's episodes, they made plans to find a better life in Chicago, despite warnings from a friend. With four ham-and-cheese sandwiches and $24, they bought train tickets and headed for Chicago, where they lived in a rooming house on State Street and experienced some rough times before launching their own business, the Fresh Air Taxi Company.^[11] (The first car they acquired had no roof; the pair turned it into a selling point.) By 1930, the noted toy maker Louis Marx and Company was offering a tin wind-up version of the auto, with Amos and Andy inside.^[17] The toy company produced a special autographed version of the toy as gifts for American leaders, including Herbert Hoover.^[18] There was also a book, All About Amos 'n' Andy and Their Creators, in 1929 by Correll and Gosden (reprinted in 2007 and 2008),^[19]^[20] and a comic strip in the Chicago Daily News.^[7]

Naïve but honest Amos was hard-working, and, after his marriage to Ruby Taylor in 1935, also a dedicated family man. Andy was a gullible dreamer with overinflated self-confidence who tended to let Amos do most of the work. Their Mystic Knights of the Sea lodge^[21] leader, George "Kingfish" Stevens, would often lure them into get-rich-quick schemes or trick them into some kind of trouble. Other characters included John Augustus "Brother" Crawford, an industrious but long-suffering family man; Henry Van Porter, a social-climbing real estate and insurance salesman; Frederick Montgomery Gwindell, a hard-charging newspaperman; Algonquin J. Calhoun, a somewhat crooked lawyer added to the series in 1949, six years after its conversion to a half-hour situation comedy; William Lewis Taylor, Ruby's well-spoken, college-educated father; and Willie "Lightning" Jefferson, a slow-moving Stepin Fetchit–type character.^[11] The Kingfish's catchphrase, "Holy mackerel!", entered the American lexicon.

There were three central characters: Correll voiced Andy Brown while Gosden voiced both Amos and the Kingfish. The majority of the scenes were dialogues between either Andy and Amos or Andy and Kingfish. Amos and Kingfish rarely appeared together. Since Correll and Gosden voiced virtually all of the parts, the female characters, such as Ruby Taylor, Kingfish's wife Sapphire, and Andy's various girlfriends, did not initially appear as voiced characters, but entered plots through discussions among the male characters. Prior to 1931, when Madame Queen (then voiced by Gosden) took the witness stand in her breach-of-promise lawsuit against Andy, a feminine voice was heard only once.^[33] Beginning in 1935, actresses began voicing the female characters, and after the program converted to a weekly situation-comedy in 1943, other actors were recruited for some of the supporting male roles.^[22]^[11] However, Correll and Gosden continued to voice the three central characters on radio until the series ended in 1960.

With the listening audience increasing in spring and summer 1928, the show's success prompted sponsor Pepsodent Company to bring it to the NBC Blue Network on August 19, 1929.^[23] With the Blue Network not heard on stations in the West, many listeners complained to NBC that they wanted to hear the show but could not. Under a special arrangement, Amos 'n' Andy debuted coast-to-coast November 28, 1929, on NBC's Pacific Orange Network and continued on the Blue. WMAQ was then an affiliate of CBS and its general manager tried, to no avail, to interest that network in picking up the show.^[11] At the same time, the serial's central characters — Amos, Andy and the Kingfish — relocated from Chicago to Harlem. The program was so popular by 1930 that NBC's orders were to only interrupt the broadcast for matters of national importance and SOS calls. Correll and Gosden were making a combined salary of $100,000, which they split three ways to include announcer Bill Hay, who was with them when they started doing radio.^[24]^[25]

The story arc of Andy's romance (and subsequent problems) with Harlem beautician Madame Queen entranced some 40 million listeners during 1930 and 1931, becoming a national phenomenon.^[26]^[27] Many of the program's plotlines in this period leaned far more to straight drama than comedy, including the near-death of Amos's fiancée Ruby from pneumonia in the spring of 1931^[28] and Amos's brutal interrogation by police following the murder of cheap hoodlum Jack Dixon that December. Following official protests by the National Association of Chiefs of Police, Correll and Gosden were forced to abandon that storyline, turning the entire sequence into a bad dream, from which Amos gratefully awoke on Christmas Eve.

The innovations introduced by Gosden and Correll made their creation a turning point for radio drama, as noted by broadcast historian Elizabeth McLeod:^[29]

Only a few dozen episodes of the original series have survived in recorded form. However, numerous scripts from the original episodes have been discovered and were used by McLeod when preparing her previously cited 2005 book.

Amos 'n' Andy was officially transferred by NBC from the Blue Network to the Red Network in 1935, although the vast majority of stations carrying the show remained the same. Several months later, Gosden and Correll moved production of the show from NBC's Merchandise Mart studios in Chicago to Hollywood.^[30]^[31] After a long and successful run with Pepsodent, the program changed sponsors in 1938 to Campbell's Soup; because of Campbell's closer relationship with CBS, the series switched to that network on April 3, 1939.

In 1943, after 4,091 episodes, the radio program went from a 15-minute CBS weekday dramatic serial to an NBC half-hour weekly comedy. While the five-a-week show often had a quiet, easygoing feeling, the new version was a full-fledged sitcom in the Hollywood sense, with a regular studio audience (for the first time in the show's history) and an orchestra. More outside actors, including many black comedy professionals, such as Eddie Green and James Baskett, were brought in to fill out the cast.^[32] Many of the half-hour programs were written by Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher, later the writing team behind Leave It to Beaver and The Munsters. In the new version, Amos became a peripheral character to the more dominant Andy and Kingfish duo, although Amos was still featured in the traditional Christmas show.^[22]^[33] The Christmas show also became a part of the later television series.^[34] The later radio program and the TV version were advanced for the time, depicting blacks in a variety of roles, including successful business owners and managers, professionals, and public officials, in addition to the comic characters at the show's core.^[51] It anticipated and informed many later comedies featuring working-class characters (both black and white), including The Honeymooners, All in the Family, and Sanford and Son.

By the fall of 1948, the show was back on CBS again.^[35] In that same year, Correll and Gosden sold all rights to Amos 'n' Andy to CBS for a reported $2.5 million.^[36]

Sponsors

Advertising pioneer Albert Lasker often took credit for having created the show as a promotional vehicle. After the associations with Pepsodent toothpaste (1929–37) and Campbell's Soup (1937–43), primary sponsors included Lever Brothers's Rinso detergent (1943–50); the Rexall drugstore chain (1950–54); and CBS's own Columbia brand of television sets (1954-55). President Calvin Coolidge was said to be among the show's most devoted listeners. Huey P. Long took his nickname, "Kingfish", from the show. At the peak of its popularity, many movie theaters stopped their featured films for the 15 minutes of the Amos 'n' Andy show, playing the program through the theater's sound system or from a radio on the stage before resuming their film.^[11] When some theaters began advertising this practice, NBC charged the theaters with copyright infringement, claiming that charging admission for a free broadcast was illegal.^[37]

Opposition and the Pittsburgh Courier protest

The first sustained protest against the program found its inspiration in the December 1930 issue of Abbott's Monthly, when Bishop W. J. Walls of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church wrote an article sharply denouncing Amos 'n' Andy for its lower-class characterizations and "crude, repetitious, and moronic" dialogue. The Pittsburgh Courier was the second largest African-American newspaper at the time, and publisher Robert L. Vann expanded Walls' criticism into a full-fledged protest during a six-month period in 1931.^[38]

Films

In 1930, RKO Radio Pictures brought Gosden and Correll to Hollywood to do an Amos 'n' Andy feature film, Check and Double Check (a catchphrase from the radio show). The cast included a mix of white and black performers (the latter including Duke Ellington and his orchestra) with Gosden and Correll playing Amos 'n' Andy in blackface.^[39] The film pleased neither critics nor Gosden and Correll themselves, but briefly became RKO's biggest box-office hit prior to King Kong (1933) before falling off rapidly. Audiences were curious to see what their radio favorites looked like and were expecting to see African-Americans instead of white men in blackface. RKO ruled out any plans for a sequel.^[40] Gosden and Correll did lend their voices to a pair of Amos 'n' Andy cartoon shorts produced by the Van Beuren Studios in 1934, The Rasslin' Match and The Lion Tamer. These were also not successful.^[41] Years later, Gosden was quoted as calling Check and Double Check "just about the worst movie ever." Gosden and Correll also posed for publicity pictures in blackface. They were also stars of The Big Broadcast of 1936 as Amos 'n' Andy.^[42]

Television

Hoping to bring the show to television as early as 1946, Gosden and Correll searched for cast members for four years before filming began. CBS hired the duo as producers of the new television show.^[36]^[43]^[44] According to a 1950 newspaper story, Gosden and Correll had initial aspirations to voice the characters Amos, Andy and Kingfish for television while the actors hired for these roles performed and apparently were to lip-sync the story lines.^[45] A year later, both spoke about how they realized they were visually unsuited to play the television roles, citing difficulties with making the Check and Double-Check film. No further mention was made about Gosden and Correll continuing to voice the key male roles in the television series.^[46] Corell and Gosden did record the lines of the main male characters to serve as a guideline for the television show dialogue at one point. In 1951, the men targeted 1953 for their retirement from broadcasting; there was speculation that their radio roles might be turned over to black actors at that time.^[47]

Adapted to television, The Amos 'n Andy Show was produced from June 1951 to April 1953 with 52 filmed episodes, sponsored by the Blatz Brewing Company.^[48] The television series used black actors in the main roles, although the actors were instructed to keep their voices and speech patterns close to those of Gosden and Correll.^[68] Produced at the Hal Roach Studios for CBS, the show was among the first television series to be filmed with a multicamera setup, four months before I Love Lucy used the technique. The series' theme song was based on radio show's "The Perfect Song" but became Gaetano Braga's "Angel's Serenade", performed by The Jeff Alexander Chorus. The program debuted on June 28, 1951.^[49]^[50]

The main roles in the television series were played by the following black actors:^[51]

This time, the NAACP mounted a formal protest almost as soon as the television version began,^[48] and that pressure was considered a primary factor in the show's cancellation, even though it finished at #13 in the 1951-1952 Nielsen ratings and at #25 in 1952-1953^[55] Blatz was targeted as well, finally discontinuing its advertising support in June 1953.^[56] It has been suggested that CBS erred in premiering the show at the same time as the 1951 NAACP national convention, perhaps increasing the objections to it.^[57] The show was widely repeated in syndicated reruns until 1966 when, in an unprecedented action for network television at that time, CBS finally gave in to pressure from the NAACP and the growing civil rights movement and withdrew the program. It was also pulled from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's television network, which had been broadcasting it for almost a decade. The series would not be seen on American television regularly for 46 more years.^[58]^[59] The television show has been available in bootleg VHS and DVD sets, which generally include up to 74 of the 78 known TV episodes.

When the show was cancelled, 65 episodes had been produced. The last 13 of these episodes were intended to be shown on CBS during the 1953-54 season but were released with the syndicated reruns instead. Another additional 13 episodes were produced for 1954-55 to be added to the syndicated rerun package. These episodes were focused on Kingfish, with little participation from Amos or Andy, because these episodes were to be titled The Adventures of Kingfish (though they ultimately premiered under the Amos 'n' Andy title.)^[60] The additional episodes first aired on January 4, 1955.^[61] Plans were made for a vaudeville act based on the television program in August 1953, with Tim Moore, Alvin Childress and Spencer Williams playing the same roles. It is not known whether there were any performances.^[62] Still eager for television success, Gosden, Correll and CBS made initial efforts to give the series another try. The plan was to begin televising Amos 'n' Andy in the fall of 1956, with both of its creators appearing on television in a split screen with the proposed black cast.^[63]

A group of cast members began a "TV Stars of Amos 'n' Andy" cross-country tour in 1956, which was halted by CBS; the network considered it an infringement of their exclusive rights to the show and its characters.^[64] Following the threatened legal action that brought the 1956 tour to an end, Moore, Childress, Williams and Lee were able to perform in character for at least one night in 1957 in Windsor, Ontario.^[65]

In the summer of 1968 the premiere episode of a CBS News documentary series, Of Black America, narrated by Bill Cosby, showed brief film clips of Amos 'n' Andy in a segment on racial stereotypes in vintage motion pictures and television programing. In 1983, a one-hour documentary film called Amos 'n' Andy: Anatomy of a Controversy aired in television syndication (and in later years, on PBS and on the Internet). It told a brief history of the franchise from its radio days to the CBS series, and featured interviews with then-surviving cast members, as well as then-popular black television stars such as Redd Foxx and Marla Gibbs reflecting on the show's impact on their careers. Foxx and Gibbs emphasized the importance of the show featuring black actors in lead roles and expressed disagreement with the NAACP's objections that had contributed to the program's downfall. The film also contained highlights of a select episode of the classic TV series ("Kingfish Buys a Lot") that had not been seen since it was pulled from the air in 1966.^[66]

In 2004, the now-defunct Trio network brought Amos 'n' Andy back to television for one night in an effort to reintroduce the series to 21st century audiences. Its festival featured the Anatomy of a Controversy documentary, followed by the 1930 Check and Double Check film.^[67]

In 2012, Rejoice TV, a small independent television and Internet network in Houston, started airing the show weeknights on a regular, nationwide basis for the first time since CBS pulled the series from distribution in 1966.^[68]

Ratings

Radio

Legal status

Although the characters of Amos and Andy themselves are in the public domain, as well as the show's trademarks, title, format, basic premise and all materials created prior to 1948 (Silverman vs CBS, 870 F.2d 40),^[70] the television series itself is protected by copyright. CBS bought out Gosden & Correll's ownership of the program and characters in 1948 and the courts decided in the Silverman ruling that all post-1948 Amos 'n' Andy material was protected. All Amos 'n' Andy material created prior to 1948, such as episodes of the old radio show, are in the public domain.^[71] At one time it was said that there had been no official home video releases of Amos 'n' Andy; all were unlicensed bootleg private creations. In 1998, CBS initiated copyright infringement suits against three companies selling the videos and issued a cease and desist order to a national mail-order outfit that had offered various episodes on videocassettes via late-night TV ads during the late 1990s.^[72]^[73] However, as of June, 2018, Amos 'n' Andy is sold by Amazon suggesting that legal DVDs may be available in 2018.^[74]

Later years

In 1955, the format of the radio show was changed from a weekly to a daily early evening half-hour to include playing recorded music between sketches (with occasional guests appearing), and the series was renamed The Amos 'n' Andy Music Hall. The final Amos 'n' Andy radio show was broadcast November 25, 1960.^[22] Although by the 1950s the popularity of the show was well below its peak of the 1930s, Gosden and Correll had managed to outlast most of the radio shows that came in their wake.

Cartoon

In 1961, Gosden and Correll attempted one last televised effort, albeit in a "disguised" version. ^[75] They were the voices in a prime-time animated cartoon, Calvin and the Colonel, featuring anthropomorphic animals whose voices and situations were almost exactly those of Andy and the Kingfish (and adapting several of the original Amos 'n' Andy radio scripts).^[3] This effort at reviving the series in a way that was intended to be less racially offensive ended after one season on ABC, although it remained quite popular in syndicated reruns in Australia for several years. Connelly and Mosher were brought back to produce the series and also wrote several episodes.

Legacy

In 1988, the Amos 'n' Andy program was inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame.^[76] A pair of parallel, one-block streets in west Dallas, Texas are named Amos Street and Andy Street in honor of these performers.

Later work by television cast members

Comedian Tim Moore made numerous public appearances and was a guest on television on shows such as Jack Paar's Tonight Show and the Paul Coates Show.^[77]^[78] In 1958, he headlined a standup comedy act at the Mocambo Night Club in Hollywood.^[79]

Ernestine Wade (Sapphire) and Lillian Randolph (Madame Queen) appeared together on an episode of That's My Mama called "Clifton's Sugar Mama" on October 2, 1974.^[80] They were friends of "Mama" played by Theresa Merritt, who wanted to see Clifton played by Clifton Davis (later of TV show Amen) at the beginning of the episode. Wade played Augusta and Randolph played Mrs. Birdie.

Jester Hairston (who played Henry Van Porter and Leroy Smith) was a regular on both That's My Mama as "Wildcat" and on Amen as "Rolly Forbes."^[81] He was also quite prominent in a brief role as a butler in the racially charged film In the Heat of the Night (1967).

Amanda Randolph (Sapphire's mother, Ramona Smith) had a recurring role as Louise the housekeeper on CBS's The Danny Thomas Show and appeared in the show's 1967 reunion program, which aired shortly after her death.

Nick Stewart (Lightnin') had a memorable cameo in It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) as a hapless driver run off the highway. Stewart and Johnny Lee (Calhoun) both provided voices in the Walt Disney film Song of the South in 1946. Johnny did the voice of Br'er Rabbit and Nick was heard as Br'er Bear.^[82] The film also starred black actor James Baskett, who had voiced the Gabby Gibson character in the radio series.

References

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21. ^http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/masonicmuseum/fraternalism/knights_of_the_mystic_sea.htm
22. ^¹²³{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set|editor-last=Sterling|editor-first=Christopher H.|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|pages=1696|isbn=1579582494|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4XJQD4O_TkC&pg=PA130&dq=ernestine+wade#v=onepage&q=ernestine%20wade&f=false|accessdate=12 October 2010}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FlcbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CUsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1036,5477944&dq=charles+correll&hl=en|title=Amos 'n' Andy To Start New Radio Series|date=28 July 1929|publisher=The Pittsburgh Press|accessdate=11 October 2010}}
24. ^¹{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22&dq=all+about+amos+'n'+andy#v=onepage&q=all%20about%20amos%20'n'%20andy&f=false |title=Amos 'n' Andy Explained|editor-last=Brill|editor-first=A. A.|date=June 1930|publisher =Popular Science|accessdate=28 September 2010}}
25. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Broadcast/RB_sep_1929.pdf|publisher=Radio Broadcast|date=September 1929|title=The March of Radio|page=273|accessdate=March 6, 2014}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(PDF)
26. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-XsSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0fQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6529,6409427&dq=charles+correll&hl=en|title=How Andy's Famous Lawsuit Was Broadcast; Amos 'n' Andy Creators Took All Parts in Trial|date=30 March 1931|publisher=Spokane Daily Chronicle|accessdate=11 October 2010}}
27. ^{{cite book|title=Honey, I'm Home!: Sitcoms: Selling The American Dream|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Gerard|pages=291|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|year=1993|isbn=0312088108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL6GBI5JFKIC&pg=PA14&dq=amos+n+andy#v=onepage&q=amos%20n%20andy&f=false|accessdate=10 October 2010}}
28. ^{{cite book|title=Raised on Radio|editor-last=Nachman|editor-first=Gerald|editor-link=Gerald Nachman (journalist)|publisher=University of California Press|pages=544|year=2000|isbn=0520223039|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpywoSI2au4C&pg=PA273&dq=amos+n+andy#v=onepage&q=amos%20n%20andy&f=false|accessdate=10 October 2010}}
29. ^¹²McLeod, Elizabeth. The Original Amos 'n' Andy: Freeman Gosden, Charles Correll and the 1928–1943 Radio Serial. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2005. {{ISBN|0-7864-2045-6}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/amosandy.html |title=WMAQ-Amos 'n' Andy|author=Samuels, Rich|publisher=Samuels, Rich|accessdate=25 April 2010}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/gosdencorrell/index.html |title=Audio files from the Chicago years of Amos 'n' Andy|author=Samuels, Rich|publisher=Samuels, Rich|accessdate=25 April 2010}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bK4qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lmQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3671,2820102&dq=charles+correll&hl=en|title=Amos 'n' Andy Coming Back|date=19 August 1943|publisher=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|accessdate=11 October 2010}}
33. ^{{Cite book|editor-last=Rayburn|editor-first=John|pages=256|title=Cat Whiskers and Talking Furniture: Memoir of Radio and Television Broadcasting|year=2008|publisher=McFarland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79bOhN089foC&pg=PA56&dq=freeman+gosden#v=onepage&q=wmaq&f=false|isbn=0786436972|accessdate=15 September 2010}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://jfredmacdonald.com/bawtv/bawtv2.htm|title=Blacks and White TV: African Americans in Television Since 1948|author=MacDonald, J. Fred|publisher=jfredmacdonald.com|accessdate=20 October 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101030055420/http://jfredmacdonald.com/bawtv/bawtv2.htm| archivedate= 30 October 2010 | deadurl= no}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.otrsite.com/logs/loga1036.htm|title=Amos 'n' Andy Radio Logs|publisher=Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs|accessdate=28 September 2010}}
36. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=128zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=P9oFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4147,289289&dq=tim+moore&hl=en|title=Amos 'n' Andy Look For Exit As They Plan New TV Show|date=17 June 1951|publisher=Reading Eagle|accessdate=16 October 2010}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.midcoast.com/~lizmcl/aapics15.html |title=Amos 'n' Andy Illustrated |publisher=Midcoast |accessdate=5 March 2011 |dead-url=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217115612/http://www.midcoast.com/~lizmcl/aapics15.html |archivedate=December 17, 2004 }}
38. ^{{cite book|editor-last=Barlow|editor-first=William|pages=334|publisher=Temple University Press|year=1998|isbn=1566396670|title=Voice Over: The Making of Black Radio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJuIHrKBONMC&pg=PA302&dq=all+about+amos+'n'+andy#v=onepage&q=all%20about%20amos%20'n'%20andy&f=false |accessdate=28 September 2010}}
39. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_EIdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PUsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3624,5082905&dq=charles+correll&hl=en|title=Fooling Their Friends Big Job For Amos 'n' Andy In The Movies|author=Steinhauser, S. H.|date=19 October 1930|publisher=The Pittsburgh Press|accessdate=11 October 2010}}
40. ^{{cite book|editor-last=Lawrence|editor-first=A. H.|pages=492|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 0415969255|title=Duke Ellington and His World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSpFAjCim8UC&pg=PA135&dq=all+about+amos+'n'+andy#v=onepage&q=all%20about%20amos%20'n'%20andy&f=false|accessdate=28 September 2010}}
41. ^{{cite book|title=The Colored Cartoon|editor-last=Lehman|editor-first=Christopher P.|pages=152|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|year=2009|isbn=155849779X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntaZJs91Fp0C&pg=PA30&dq=amos+n+andy#v=onepage&q=amos%20n%20andy&f=false|accessdate=10 October 2010}}
42. ^{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AacfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=O9YEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1251,1626437&dq=charles+correll&hl=en|title=Radio's Famous 'Amos' Dead at 83|date=11 December 1982|publisher=Gadsden Times|accessdate=11 October 2010}}
43. ^{{cite book|title=Filmed Television Drama 1952-1958|editor-last=Hawes|editor-first=William|pages=304|publisher=McFarland|year=2001|isbn=0786411325|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pQKmPSfHCQC&pg=PA72&dq=amos+n+andy#v=onepage&q=amos%20n%20andy&f=false|accessdate=10 October 2010}}
44. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZCNWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u-IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6812,6572779&dq=spencer+williams&hl=en|title=Radio's Veteran Comics Smash Hit on Television|date=14 April 1954|publisher=Eugene Register-Guard|accessdate=12 March 2011}}
45. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sXgbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ak0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1581,6710228&dq=spencer+williams&hl=en|title=Amos 'n' Andy Chose Negro Stars for TV Film: Originals to be Heard, not Seen|author=Steinhauser, Si|date=13 December 1950|publisher=The Pittsburgh Press|accessdate=12 March 2011}}
46. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NC5JAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9oMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1139,2666318&dq=spencer+williams&hl=en|title=Declare: 'TV not for us'|author=Quigg, Jack|date=10 June 1951|publisher=Youngstown Vindicator|accessdate=12 March 2011}}
47. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8YxaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4703,815324&dq=spencer+williams&hl=en|title=Hollywood Sights and Sounds|author=Handsacker, Gene|date=29 July 1951|publisher=Prescott Evening Courier|accessdate=20 April 2011}}
48. ^¹²{{cite book|title=The Magic Window: American Television, 1939-1953|editor-last=Von Schilling|editor-first=Jim|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|pages=260|isbn=0789015064|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhU3OGqYmxgC&pg=PA168&dq=amos+n+andy#v=onepage&q=amos%20n%20andy&f=false|accessdate=9 October 2010}}
49. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jncxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Yn0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3569,1199892&dq=freeman+gosden&hl=en|title=Amos And Andy Name Subs For Television Roles|date=18 June 1951|publisher=St. Petersburg Times|accessdate=11 October 2010}}
50. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GOlfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CwMGAAAAIBAJ&pg=3025,279844&dq=lillian+randolph&hl=en|title='Amos 'n' Andy' Characters Use Satire, Not Comedy|date=18 August 1951|publisher=Baltimore Afro-American|accessdate=17 March 2011}}
51. ^{{cite book|title=Critiquing the Sitcom: A Reader (The Television Series)|editor-last=Morreale|editor-first=Joanne|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=2002|pages=320|isbn=0815629834|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yH1upjtj4OYC&pg=PA25&dq=amos+n+andy#v=onepage&q=amos%20n%20andy&f=false|accessdate=9 October 2010}}
52. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=amos+n+andy#v=onepage&q=amos%20n%20andy&f=false |title='Lawyer Calhoun' Of Radio, TV|date=30 December 1965 |work=Jet |accessdate=8 March 2011}}
53. ^[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043175/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast The Amos 'n' Andy Show - Full Cast List] on IMDb
54. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0322658/?ref_=nv_sr_1 Roy Glenn' Film and TV Credits] on IMDb
55. ^http://www.classictvhits.com/tvratings/index.htm
56. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=z-klAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ffYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1489,5088136&dq=ernestine+wade&hl=en|title=Beer Sponsors To Drop Amos 'n' Andy Show|date=14 March 1953|publisher=The Afro American|accessdate=20 September 2010}}
57. ^{{cite news|title=Book recounts story of popular, problematic 'Amos 'n' Andy'|author=Dudek, Duane|date=21 August 1991|publisher=The Milwaukee Sentinel}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/amos-andy-goes-televisioin|title=Amos & Andy goes to television|publisher=African-American Registry|accessdate=27 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716110307/http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/amos-andy-goes-televisioin|archive-date=2011-07-16|dead-url=yes|df=}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.amosandy.com/Review%20Articles/naacp.htm|title=Why the Amos 'n' Andy TV Show Should Be Taken Off the Air|date=15 August 1951|publisher=NAACP Bulletin|accessdate=27 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134153/http://www.amosandy.com/Review%20Articles/naacp.htm|archive-date=7 July 2011|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
60. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV2gZKvQwR0C&pg=PT223&dq=ernestine+wade#v=onepage&q=ernestine%20wade&f=false|title=Make 'Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America|editor-last=Kantor|editor-first=Michael|editor2-last=Maslon|editor2-first=Lawrence|year=2008|publisher=Twelve|pages=384|isbn=9780446505314|accessdate=17 March 2011}}
61. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=tim+moore+intitle:jet#v=onepage&q=tim%20moore%20intitle%3Ajet&f=false|title=New 'Kingfish' Series To Make TV Debut Jan. 4|date=6 January 1955|publisher=Jet|accessdate=10 October 2010}}
62. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i3ZGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fuUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2121,173955&dq=spencer+williams&hl=en|title='Amos 'n' Andy' Set for Vaude|date=4 August 1953|publisher=Baltimore Afro-American|accessdate=20 April 2011}}
63. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61&dq=amos+n+andy#v=onepage&q=amos%20n%20andy&f=false|title='Amos 'n' Andy' Creators Plan New TV Show|date=3 March 1955|publisher=Jet|accessdate=8 March 2011}}
64. ^¹{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uK_KEF-KT8C&pg=PA66&dq=all+about+amos+'n'+andy#v=onepage&q=all%20about%20amos%20'n'%20andy&f=false|title=The Tragedy of Amos 'n' Andy|author=Clayton, Edward T.|date=October 1961|publisher=Ebony|accessdate=27 September 2010}}
65. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BSM_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=2k8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3663,3973138&dq=spencer+williams&hl=en|title=The Theatre and its People|author=Gardiner, John|date=25 June 1957|publisher=The Windsor Daily Star|accessdate=12 March 2011}}
66. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=br0sAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3RMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5997,5399294&dq=charles+correll&hl=en|title=From Star Wars to Amos 'n' Andy|author=Steelman, Ben|date=17 November 1985|publisher=Star-News|accessdate=11 October 2010}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://jfredmacdonald.com/bawtv/bawtv2.htm|title=Blacks and White TV, African Americans in Television Since 1948|author=MacDonald, J. Fred|publisher=jfredmacdonald.com|accessdate=20 October 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101030055420/http://jfredmacdonald.com/bawtv/bawtv2.htm| archivedate= 30 October 2010 | deadurl= no}}
68. ^Tom Abrahams. 'Amos and Andy' on the air in Houston. ABC 13 Eyewitness news, Houston. 20 Nov 2012.
69. ^{{cite book |author=Harrison B. Summers |year=1958 |title=A Thirty-Year History of Programs Carried on National Radio Networks in the United States}}
70. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56&dq=all+about+amos+'n'+andy#v=onepage&q=all%20about%20amos%20'n'%20andy&f=false|title=N. Y. Writer Battling CBS For 'Amos 'n' Andy' Rights|publisher=Jet|date=23 September 1985|accessdate=28 September 2010}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/09/arts/tv-notes.html |title=TV Notes |author=Gerard, Jeremy |date=9 February 1989 |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=17 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xGJ90U0M?url=http://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/09/arts/tv-notes.html |archivedate=17 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}
72. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61&dq=amos+n+andy#v=onepage&q=amos%20n%20andy&f=false|title=CBS Files Suit Over 'Amos 'n' Andy' Videos|date=13 November 1989|publisher=Jet|accessdate=8 March 2011}}
73. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/19/business/disputes-develop-over-the-comeback-of-amos-n-andy.html |title=Disputes develop over the comeback of 'Amos 'n Andy.' |author=Elliott, Stuart |date=19 August 1997 |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=17 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xGJLNPRw?url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/19/business/disputes-develop-over-the-comeback-of-amos-n-andy.html |archivedate=17 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}
74. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.mortystv.com/showcards/amos_and_andy.shtml |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702000621/http://mortystv.com/showcards/amos_and_andy.shtml |archive-date=2017-07-02 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
75. ^http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/the-controversy-over-calvin-and-the-colonel/
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radiohof.org/comedy/amosnandy.html|title=Amos 'n'Andy|publisher=Radio Hall of Fame|accessdate=28 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216051914/http://www.radiohof.org/comedy/amosnandy.html|archive-date=16 December 2010|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
77. ^{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2008/01/paul-coates-8.html|title=The Daily Mirror|date=29 January 2008|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=8 December 2010}}
78. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=tim+moore+intitle:jet&hl=en&ei=7XKyTPS8AZnLngfyw9nuBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwADgU#v=onepage&q=tim%20moore%20intitle%3Ajet&f=false|title=Words Of The Week|date=23 January 1958|publisher=Jet|accessdate=10 October 2010}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/moore-tim-1888-1958|title=Tim Moore|publisher=BlackPast.org|accessdate=21 October 2010}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/actress-delta-ernestine-wade|title=Actress from the Delta, Ernestine Wade|publisher=African-American Registry|accessdate=27 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716110327/http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/actress-delta-ernestine-wade|archive-date=16 July 2011|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
81. ^{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of African-American Television (Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts)|editor-last=Fearn-Burns|editor-first=Kathleen|pages=584|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|year=2005|isbn=0810853353|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVFgqEAMcngC&pg=PA20&dq=amos+n+andy#v=onepage&q=amos%20n%20andy&f=false|accessdate=10 October 2010}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://black-face.com/Johnny-Lee.htm|title=Johnny Lee|publisher=Black-face.com|accessdate=28 September 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101030024322/http://black-face.com/Johnny-Lee.htm| archivedate= 30 October 2010 | deadurl= no}}
83. ^Eddie Green The Rise of an Early 1900s Black American Entertainment Pioneer