| 释义 |
- Fossil content Reptiles Crustaceans and molluscs Fish
- Regional correlations
- See also
- References Bibliography Maps
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Paja Formation
| age = Barremian-Aptian
~{{fossil range|130|112}}
| period = Aptian
| type = Geological formation
| subunits = Lutitas Negras Inferiores Mb.
Arcillolitas Abigarradas Mb.
Arcillolitas con Nódulos Huecos Mb.
| underlies = Simití Fm., Tablazo Fm.
| overlies = Ritoque Fm., Rosablanca Fm.
| prilithology = Shale
| otherlithology = Mudstone
| namedby = Morales et al.[1]
| year_ts = 1958
| region = Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Eastern Ranges, Andes
Middle Magdalena Valley
| country = {{flag|Colombia}}
| coordinates = {{coord|5.5|N|73.5|W|region:CO|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|3.7|N|42.2|W|display=inline}}
| map = Blakey 120Ma - COL.jpg
| map_caption = Paleogeography of northern South America
120 Ma, {{small|by Ron Blakey}}
}}The Paja Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation from the Aptian epochs of the Early Cretaceous of central Colombia, extending on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes in the departments of Cundinamarca, Santander and Boyacá. It mainly composed of mudrocks with nodules of sandstones and limestones, that are interpreted as part of a marginal marine deposit,[2] with anoxic zones, in the warm and shallow sea that covered most of the Colombian territory during the Cretaceous.[3] Plesiosaur, ichthyosaur, sea turtles, teleostean fishes and ammonites[4] remains are among the main fossils that have been recovered from its strata, mainly near to the modern town of Villa de Leiva in Boyacá.[5] {{clearboth}} Fossil content Reptiles | Reptiles of the Paja Formation |
|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Description | Notes | Images |
|---|
| Acostasaurus | A. pavachoquensis | Arcillolitas abigarradas Mb. | A pliosaurid with short snout, likely not a brachauchenine | [5]}} | | Callawayasaurus | C. colombiensis | An elasmosaurid plesiosaur, originally classified in Alzadasaurus | [6][7]
[8]}} | | Desmatochelys | D. padillai | Arcillolitas abigarradas Mb. | A species of the genus Desmatochelys, sea turtles that belongs to the extinct family Protostegidae. Is the oldest known sea turtle | [10][9]}} | | Kronosaurus | K. boyacensis | A large pliosaurid, and a relative of the Australian species K. queenslandicus | [10][11]
[12]}} | | Leyvachelys | L. cipadi | Arcillolitas abigarradas Mb. | A durophagous turtle member of the Sandownidae; is the first record for this group in South America. This species occurs too in the Glen Rose Formation in USA | [13][14]}} | | Leivanectes | L. bernadoi | An elasmosaurid plesiosaur | [15]}} | | Muiscasaurus | M. catheti | Arcillolitas abigarradas Mb. | An ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur, that it seems have occupied a different ecological niche respect to P. sachicarum | [16][17]}} | | Padillasaurus | P. leivaensis | Arcillolitas abigarradas Mb. | A brachiosaurid dinosaur, that makes the first record of a terrestrial animal in the area, and the first Cretaceous brachiosaurid known outside from North America | [18][19]}} | | Platypterygius | P. sachicarum | Sáchica | Arcillolitas abigarradas Mb. | A platypterygiine ichthyosaur, relative of P. americanum | [20][21]}} | | Stenorhynchosaurus | S. munozi | Arcillolitas abigarradas Mb. | A small pliosaurid, over 3 meters in length. Formerly considered as a close relative of Brachauchenius lucasi from North America | [22][23]
[24]}} | |
Crustaceans and molluscs | Crustaceans and molluscs of the Paja Formation |
|---|
| Species | Notes |
|---|
| Bellcarcinus aptiensis, Cenomanocarcinus vanstraeleni, Colombicarcinus laevis, Joeranina colombiana, J. kerri, Notopocorystes kerri, Planocarcinus johnjagti, Rathbunassa gen. et sp. nov., Telamonocarcinus antiquus | [25][26]
[27][28]
[29]}} | | Acanthoptychoceras triumphyi, Acrioceras julivertii, Ancyloceras vandenheckii velezianum, Buergliceras buerglii, Colchidites apolinari, C. breistrofferi, Crioceratites leivaensis, C. tener, C. aff. emerici, Frenelopsis cf. ramosissima, Karsteniceras beyrichi, K. multicostatum sp. nov., Macroscaphites yvani disjuncticostatus, Monsalveiceras monsalvense, Nicklesia pulchella, Pedioceras asymmetricum, Pedioceras ubaquense, Protanisoceras creutzbergi, Pseudoaustraliceras columbiae, Pseudocrioceras simitiense, Pseudohaploceras incertum, Ptychoceras aff. puzosianum, Teredolites clavatus, Gerhardtia sp., Heinzia sp., Phylloceras sp., Prodesheyesites sp., Pseudofrenelopsis sp., Pulchellia sp., Toxancycloceras sp., Valdedorsella sp. | [24][30]
[31][32]
[33][34]}} | | Hamiticeras chipatai | [31]}} | |
Fish Regional correlations {{Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges}} See also {{Portal|Colombia|Cretaceous|Paleontology|Prehistory of South America}}- Plesiosaur stratigraphic distribution
- Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
- Bogotá, Cerrejón, Floresta Formations, Honda Group
{{clearboth}} References 1. ^Morales, J., et al (1958): General Geology and Oil Occurrences of Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. AAPG habitat of oil symposium, p. 641-695
2. ^Forero, H. & Sarmiento, L. 1985. La facies evaporítica de la Formación Paja en la región de Villa de Leiva. In Etayo-Serna, F. & Montaño, F. L. (eds.): Proyecto Cretácico. – Publicaciones geológicas especiales del INGEOMINAS 16 (17): 1–16.
3. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Gaona-Narvaez | first1 = T. | last2 = Florentin | first2 = J. M. M. | last3 = Etayo-Serna | first3 = F. | year = 2013 | title = Geochemistry, palaeoenvironments and timing of Aptian organic-rich beds of the Paja Formation (Curití, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia) | url = | journal = Geological Society, London, Special Publications | volume = 382 | issue = 1| pages = 31–48 | doi=10.1144/sp382.6}}
4. ^Patarroyo, 2009
5. ^Gómez Pérez & Noè, 2017
6. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Welles | first1 = S. P. | year = 1962 | title = A new species of elasmosaur from the Aptian of Colombia and a review of the Cretaceous plesiosaurs. | url = | journal = University of California Publications in Geological Sciences | volume = 44 | issue = 1| pages = 1–96 }}
7. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Carpenter | first1 = K | year = 1999 | title = Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior. | url = | journal = Paludicola | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 148–173 }}
8. ^Callawayasaurus colombiensis at Fossilworks.org
9. ^Desmatochelys at Fossilworks.org
10. ^Acosta, C. E., Huertas, G. & Ruiz, P. M. 1979. Noticia preliminar sobre el hallazgo de un presunto Kronosaurus (Reptilia: Dolichorhynchopidae) en el Aptiano superior de Villa de Leiva, Colombia. – Lozania (Acta Zoologica Colombiana) 28: 1–7.
11. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Hampe | first1 = O | year = 1992 | title = Ein großwüchsiger Pliosauride (Reptilia:Plesiosauria) aus der Unterkreide (oberes Aptium) von Kolumbien. – | url = | journal = Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg | volume = 145 | issue = | pages = 1–32 }}
12. ^Kronosaurus boyacensis at Fossilworks.org
13. ^1 Cadena et al., 2015a
14. ^Cadena, 2015b
15. ^Páramo Fonseca et al., 2019
16. ^Maxwell et al., 2015
17. ^Muiscasaurus at Fossilworks.org
18. ^Carballido et al., 2015
19. ^Padillasaurus leivaensis at Fossilworks.org
20. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Páramo | first1 = M. E. | year = 1997 | title = Platypterygius sachicarum (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) nueva especie del Cretácico de Colombia.| url = | journal = Revista INGEOMINAS | volume = 6 | issue = | pages = 1–12 }}
21. ^Platypterygius sachicarum at Fossilworks.org
22. ^1 Hampe, 2005
23. ^Páramo et al., 2016
24. ^1 Brachauchenius sp., Gerhardtia sp., Heinzia sp., Karsteniceras sp., Prodesheyesites sp., Pulchellia sp., Toxancycloceras sp. at Fossilworks.org
25. ^Luque, 2014
26. ^Karasawa et al., 2014
27. ^Luque, 2015
28. ^Bermúdez et al., 2013
29. ^Luque et al., 2012
30. ^Monsalveiceras monsalvense at Fossilworks.org
31. ^1 Kabakadze & Hoedemaeker, 1997, pp.58-59
32. ^Chaparro et al., 2015
33. ^Moreno et al., 2007
34. ^Patarroyo, 2009
35. ^Carrillo Briceño et al., 2019
Bibliography - {{cite LSA |last=Bermúdez |first=Hermann D. |last2=Gómez Cruz |first2=Arley de J. |last3=Hyžný |first3=Matúš |last4=Moreno Bedmar |first4=Josep A. |last5=Barragán |first5=Ricardo |last6=Moreno Sánchez |first6=Mario |last7=Vega |first7=Francisco J. |year=2013 |title=Decapod crustaceans from the Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) San Gil Group in the Villa de Leyva section, central Colombia |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/njbgeol/2013/00000267/00000003/art00002 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=267 |pages=255–272 |accessdate=2017-04-04}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Cadena |first=Edwin A. |last2=Parham |first2=James F. |year=2015a |title=Oldest known marine turtle? A new protostegid from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia |journal=PaleoBios |volume=32 |pages=1–42 |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/147611bv |accessdate=2017-03-30}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Cadena |first=Edwin |year=2015b |title=The first South American sandownid turtle from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia |url=https://peerj.com/articles/1431/ |journal=PeerJ |volume=3 |pages=e1431 |accessdate=2017-03-30}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Carballido |first=José L. |last2=Pol |first2=Diego |last3=Parra Ruge |first3=Mary L. |last4=Padilla Bernal |first4=Santiago |last5=Páramo Fonseca |first5=María E. |last6=Etayo Serna |first6=Fernando |year=2015 |title=A new Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid (Dinosauria, Neosauropoda) from northwestern Gondwana (Villa de Leiva, Colombia) |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2015.980505?journalCode=ujvp20 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=Online edition |pages=e980505 |accessdate=2017-03-30}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Carrillo Briceño |first=Jorge D. |last2=Parra |first2=Juan |last3=Luque |first3=Javier |year=2019 |title=A new lamniform shark Protolamna ricaurtensis sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667118303628?via%3Dihub |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=95 |pages=336–340 |accessdate=2019-02-04}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Chaparro Vargas |first=León F |last2=León Sánchez |first2=Oscar M. |last3=Gómez Cruz |first3=Arley de J. |year=2015 |title=Ocurrencia de Teredolites clavatus (Leymerie, 1842) en la Formación Paja (Aptiano) de Colombia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283215414_OCURRENCIA_DE_Teredolites_clavatus_Leymerie_1842_EN_LA_FORMACION_PAJA_APTIANO_DE_COLOMBIA |publisher=Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay, III Simposio Latinoamericano de Icnología |pages=1–2 |accessdate=2017-04-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Gómez Pérez |first=Marcela |last2=Noè |first2=Leslie F. |year=2017 |title=Cranial anatomy of a new pliosaurid Acostasaurus pavachoquensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia, South America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322007832_Cranial_anatomy_of_a_new_pliosaurid_Acostasaurus_pavachoquensis_from_the_Lower_Cretaceous_of_Colombia_South_America |journal=Palaeontographica Abteilung A |volume=310 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–42 |accessdate=2019-03-09}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Hampe |first=Oliver |year=2005 |title=Considerations on a Brachauchenius skeleton (Pliosauroidea) from the lower Paja Formation (late Barremian) of Villa de Leyva area (Colombia) |url=http://www.foss-rec.net/8/37/2005/fr-8-37-2005.pdf |journal=Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe |volume=8 |pages=37–51 |accessdate=2017-04-20}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Kakabadze |first=Mikhail V. |last2=Hoedemaeker |first2=Philip J. |year=1997 |title=New and less known Barremian-Albian ammonites from Colombia |url=http://dare.uva.nl/cgi/arno/show.cgi?fid=148816 |journal=Scripta Geologica |volume=114 |pages=57–117 |accessdate=2017-03-30}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Karasawa |first=Hiroaki |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Carrie E. |last3=Feldmann |first3=Rodney M. |last4=Luque |first4=Javier |year=2014 |title=Phylogeny and Classification of Raninoida (Decapoda: Brachyura) |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article-lookup/doi/10.1163/1937240X-00002216 |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |volume=34 |pages=216–272 |accessdate=2017-04-04}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Luque |first=Javier |year=2015 |title=The oldest higher true crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura): insights from the Early Cretaceous of the Americas |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12135/abstract |journal=Palaeontology |volume=58 |pages=251–263 |accessdate=2017-04-04}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Luque |first=Javier |year=2014 |title=A new genus and species of raninoidian crab (Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia, South America |url=http://www.scriptageologica.nl/16/nr147/a05 |journal=Scripta Geologica |volume=147 |pages=27–34 |accessdate=2017-04-04}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Luque |first=Javier |last2=Feldmann |first2=Rodney M. |last3=Schweitzer |first3=Carrie E. |last4=Jaramillo |first4=Carlos |last5=Cameron |first5=Christopher B. |year=2012 |title=The oldest frog crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Raninoida) from the Aptian of northern South America |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article-lookup/doi/10.1163/193724012X626539 |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |volume=32 |pages=405–420 |accessdate=2017-04-04}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Maxwell |first=Erin E. |last2=Dick |first2=Daniel |last3=Padilla |first3=Santiago |last4=Parra |first4=Mary Luz |year=2015 |title=A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1030/abstract |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=2 |pages=59–70|accessdate=2017-03-30}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Moreno Sánchez |first=M |last2=Gómez Cruz |first2=A. de J. |last3=Castillo González |first3=H. |year=2007 |title=Frenelopsis y Pseudofrenelopsis (Coniferales: Cheirolepidiaceae) en el Cretácico temprano de Colombia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278668925_Frenelopsis_y_Pseudofrenelopsis_CONIFERALES_CHEIROLEPIDIACEAE_EN_EL_CRETACICO_TEMPRANO_DE_COLOMBIA |journal=Boletín de Geología |volume=29 |pages=13–19 |accessdate=2017-04-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Páramo Fonseca |first=María Euridice |last2=O'Gorman |first2=José Patricio |last3=Gasparini |first3=Zulma |last4=Padilla |first4=Santiago |last5=Parra Ruge |first5=Mary Luz |year=2019 |title=A new late Aptian elasmosaurid from the Paja Formation, Villa de Leiva, Colombia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331150499_A_new_late_Aptian_elasmosaurid_from_the_Paja_Formation_Villa_de_Leiva_Colombia |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=in press |pages=_ |accessdate=2019-03-09}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Páramo |first=María E. |last2=Gómez Pérez |first2=Marcela |last3=Noé |first3=Leslie F. |last4=Etayo |first4=Fernando |year=2016 |title = Stenorhynchosaurus munozi, gen. et sp. nov. a new pliosaurid from the Upper Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of Villa de Leiva, Colombia, South America|url = http://www.raccefyn.co/index.php/raccefyn/article/view/239 |journal=Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales |pages=84–103 |volume=40 |accessdate=2017-04-20}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Patarroyo |first=Pedro |year=2009 |title=Amonitas de un nivel de alta energía del Barremiano inferior en la Formación Paja de los sectores de Villa de Leyva (Boyacá) y Vélez (Santander) |url=http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/boge/v31n2/v31n2a01.pdf |journal=Boletín de Geología |volume=31 |pages=15–21 |accessdate=2017-04-06}}
Maps - {{cite LSA |last=Bernal Vargas |first=Luis Enrique |last2=Mantilla Figueroa |first2=Luis Carlos |year=2006 |title=Plancha 85 - Simití - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QMzZHTS1Pa1pNb1k |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Bernal Vargas |first=Luis Enrique |last2=Mantilla Figueroa |first2=Luis Carlos |year=2006 |title=Plancha 96 - Bocas del Rosario - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17Qd3VvbUUyV0lfTEE |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Vargas |first=Rodrigo |last2=Arias |first2=Alfonso |year=2009 |title=Plancha 97 - Cáchira - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QV0ZuemdEREpzVE0 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Beltrán |first=Alejandro |last2=Quintero |first2=Claudia I. |year=2008 |title=Plancha 119 - Barrancabermeja - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QU051SnVEdmRPRmM |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Ward |first=Dwight E. |last2=Goldsmith |first2=Richard |last3=Jimeno |first3=Andrés |last4=Cruz |first4=Jaime |last5=Restrepo |first5=Hernán |last6=Gómez |first6=Eduardo |year=2010 |title=Plancha 120 - Bucaramanga - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QdlNUbTlLbG92dk0 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Beltrán |first=Alejandro |last2=Lancheros |first2=José Alfredo |last3=López |first3=Carolina |last4=Chaquea |first4=Claudia |last5=Patiño |first5=Alejandro |last6=Guerra |first6=Angela |last7=Cabrera |first7=Julio C. |last8=Quintero |first8=Claudia I. |last9=Molano |first9=Simón Emilio |year=2008 |title=Plancha 134 - Puerto Parra - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QWGJzT3I3WGh6Nnc |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Angarita |first=Leonidas |last2=Carrillo |first2=Víctor |last3=Castro |first3=Alfonso |last4=Daconte |first4=Rommel |last5=Niño |first5=Mario |last6=Pulido |first6=Orlando G. |last7=Rodríguez |first7=J. Antonio |last8=Royero |first8=José María |last9=Salinas, Carlos Ulloa and Rodrigo Vargas |first9=Rosalba |year=2009 |title=Plancha 135 - San Gil - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QWmI0U0IxSEptOWM |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Beltrán |first=Alejandro |last2=Lancheros |first2=José Alfredo |last3=López |first3=Carolina |last4=Chaquea |first4=Claudia |last5=Patiño |first5=Alejandro |last6=Guerra |first6=Angela |last7=Cabrera |first7=Julio C. |last8=Quintero |first8=Claudia I. |last9=Molano |first9=Simón Emilio |year=2008 |title=Plancha 149 - Puerto Serviez - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QZzB1UEE3enpycms |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Beltrán |first=Alejandro |last2=Lancheros |first2=José Alfredo |last3=López |first3=Carolina |last4=Chaquea |first4=Claudia |last5=Patiño |first5=Alejandro |last6=Guerra |first6=Angela |last7=Cabrera |first7=Julio C. |last8=Quintero |first8=Claudia I. |last9=Molano |first9=Simón Emilio |year=2008 |title=Plancha 150 - Cimitarra - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QbmV0eldmTDRvdWc |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Pulido González |first=Orlando |year=2009 |title=Plancha 151 - Charalá - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QVnhHc2E1d1YxSHM |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Ulloa |first=Carlos E |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Erasmo |year=2009 |title=Plancha 170 - Vélez - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QcGU2Z19qSDBTZ28 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Renzoni |first=Giancarlo |last2=Rosas |first2=Humberto |year=2009 |title=Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QVU40dC0wUzhzTkk |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Fuquen M. |first=Jaime A |last2=Osorno M |first2=José F. |year=2009 |title=Plancha 190 - Chiquinquirá - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QVEYzMnV1ekNxTDQ |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{cite LSA |last=Renzoni |first=Giancarlo |last2=Rosas |first2=Humberto |last3=Etayo Serna |first3=Fernando |year=1998 |title=Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QQzhBTXNwUWJuUDg |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
{{Colombian emeralds|state=collapsed}}{{Paleontology in Colombia|state=expanded}} 12 : Geologic formations of Colombia|Paja Formation|Cretaceous Colombia|Aptian Stage|Barremian Stage|Shale formations|Mudstone formations|Shallow marine deposits|Cretaceous paleontological sites of South America|Paleontology in Colombia|Altiplano Cundiboyacense|Geography of Boyacá Department |