“Pakistanis in Japan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

As early as 1950, only three years after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 which created the Pakistani state, there were recorded to be four Pakistanis living in Japan.^[6] However, Pakistani migration to Japan would not grow to a large scale until the 1980s. The later Pakistani migrants in Japan largely come from a muhajir background; their family history of migration made them consider working overseas as a "natural choice" when they found opportunities at home to be too limited. While Pakistanis saw North America as a good destination to settle down and start a business, Japanese employment agencies commonly advertised in Karachi newspapers in the 1980s, when Japan offered some of the highest wages in the world for unskilled labour; it came to be preferred as a destination by single male migrants, who came without their families.^[7] The wages they earned could reach as high as twenty times what they made in Pakistan.^[8] Another attraction of Japan over other traditional migration destinations, particularly the Middle East, was the social freedom it offered to migrants; some young Pakistanis came not so much out of economic motives, but instead out of a desire to find freedom which seemed unattainable at home or in other Muslim countries.^[7]

Pakistani citizens once enjoyed the privilege of short-term visa-free entry to Japan, but when controversy arose in Japanese society over illegal foreign workers, the Japanese government revoked this privilege.^[9] With little chance of acquiring a work visa or even permission to enter the country, Pakistanis paid as much as ¥300,000 to people smugglers in the late 1980s and early 1990s to enter the country.^[10] According to Japanese government statistics, the number of Pakistanis illegally residing in Japan peaked in 1992 at 8,056 individuals and declined after that.^[5] However, Pakistani sources suggest that as late as 1999, the total population of Pakistanis was 25,000 and still included a significant amount of illegal immigrants.^[11] Some Pakistanis were able to obtain legal resident status by finding Japanese spouses.^[9]

However, in the tightened security environment following the September 11 attacks in the United States, many were deported; the population shrunk to around 10,000 legal immigrants.^[11] In January 2010, two children born in Japan to a Pakistani father and a Filipina mother were ordered to be deported along with their parents because the latter lacked proper visas when they came to Japan 20 years earlier.^[12]

Demographics

According to 2008 Japanese government figures, 19.9% of registered Pakistanis lived in Saitama, 17.8% in Tokyo, 12.3% in Kanagawa, 10.4% in Aichi, 8.98% in Chiba, 7.59% in Gunma, 6.02% in Ibaraki, 4.44% in Tochigi, 4.21% in Toyama, 3.27% in Shizuoka, and the remaining 4.98% in other prefectures of Japan.^[13] Only an estimated 200 Pakistanis hold Japanese citizenship.^[11]

Business and employment

Many Pakistanis in Japan run used car export businesses. This trend was believed to have begun in the late 1970s, when one Pakistani working in Japan sent a car back to his homeland. The potential for doing business in used cars also attracted more Pakistanis to come to Japan in the 1990s.^[14]

Though many migrants come from a middle-class family background in Pakistan, because they often work at so-called Dirty, Dangerous and Demeaning (3D/3K) jobs, and because of their portrayal in the Japanese media, even their co-workers tended to misperceive their background and level of education.^[7]

Religion

Many Japanese wives of Pakistani migrants have converted to Islam, and in fact form the largest group of native Japanese converts to Islam. They often send their children to mosques so that they can learn about their ancestral religion and study the Arabic language.^[9]

In 2001, an incident of Qur'an desecration in Toyama, where about 150 Pakistanis lived, sparked protests from the community. At least one Qur'an was taken from a makeshift prayer room used by Pakistanis, with allegations that six others had also been stolen; someone later left torn Qur'an pages at a Pakistani-owned used car dealership. Hundreds of Pakistani Muslims marched in Tokyo, and nine representatives from the Pakistani Association of Japan met with officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to deliver a letter of protest.^[15]

In 1989, the Islamic Center in Japan requested publishers, newspapers, magazines and broadcast stations not to translate or reproduce the novel The Satanic Verses by Salman Rushdie which it called an "anti-Islamic" work that "contains filthy remarks and ridicules fundamental beliefs of Islam". A leader of the Japanese association of Pakistanis joined the condemnations of Rushdie, saying he deserved to die because of the book. Subsequently, the Japanese translator Hitoshi Igarashi was found slain at a university northeast of Tokyo on 12 July 1991.^[16]

Media

Japan has some Urdu-language media aimed at Pakistanis, such as the freely distributed Pak Shimbun, as well as other Japanese-language publications targeted towards Muslims at large.^[17]

Notable people

References

Notes

1. ^¹{{citation|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/pakistan/data.html|chapter=パキスタン・イスラム共和国|title={{asiantitle|各国・地域情勢|||j}}|publication-place=Tokyo, Japan|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs| date=July 2012 |accessdate=24 October 2012}}
2. ^{{harvnb|Sakurai|2003|p=45}}
3. ^{{harvnb|Sakurai|2003|p=76}}
4. ^{{harvnb|Sakurai|2003|p=33}}
5. ^¹{{harvnb|Sakurai|2003|p=41}}
6. ^{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=7}}
7. ^¹²{{harvnb|Igarashi|2000}}
8. ^{{harvnb|Sakurai|2003|p=77}}
9. ^¹²{{harvnb|Yasunori|2007}}
10. ^{{harvnb|Sakurai|2003|p=78}}
11. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.akhbar-e-jehan.com/home/japan.php|title=Akhbar-e-jehan Political Diaries|date=25 August 2009|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=9 January 2018|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825194853/http://www.akhbar-e-jehan.com/home/japan.php|archivedate=25 August 2009|df=dmy-all}}
12. ^{{citation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/16/AR2010011602639.html|title=Born in Japan, but ordered out|last=Blaine Harden|date=17 January 2010|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=17 January 2010}}
13. ^7{{citation|url=http://www.pajelection.info/press11.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721230825/http://www.pajelection.info/press11.htm|archivedate=2011-07-21|date=2010-03-11|title=Number of Registered Pakistanis in different prefectures of Japan|publisher=Pakistan Association Japan}}
14. ^{{citation|periodical=Asahi Shimbun|title=中古車輸出業を営むパキスタン人|trans-title=A Pakistani who manages a used-car export business|date=6 January 2008|accessdate=1 December 2008|url=http://mytown.asahi.com/chiba/news.php?k_id=12000420801060001}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
15. ^{{citation|date=25 May 2001|accessdate=1 December 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1351903.stm|periodical=BBC News|title=Pakistani protest over defiled Koran}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-translator.html|first=Steven R.|last=Weisman|title=Japanese Translator of Rushdie Book Found Slain|work=The New York Times|date=13 July 1991|accessdate=11 November 2015}}
17. ^{{harvnb|Sakurai|2003|pp=170–172}}

Migration history