1. Diplomatic Relations

2. Economic Relations
     Pak-Turkey Strategic Economic Framework    Investment & Trade  

3. Cultural Relations

4. Strategic ties
    Kashmir conflict 

5. Trilateral Ankara cooperation process

6. Security Relations

7. Aid exchange

8. Opposing ambitions

9. References

10. External links

Pakistan has an embassy in Ankara, a Consulate-General in Istanbul and an honorary consulate in Izmir whereas, Turkey has an embassy in Islamabad, a Consulate-General in Karachi and honorary consulates in Lahore, Peshawar, Sialkot and Faisalabad. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".^[1][2]

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the Turkish War of Independence when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining Ottoman Empire, which was followed by the formation of the Turkish Republic and the Independence of Pakistan. As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.^[3][4] Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group.^[5] Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.^[6]

Diplomatic Relations

Diplomatic relations between Turkey and Pakistan were established in 1947, soon after Pakistan came into being as the then largest Muslim country on world map.

Turkey was among a few countries that quickly recognized Pakistan after its creation and supported its successful bid to become a member of the United Nations.

Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.^[7] Turkey was among a few countries that quickly recognized Pakistan after its creation and supported its successful bid to become a member of the United Nations.^[8] Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Iqbal to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.^[9] Similar ideas were expressed by the former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf, who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.^[9][10][11] Jinnah is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital Ankara, the Cinnah Caddesi is named after him, while roads in Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, and Larkana are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament.

Economic Relations

Pak-Turkey Strategic Economic Framework

The framework aims to enhance bilateral economic cooperation with particular focus on trade and investment.^[12] The Pak-Turkey SEF will serve as the overarching strategic policy framework for investment and trade relations. A high level Strategic Cooperation Council will provide overall guidance and vision. The purpose of SEF was to enhance volume of bilateral trade five times which was currently stood at US$ 900 million in 2018.^[13]

Investment & Trade

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the Economic Cooperation Organization and part of the Developing 8 Countries (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.^[14] Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.^[11][15] Pakistani exports include rice, sesame seeds, leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, chickpeas, lentils, diesel, chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.^[16] Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.^[7] The two countries are negotiatating the Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement.

Cultural Relations

Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by Arab, Greek, Turko-Mongol and Persian cultures. The region of Anatolia in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.^[17]

The Indus Valley region of Pakistan was occupied by the Achaemenid empire going back to the fifth century BC.^[18]

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.^[19][20]

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of Alexander the Great's invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Gandhara is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.^[21]

Turkey became a Turkic speaking country as a result of Seljuq conquest and Turkification of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly Urdu, a standard register of Hindustani, is strongly influenced by the Turkic language of the Mughals before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The etymology of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to Turkic (Mughal) rule.^[22] Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many Turkic and Iranic peoples ruled vast areas of Central Asia, South Asia and the Middle East.

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

Both Turkey and Pakistan practice Sunni Hanafi Islam which was the interpretation of Islam implemented by the Ottoman Empire and Mughal Empire respectively, strong strands of moderate Sufism exist and the religious ministers of both nations frequently contact each other.^[23]

Strategic ties

Both nations were part of Cold War alliance called the Central Treaty Organization. Its goal was to contain the Soviet Union (USSR) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.^[24]

Kashmir conflict

The Turkish ambassador spent a week in Pakistani Kashmir's capital city of Muzaffarabad to express solidarity with the Kashmir cause. President Recep Tayyip Erdogan called for a "multilateral dialogue" between India and Pakistan to resolve the Kashmir issue.^[25]

Trilateral Ankara cooperation process

Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and Afghanistan in February 2007, following a visit by then Turkish Foreign Minister Abdullah Gül to Islamabad, as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”^[26]

A 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”^[27]

At the 17 April 2009 Friends of Pakistan Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister Mehmet Aydın pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”^[27]

Pakistani and Afghan parliamentary deputies came together in Ankara on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now Turkish President Gül and new Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament's Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated;

“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”^[28]

“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”

Mercan concluded,

“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,” with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and Kabul at four-month intervals.”

Security Relations

Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its F-16 fleet.^[11] On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and Soviet influence in the region.^[29] Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the Kashmir conflict. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in Muzaffarabad, the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its wars with India.^[29][30] Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on Northern Cyprus.^[15][31] Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.^[11][15] Both countries are also members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.^[32] Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan^[33] and continuous to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.^[34][35] The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushak trainer turbo-props from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the Turkish Armed Forces in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.^[36][37][38]

Aid exchange

In the aftermath of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.^[39] Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.^[40] The Turkish aid organization Kizilay also constructed a mosque in Pakistans Azad Kashmir region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the Ottoman Style in Pakistan's Bagh District.^[41]

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake^[42] and during the 2011 Van earthquake.^[43][44]

Opposing ambitions

Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the Afghan civil war, Turkey became a strong supporter of the Northern Alliance, as it partly consisted of Uzbek and Turkmen members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.^[45] Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the Taliban whom were ethnic Pashtuns that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the United States and NATO in the so-called "War on Terror" following the September 11 attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. that were directly blamed on Al-Qaeda and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.^[46]

Turkey has also supported the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic Uyghurs that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.^[47][48] Pakistan, struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency, as well as being a close and historic ally of China has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of Uyghur communities within its borders even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.^[49]

Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs^[50][51] as well as Turks^[52] and Uzbeks.^[53][54]

References

External links

• Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s

• Carlos Roberto Martins
• Carlos Roberto Moreno
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