| 词条 | Paksat-1R |
| 释义 |
| name = PakSat-1R | image = | image_caption = | mission_type =Geosynchronous and Communication | operator ={{flag icon|PAK}} Space Research Commission | website = | COSPAR_ID = 2011-042A | SATCAT = 37779 | mission_duration = 12 years | spacecraft_bus = DFH-4 | manufacturer = Suparco CASC | dry_mass = | launch_mass = {{convert|5115|kg}}[1] | power = | launch_date = {{start-date|11 August 2011, 16:15:04|timezone=yes}} UTC[2] | launch_rocket = Chang Zheng 3B | launch_site = Xichang LC-2 | launch_contractor = | entered_service = 2011 | disposal_type = | deactivated = | orbit_epoch = 24 December 2013, 23:02:29 UTC[2] | orbit_reference = Geocentric | orbit_regime = Geostationary | orbit_periapsis = {{convert|35778|km|mi}} | orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|35805|km|mi}} | orbit_inclination = 0.03 degrees | orbit_period = 23.93 hours | orbit_longitude = 38° east[3] | orbit_slot = | apsis = gee | trans_band = 12 C-band 18 Ku-band | trans_frequency = | trans_bandwidth = | trans_capacity = | trans_coverage = | trans_TWTA = | trans_EIRP = | trans_HPBW = }}PakSat-1R (or PakSat-1 Replacement) is an advanced geosynchronous and communications satellite that was manufactured by China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC)[4] and operated by the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (Suparco), an executive space authority of the government of Pakistan.[5] The PakSat-1R was developed and built as a geostationary telecommunications satellite and was launched from Xichang, China, at 16:15 UTC on 11 August 2011.[6] Launched on the Long March 3B rocket, the satellite has a design life of 15 years with initial goals to provide broadband internet access, digital television broadcasting, remote and rural telephony, emergency communications, tele-education and tele-medicine services across South and Central Asia, Eastern Europe, East Africa and the Far East. The satellite successfully took over the operations of its predecessor, the PakSat-1E satellite leased by Pakistan, in geostationary orbit at 38° East.[7][8] History{{Main|Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission#History|PAKSAT-1}}In December 2001, the Suparco negotiated to lease the Palapa-C1 satellite and designated it as PakSat-1E in an attempt to avert the orbital slot crises. It was acquired after an anomaly in the electrical system of the satellite on 24 November 1998. A module for controlling the hydro accumulators had failed and an American contractor, Hughes Global Services (HGS), managed to develop a strategy that allowed the continued use of the satellite in geostationary orbit. The satellite was eventually leased by Pakistan as PakSat-1E at 38°East in geostationary orbit and had been active since April 2004. During this time, the Suparco began developing the geosynchronous satellite to replacing the aging PakSat-1E as part of the new space policy announced by the Government of Pakistan in 2008. PrototypeIn 2008, a prototype of PAKSAT-IR was developed by Suparco at its Satellite Research and Development Centre (SRDC) in Lahore.[9] The project was aimed to enhance the knowledge and technical expertise of young scientists and engineers about communications satellite engineering.[9] The PakSat-1R prototype has three C-band Transponders as the communication payload. All the subsystems have been designed and developed locally in Pakistan.[9] System integration and testing have also been performed. SUPARCO reported that the project was completed in three years.[9] Manufacture and launchThe PakSat-1R was developed by the China Great Wall Industry Corporation and financial funding came from the Chinese government.[10] Before launching the satellite spent around 18 days undergoing laboratory tests in China.[11] The PakSat-1R was launched on 11 August 2011 from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan Province, China, by a Long March 3B/E (Chang Zheng-3B/E) launch vehicle. In 2010, China provided loans for setting up communication facilities at the SUPARCO Satellite Ground Station.[12] SpecificationsThe Paksat-1R satellite is based on the DFH-4 platform, with a launch mass around 5,200 kg. The satellite will be positioned at 38.0 degrees East, replacing the Paksat-1 (23779 1996-006A), which was launched as Palapa-C on 31 January 1996, by an Atlas-IIAS (AC-126) from Cape Canaveral’s LC-36B launch complex. Paksat-1R was manufactured by the China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC), after being ordered in 15 October 2008 – with a contract signed with the China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC). The PakSat-1R contract was the third communications satellite contract signed by China’s space industry with international customers. It is also China’s first satellite in-orbit delivery contract signed with an Asian customer. The satellite will support all conventional and modern Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) applications, with a total of up to 30 transponders: 18 in Ku-band and 12 in C-band. To ensure high degree of reliability/availability of the system, two fully redundant Satellite Ground Control Stations (SGCS) were established in Karachi and Lahore, one to act as the Main and the other as Backup respectively. The DFH-4 (DongFangHong-4) platform is a large telecommunications satellite platform – a new generation of hardware based on high output power and communication capacity, ranking alongside international advanced satellite platforms. The applications for the DFH-4 platform aren’t limited to high capacity broadcast communication satellites and can be used to tracking and data relay satellites, regional mobile communication satellites, etc. The platform comprises propulsion module, service module and solar array. It has a payload capacity of 588 kg and an output power of 10.5 kW by the end of its lifetime. Its design lifetime is 15 years and its reliability by the end of its lifetime is more than 0.78. Based on versatility, inheritance, expandability and promptness principles and mature technology, the platform will meet the needs of international and domestic large communication satellite markets. The satellite is equipped with three receiver antennas and two transmission antennas. It can support the transmission of 150-200 TV programs simultaneously to ground users using a 0.45m antenna device.[13] LaunchPAKSAT-1R was launched at 2117 hours on 11 August 2011 aboard China’s Long March 3B (CZ-3B) Satellite Launch Vehicle from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China's Sichuan Province.[8] The launch was witnessed by, among others, Pakistan's Secretary Defence, Lt. Gen. Syed Athar Ali (R), Secretary Foreign Affairs, Salman Bashir, Director General, Strategic Plans Division, Lt. Gen. Khalid Ahmed Kidwai (R) and the Ambassador of Pakistan to China, Muhammad Masood Khan.[8] ReceptionThe reception perceived in Pakistan science community and in the country was generally positive.[14] However, leading scientists in Pakistan gave criticism to Suparco for not able to launch the satellite from Pakistan's Flight Space Center and questioned were raised whether space programme is on the right track.[14] In a press release, Suparco dismissed the concerns and maintained that the program is being directed on its right direction.[14] Commenting on the launch of the satellite, The Tribune wrote, what Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (Suparco) has achieved today could have been done 30 years ago.[14] References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://cn.cgwic.com/PakSat-1R/english/wx.html|title=PakSat-1R}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=37779|title=PAKSAT 1R - Orbit|first=Chris|last=Peat|work=Heavens Above|date=24 December 2013|accessdate=25 December 2013}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nwgs/UCS_Satellite_Database_9-1-13.txt|title=UCS Satellite Database|publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists|accessdate=25 December 2013}} 4. ^http://www.cgwic.com/In-OrbitDelivery/CommunicationsSatellite/Program/PakSat-1R.html 5. ^{{cite web|last1=Staff officer|title=PakSat IR|url=http://www.suparco.gov.pk/downloadables/PAKSAT%201R%20Press%20Release.pdf|work=Space Research Commission|publisher=The Directorate-General for Public Relations and Media services of the Space Research Commission|accessdate=10 July 2012|author2=Space Research Commission|format=PDF|date=11 August 2011}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|accessdate=19 April 2013}} 7. ^http://italk.pk/post/2011/08/12/Pakistan’s-first-Communications-Satellite-PAKSAT-1R-launched.aspx 8. ^1 2 http://www.dawn.com/2011/08/11/pakistans-first-communications-satellite-paksat-1r-launched.html 9. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web |last = |first = |authorlink = |title = Development Programmes: PakSat-IR Prototype |work = SUPARCO |publisher = Press Release |date = 11 March 2008 |url = http://74.6.117.48/search/srpcache?ei=UTF-8&p=Paksat-1R&xa=DmZm37D4pwpVg77.Z6e1qw--%2C1300578188&fr=mcsaoffblock&u=http://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q=Paksat-1R&d=4814564025503138&mkt=en-US&setlang=en-US&w=e870352b,9b7e6883&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=89MPfa59UEzgFruPEmdK9w-- |format = Webcache |doi = |accessdate = March 18, 2011}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 10. ^{{cite news|last=Siddiqui|first=Salman|title=Lagging behind: 2040 - Pakistan’s space od[d]yssey|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/415738/lagging-behind-2040-pakistans-space-oddyssey/|newspaper=the Express Tribune|date=1 August 2012}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-6138-China-backs-Pak-moves-to-safeguard-its-security |title=China backs Pak moves to safeguard its security |accessdate=21 March 2014}} 12. ^{{Cite news| last =| first =| title =China provides loan for satellite ground control segment| newspaper =The Nation| location =| pages =1| publisher =| date =30 October 2010| url =http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/30-Oct-2010/China-provides-loan-for-satellite-ground-control-segment| accessdate =| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20101102203341/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/30-Oct-2010/China-provides-loan-for-satellite-ground-control-segment| archivedate =2 November 2010| df =dmy-all}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=China debuts partnership with Pakistan – Long March launches Paksat-1R|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/08/china-debuts-partnership-pakistan-long-march-launches-paksat-1r/|work=NASAspaceflight.com|accessdate=11 August 2011}} 14. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | last =Siddiqui | first =Salman |title =PAKSAT-1R: China launches Pakistan’s first GEO communications satellite | newspaper =The Express Tribune | location =Karachi, Sindh Province of Pakistan | pages =1 | language =| publisher = Century Publications | date =12 August 2011 | url =http://tribune.com.pk/story/229797/paksat-1r-china-launches-pakistans-first-communications-satellite/ | accessdate =12 October 2011 }} External links{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
7 : Communications satellites in geostationary orbit|SUPARCO satellites|History of science and technology in Pakistan|Spacecraft launched in 2011|China–Pakistan relations|Communications satellites of Pakistan|Satellites using the DFH-4 bus |
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