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| 释义 |
|stadium_name = London Stadium |nickname = |fullname = |image = |caption = View of the stadium from the Orbit tower in July 2015 |location = Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, Stratford London, E20 |coordinates = {{coord|51|32|19|N|0|00|59|W|region:GB-LND_type:landmark_scale:5000_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}} |broke_ground = {{Start date|2008|05|22|df=y}} |built = {{Start date|2008|05|22|df=y}} – {{End date|2011|03|29|df=y}} |opened = {{Start date|2012|05|06|df=y}} |renovated = 2013–2016 |owner = E20 Stadium, LLP |operator = London Stadium 185 Ltd. |surface = Grass (Desso GrassMaster) Track (Mondotrack/WS, 9 Lanes)[1] |architect = Populous led by Philip Johnson |project_manager = Savills |structural engineer = Buro Happold |services engineer = M-E Engineers |general_contractor= Balfour Beatty |main_contractors = Sir Robert McAlpine |capacity = {{Unbulleted list|60,000 (regulated capacity) 66,000 (total capacity) {{small|(Sports)}}[1]|79,990 {{small|(Concerts)}}[2]}} |dimensions = {{convert|115|by|74|yd|m}} |tenants = UK Athletics (2015–present) West Ham United (2016–present) |website = {{URL|www.london-stadium.com|Venue Website}} |publictransit ={{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|london|overground}} {{rail-interchange|london|crossrail}} {{rail-interchange|london|dlr}} {{rail-interchange|gb|Rail}} {{stn|Stratford}} {{rail-interchange|london|dlr}} {{rail-interchange|gb|Rail}} {{stn|Stratford International}} |construction_cost = £486 million[4] {{small|(£{{formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|486000000|2007}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}} pounds{{inflation-fn|UK}})}} £274 million {{small|(2013–16 renovations)}}[3] |former_names = {{Unbulleted list|Olympic Stadium {{small|(2012)}}|The Stadium at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park {{small|(2013–16)}}}} }} London Stadium (formerly and also known as Olympic Stadium and The Stadium at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park) is a multi-purpose outdoor stadium at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in the Stratford district of London.[4] It was constructed for the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics—serving as the track and field venue, and as the site of their opening and closing ceremonies. Following the Games, the stadium was subsequently renovated as a multi-purpose stadium. It is the home of West Ham United F.C.. Land preparation for the stadium began in mid-2007, with the official construction start date on 22 May 2008. The stadium held its first public event in March 2012, serving as the finish line for a celebrity run organised by the National Lottery.[7] Holding 80,000 for the Olympics and the Paralympics, the stadium re-opened in July 2016 with a capacity of 60,000.[5] The decision to make West Ham United the main tenants was controversial, with the initial tenancy process having to be rerun. The stadium hosted several 2015 Rugby World Cup matches, two England rugby league Test matches, and the 2017 IAAF World Championships in Athletics and 2017 World Para Athletics Championships (the first time both events had been held in the same location in the same year). The stadium can also hold concerts with up to 80,000 spectators, and, due to its oval shape and relocatable seating, was deemed to potentially be suitable for other sporting events such as baseball and cricket. {{TOC limit|3}}Design and constructionOlympic designDesign briefDuring London's bid for the games, promotional materials featured a main stadium with a roof "designed to wrap itself around the venue like muscles supporting the body",[6] however at that time there had been no formal design brief agreed. While the bidding process was ongoing West Ham had talks[7] with the ODA about contributing to the development of a multi-purpose stadium, should London win the bid.[8] The government preferred to produce a brief for an athletics only stadium which would be largely disassembled after the games with the lower tier remaining in place as a permanent athletics facility to replace the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre. With the original Olympic design finalised and being built, the government had a change of heart and a bidding process for a multi-sport post-Olympic legacy was launched. On 13 October 2006, London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games confirmed that it had selected Sir Robert McAlpine and Populous to start exclusive negotiations with, to fulfil the eventual design and build contract of the new Olympic Stadium after no other organisations met the bidding criteria.[9][10] The stadium design was launched on 7 November 2007. Original structure detailsThe construction of the stadium commenced three months early in May 2008 after the bowl of the stadium had been dug out and the area cleared.[11][12] The building of the stadium was completed in March 2011 reportedly on time and under budget,[13] with the athletics track laid in October 2011.[14] The stadium's track and field arena is excavated out of the soft clay found on the site, around which is permanent seating for 25,000, built using concrete "rakers". The natural slope of the land is incorporated into the design, with warm-up and changing areas dug into a semi-basement position at the lower end. Spectators enter the stadium via a podium level, which is level with the top of the permanent seating bowl. A demountable lightweight steel and pre-cast concrete upper tier was built up from this "bowl" to accommodate a further 55,000 spectators.[15] The stadium is made up of different tiers; during the Games the stadium was able to hold 80,000 spectators. The base tier, which allows for 25,000 seats, is a sunken elliptical bowl that is made up of low-carbon-dioxide concrete; this contains 40 percent less embodied carbon than conventional concrete.[16] The foundation of the base level is 5,000 piles reaching up to {{convert|20|m|ft}} deep. From there, there is a mixture of driven cast in situ piles, continuous flight auger piles, and vibro concrete columns. The second tier, which holds 55,000 seats, is {{convert|315|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|256|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} wide, and {{convert|60|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high.[17] The stadium contains just under a quarter of the steel as the Olympic Stadium in Beijing for the 2008 Summer Olympics, approximately {{convert|10700|tonne|ST|abbr=off}}. In addition to the minimal use of steel, which makes it 75 percent lighter{{clarify|reason=than what?|date=August 2016}}, the stadium also uses high-yield large diameter pipes which were surplus on completion of North Sea Gas pipeline projects in its compression truss, recycled granite, and many of the building products were transported using trains and barges rather than by lorry.[18] A wrap, funded by Dow Chemical Company in return for being able to advertise on the wrap until 26 June 2012, covered the exterior during the Olympics. The wrap was made from polyester and polyethylene, and printed using UV curable inks.[19] The wrap was made of pieces of material that covered {{convert|20|m|ft|0}} high and {{convert|900|m|yd|-2}} in length. The final design for the wrap consisted of {{convert|2.5|m|ft|0|adj=mid|-wide}} fabric panels, twisted at 90-degree angles to allow entry to the stadium at the bottom of the structure, and held in place with tensioned cables.[20][21] To allow for fast on-site assembly, compression truss and roof column connections were bolted; this enabled easy disassembling of the roof structure after the closing ceremonies.[22] The cable-supported roof structure covers approximately two-thirds of the stadium's seating.[23] Reaching {{convert|70|m|ft|-1}} above the field of play, the stadium roof held 14 lighting towers, or paddles, that collectively contained a total of 532 individual 2 kW floodlight lamps. The lights were first officially switched on in December 2010 by Prime Minister David Cameron and London Mayor Boris Johnson.[24] During the games, the towers were fitted with additional ceremony lighting, and 4 of the 14 towers held large temporary video screens.[25] Stadium interior{{Multiple images|footer=Lighting paddle which was connected to every seat (left) and what it can create (right).|width1=132|image1=Pixels machine.jpg|width2=149|image2=Pixels London 2012.jpg}}The stadium was equipped with a nine lane Mondo {{convert|400|m|abbr=off}} athletics track.[29] The turf in the stadium was grown in Scunthorpe and was a mix of perennial ryegrass, smooth stalk meadow grass and fescue grass seeds. It took 360 rolls of grass to cover the infield and was laid in March 2011.[26] The track was designed by Italian company Mondo, and was their latest version of the Mondotrack FTX.[27][28][29][30]The stadium's 80,000 seats had a black and white 'fragment' theme that matched the overall branding design used by LOCOG for London 2012. The lines all centred on the finish line in the stadium.[21] The seats were made in Luton and were fitted between May and December 2010.[31] During the Games, the Stadium's grandstands contained a lighting system developed by Tait Technologies that allowed them to function as a giant video screen. Individual "paddles" containing nine LED pixels each were installed between each seat of the stadium, which were controlled via a central system to display video content wrapped around the stadium. The system was primarily intended for use during the ceremonies of the Olympics and Paralympics – over 70 minutes of animated content were used during the Olympics' opening ceremony.[32] Playing surfaceThe red Mondo 400-metre athletics track used for the London 2012 games was laid in August 2011, possessed nine lanes, and was {{convert|13.5|mm|1|abbr=on}} thick. It used two vulcanised rubber layers, one of which was a cushioning underside with elongated diamond-shaped cells, which allowed them to flex in any direction.[33] During the four London 2012 ceremonies, the track was protected via synthetic covering. For the stadium's transformation, the track was protected from construction work for the 2015 events by covering it with a plastic sheet layer and burying it under {{convert|75|cm|in|abbr=on}} of soil. The Mondotrack surface was removed in early 2016 and a new surface, using 17,000 sqm of the improved Mondotrack/WS,[34] was laid that May. Some of the original running track from (mainly) the home straight was kept so that it could be sold and auctioned to the public, thereby raising money to reinvest into operating the stadium and its neighbouring community track. The grass playing field was lengthened by several metres at either end for the 2015 rugby matches to fit a suitably-sized rugby/football pitch, and was reseeded with a Desso GrassMaster artificial-natural hybrid pitch approved for Premier league matches of {{convert|105|by|68|m|yd}}, ready for West Ham United, complete with undersoil heating. In football/pitch mode, the pitch is surrounded by artificial turf and carpeting that covers the exposed sections of the running track. ResponseThe stadium design received a mixed response from the media, with reviews ranging from "magnificent" to a "bowl of blancmange".[35] The design was promoted as example of "sustainable development", but some architecture critics have questioned both its aesthetic value and suitability as a national icon – especially when compared with Beijing National Stadium. For example, Ellis Woodman, Building Design{{-'}}s architecture critic, said of the design: "The principle of it being dismountable is most welcome... it demonstrates an obvious interest in establishing an economy of means and as such is the antithesis of the 2008 Olympic stadium in Beijing. But while that's an achievement, it's not an architectural achievement. In design terms what we're looking at is pretty underwhelming." He went on to criticise the procurement and design processes – stating of the latter that it should have been subject to an architectural competition.[36] This view was echoed by Tom Dyckhoff, The Timess architecture critic, who described the design as "tragically underwhelming" and commented that the "architecture of the 2008 and 2012 Olympics will, in years to come, be seen by historians as a "cunning indicator of the decline of the West and the rise of the East".[37] Despite the criticism the Olympic Stadium was nominated for the 2012 Stirling Prize in architecture losing out to the Sainsbury Laboratory at the University of Cambridge.[38][39] Amanda Baillieu writing in Building Design challenged the designer's claims that the stadium is environmentally sustainable and good value for money. Instead, it is asserted that the reality will be the opposite. In particular, she claimed that:
Stadium islandThe stadium site is on former industrial land between the River Lea (which rejoins the Navigation below Old Ford Lock), the City Mill River, and the Old Pudding Mill River; parts of the Bow Back Rivers.[42] Another branch of this system, St Thomas' Creek, {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=off}} to the south, completes an "island" surrounded by water.[21][43] {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=off}} to the east is the Waterworks River; with the London Aquatics Centre on its eastern bank. This "island" site for the stadium lies at the southern end of the Olympic Park.[21] To make room for the stadium, the already partially obstructed Pudding Mill River, a short channel of the Lea which ran from the west side of the stadium south-eastwards across the stadium site, was filled in. Post-Olympic redevelopmentDennis Hone, chief executive of the LLDC, revealed in November 2012 that the stadium would not meet its reopening deadline of 2014. Instead the stadium would reopen in August 2015 with the stadium retaining a capacity of around 50,000 for athletics.[44] Following the granting, in March 2013, of a 99-year tenancy to West Ham United, the E20 LLP, a joint organisation by the London Legacy Development Corporation and Newham Council were specifically set-up to oversee redevelopment of the stadium into a UEFA Category 4 venue seating 66,000 spectators. The reconfiguration saw work on a new roof, corporate areas, toilets, concessions and retractable seating. West Ham contributed £15 million and Newham Council £40 million for the work to be carried out with the LLDC and the British Government making up the rest.[45][46] Approval was granted for the installation of retractable seating on all sides of the stadium and an {{convert|84|m|yd|0|adj=on}} transparent roof.[47][48] Balfour Beatty were initially contracted to construct the new roof for £41 million; in January 2014 they were awarded a £154 million tender, which includes the earlier contract for the roof, to complete the stadium's transformation works.[49][50][51] Imtech G&H were awarded a £25 million contract to carry out electrical and plumbing work.[52][53] Paul Kelso, working for Sky News, discovered in September 2014 that the cost of the conversion of the stadium may rise by £15 million, due to additional work to strengthen the structure, to allow it to support the new roof.[54] It was revealed neither West Ham United nor the taxpayer would have to meet the additional cost as Balfour Beatty would contribute with the remainder funded from the existing LLDC transformation budget of the Olympic Park.[55] In October 2014, the LLDC contributed a further £35.9 million towards the project with the funding coming from reserves and income generated by other means.[56]Work commenced on 13 August 2013 with the removal of 25,000 seats and the grass from the field of play.[57][58] The athletics track was covered with a {{convert|75|cm|in|abbr=on}} layer of recycled concrete to protect it during the heavy lifting.[59] In November 2013 work commenced to remove the fourteen floodlight panels as part of the £200 million conversion of the stadium.[60] In March 2015 work began on installing the new floodlights. Each floodlight panel is {{convert|18|m|ft}} tall and weighs {{convert|45|tonne|ST|abbr=off}}, and will sit {{convert|30|m|ft}} above the stadium's floor, suspended from the roof rather than sitting on top; in total there are 14 panels. As the floodlight work began, work on a steel halo structure that encircles the stadium, containing 96 turnstiles, catering and toilet facilities, concluded.[61] The black and white seating design from the Olympics, was replaced with a white, blue and claret design. The new design includes West Ham's name on the East Kop Stand and symbolic crossed hammers on all lower tier stands, and the retention of the 2012 shard design on the upper tier, albeit in new colouring to match the Stadium's anchor tenant.[62] Work continued through 2016 to transform the stadium into a home for West Ham, with the club's colours and giant model West Ham shirts added to the stadium concourse.[63] A West Ham store and coffee shop was opened on 23 June.[64] Community track{{commons category|Community track at Queen Elizabeth II Olympic Park}}Following the demolition of the 2012 warm up track and to comply with IAAF rules requiring a warm up track at Construction Category 1 facilities, a new 6 lane community track (8 lanes on the straights) has been created immediately adjacent to the south of the Olympic Stadium. The track will be home to Newham and Essex Beagles Athletic Club from 2017 and will be open for around 250 days of the year.[65][66][67] The construction of the track was funded by a grant from the London Marathon Trust.[68] HistoryLondon 2012The stadium hosted both the opening and closing ceremonies at the 2012 Olympic Games.[77] During the Athletics events of the Olympic Games David Rudisha broke his own world record for the 800 metres to become the first man to run the distance in under 1 minute 41 seconds.[78] In the 4 × 100 metres relay the team from Jamaica also broke their own world record from the 2011 World Championships by two-tenths of a second.[79] The United States women's 4 by 100 metres team beat the previous best set by East Germany in 1985, recording a time of 40.82 seconds to set a new world record.[80][81] Olympic records were set by Usain Bolt, who ran the second fastest 100 metres,[82] Renaud Lavillenie in the Pole vault by 1 cm,[83] Sally Pearson recorded a record time in the 100 metres hurdles and Tatyana Lysenko set a new mark in the Hammer.[84][85] The stadium also hosted both the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2012 Paralympic Games.[86][87] Over the course of the Paralympic Games athletics events, world records were set on the track by; Oxana Boturchuk[88] Martina Caironi,[89] Chen Junfei,[90] El Amin Chentouf,[91] China,[92] Libby Clegg,[88] Arnu Fourie,[93] Marie-Amelie le Fur,[90] Terezinha Guilhermina,[89] Mahmoud Khaldi,[90] Samwel Mushai Kimani,[91] Walid Ktila.[94] Liang Yongbin,[92] Rosemary Little,[95] Liu Ping,[96] Liu Wenjun,[92] Gunther Matzinger,[92] Michael McKillop,[93] Mateusz Michalski,[92] Yohansson Nascimento,[97] Oscar Pistorius,[93] David Prince,[92] Evgenii Shvetcov[94] South Africa,[89] Leo Pekka Tahti,[88] Abraham Tarbei,[94] Iurii Tsaruk,[90] Richard Whitehead,[88] Abderrahim Zhiou,[94] Zhu Daqing and Zhou Guohua.[88] Multiple World Records on the track were set by Yunidis Castillo,[92][93] Assia El Hannouni,[90][98] Evan O'Hanlon,[93][99] Jason Smyth,[93][96][100] Fanie van der Merwe and Marlou van Rhijn.[90][92][93][99][101] In the field events, World records were set by Hani Alnakhli,[96] Alexey Ashapatov,[100] Aigars Apinis[141] Lahouari Bahlaz,[96] Mohamed Berrahal,[102] Kelly Cartwright,[103] Yanlong Fu,[145] Leonardo Diaz,[101] Zeljko Dimitrijevic,[95] Tanja Dragic,[103] Najat El Garraa,[100] Javad Hardani,[96] Todd Hodgetts,[96] Jun Wang,[103] Maroua Ibrahmi,[88] Juan Yao,[104] Mohsen Kaedi,[93] Mohammad Khalvandi,[92] Gocha Khugaev,[89] Karolina Kucharczyk,[91] Assunta Legnante,[101] Maciej Lepiato,[92] Liu Fuliang,[93] Drazenko Mitrovic,[101] Azeddine Nouiri,[94] Katarzyna Piekart,[93] Mariia Pomazan,[103] Nikita Prokhorov,[90] Qing Wu,[103] Markus Rehm,[100] Raoua Tlili,[92] Wang Yanzhang,[96] Zhu Pengkai,[89] Oksana Zubkovska.[145] Multiple records were set in the field by Dong Xia,[96][101] Birgit Kober,[90][91] Na Mi,[102] Yang Liwan,[89][93] and Wang Zhiming.[94][105] Post-Olympics useThe decision on how to use the stadium after the Olympics went through two rounds of bidding: the first was rejected{{Fix|text=by whom?}} on 11 October 2011, after concerns had emerged about European Union competition law and particularly the risk of illegal state aid.[106][107][108][109] First tenancy processThe Olympic Park Legacy Company (OPLC) set five criteria: that the new tenant should produce a viable long-term solution that provided value for money, secured a partner with the expertise to operate a legacy solution{{clarify|date=September 2016}}, reopened the stadium as quickly as possible, made the stadium a distinctive physical symbol that supported regeneration, and allowed flexible usage.[110] After receiving and pre-screening over 100 expressions of interest, the formal bidding process of selecting the post-Olympics user of the stadium opened on 18 August 2010. It ran until 30 September, after which the OPLC drew up a shortlist, with a view to selecting a tenant by the end of the financial year (31 March 2011).[111] On 12 November 2010, it was announced that two bids had been shortlisted for the stadium post-Olympics. They were a joint bid from Tottenham Hotspur and Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG), and a second bid from West Ham United and Newham Council.[112] BidsThe legacy plan for the stadium had involved converting it into a 25,000- to 30,000-seat athletics stadium with a sports training, science and medicine centre after the 2012 Paralympics. Media reports, however, suggested that several potential tenants were interested in moving to the stadium after the games. Media speculation and expressions of interest which did not result in bids included: the England and Wales Cricket Board and Kent County Cricket Club;[113] Middlesex County Cricket Club,[114] Essex County Cricket Club:[115] Wasps RFC;[116][117] Saracens R.F.C.;[118] London Skolars R.L.F.C.; Major League Baseball;[119] the National Football League, which had been looking at the potential of a franchise in London;[120] and Leyton Orient F.C..[121] Bid 1 – AEG and Tottenham HotspurThese joint bidders had each separately expressed interest in the venue, but submitted a joint bid. AEG is the company that redeveloped the loss-making Millennium Dome exhibition venue in South East London into the profitable music venue The O2.[122] On 26 July 2010, it was rumoured that Tottenham might be interested in taking over the stadium after the Games. The club had plans to build a new stadium adjacent to their current stadium as part of the Northumberland Development Project, but the planning application and funding were proving difficult, making the Olympic Stadium a viable option.[123][124] Bid 2 – Newham Council and West Ham UnitedAfter the acquisition of West Ham United in 2010 by David Gold and David Sullivan, the new owners expressed their desire to make the stadium the club's new home. With Boris Johnson expressing his desire for a football team to take over the stadium after the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics, this seemed the most likely option.[125] At the opening of the formal bid process, West Ham United were considered favourites once they withdrew their initial opposition to keeping the running track, as well as planning a £100 million conversion to create a 66,000 capacity venue, which would also host international football, international athletics, as well as Essex County Cricket Club, international Twenty20 cricket matches, NFL games, and Live Nation events.[126] Decision, review and cancellationOn 11 February 2011, the Olympic Park Legacy Company (OPLC) unanimously selected West Ham United and Newham Council as the preferred bidders to take over the stadium after the 2012 Games.[127] But Leyton Orient complained that the stadium was too close to their ground and would breach FA rules. They claimed that West Ham's plans could force them into bankruptcy.[128] On 3 March 2011, West Ham United's proposed move to the stadium was approved by the British Government and London Mayor Boris Johnson.[129] Tottenham Hotspur F.C. and Leyton Orient F.C. applied for a judicial review to overturn the Olympic Park Legacy Company's (OPLC) decision; however, this appeal was rejected in June 2011.[130] Tottenham Hotspur appealed the decision not to have a review on 29 June 2011.[131] The OPLC announced on 5 July 2011 that an independent review into the awarding of the Olympic Park Stadium to West Ham United was to be carried out following the discovery on 30 June 2011 that an employee, Dionne Knight had been engaged by West Ham United to carry out consultancy work relating to the stadium without permission of the OPLC. Knight had already declared to the OPLC that she was in a personal relationship with a director of West Ham United, and was suspended whilst a possible conflict of interest was investigated.[132] On 22 August 2011, the independent investigation ruled that the process was not compromised and thus the bid process will not be reopened.[133] On 23 August, the day before Tottenham Hotspur were due in court, they staged "intense negotiations" with the office of the Mayor of London, and looked set to drop all claims for a review and be offered funding for their own stadium.[134] However, the next day Tottenham did attend court despite being close to striking a deal about their own stadium. Tottenham and Leyton Orient won a review of the decision, being told that they had an arguable case.[135] The review was scheduled to take place on 18 October 2011. Even if Tottenham abandoned the review, due to being granted a new stadium as part of their Northumberland Development Project, Orient were expected to continue, with its owner Barry Hearn calling the decision to grant a review "a great day for the little man".[136] However, the bid was later cancelled before the review was completed, due to a series of concerns regarding EU laws.[109]Second tenancy processOnce the original deal collapsed a new process to select a tenant was begun. The athletics legacy clause was clarified to ensure that a track remained in the stadium.[137] West Ham immediately announced plans to become tenants of the stadium.[138][139] On 17 October 2011, a day before they were due in court for the judicial review to start into the original bidding process, Tottenham Hotspur ended their legal challenge about the original decision to award the stadium to West Ham United.[140] This marked Spurs' end to their interest in the stadium. On 18 October, Leyton Orient submitted an application to the Football League for permission for a move to the stadium. Chairman Barry Hearn said, "We are asking for a 25,000-seater stadium and we want to see if we can get around the athletics track. It has to stay, we know that. But can we build up, if not down, and see if it's possible to get it covered while we play?".[141] In February 2012, 16 parties were interested in the stadium.[142] In July 2012, four bidders were announced:[143][144]
In April 2012, the Olympic Park Legacy Company was dismantled and responsibilities transferred to the newly constituted London Legacy Development Corporation (LLDC).[146] Daniel Moylan, chairman of the LLDC, was removed by Mayor Boris Johnson on 12 September 2012, after having made changes to the leadership of the organisation that annoyed some Board members. Johnson took on the chairmanship of the co-operation himself.[147] In December 2012, West Ham were named as the preferred bidder for the stadium with a separate operator co-ordinating community and sporting use, as well as concerts and events.[148] Leyton Orient's bid was rejected due to its commercial viability and the bid from Intelligent Transport Services, in conjunction with Formula One, was rejected for having too much speculation and uncertainty in their business plan.[149] However, with so much public money going into the stadium and its redevelopment, the BBC learned that David Gold and David Sullivan must share any profits they make if they sell the club.[150][151] West Ham were given three months to improve the terms of their deal or lose the stadium; with Johnson going with plan B without football.[149] The two parties seemed to find common ground in February 2013, with West Ham, reportedly, agreeing to paying £2.5 million in rent per year. They additionally promised to pay back any extra cost for the roof and seats within ten years.[152][153] Gold stated at the beginning of March that a deal could be complete by the middle of the month.[154] On 22 March 2013, West Ham United secured a 99-year lease deal, with the stadium planned to be used as their home ground from the 2016–2017 season.[155] In July 2013, UK Athletics received a 50-year deal for the use of the stadium.[156] UK Athletics will have access to the stadium every year from the last Friday in June until the end of July.[157] On 6 March, Barry Hearn of Leyton Orient stated that he would mount another legal challenge as he believed the rules set out by the LLDC had not been followed. Hearn also said he felt Leyton Orient's proposed ground share had been ignored and not properly explored.[158][159][160] In April 2013, he was informed that his call for a judicial review had been rejected.[161][162] An oral application was submitted in June 2013.[163] On 19 September 2013, Leyton Orient lost their bid to win a judicial review into the decision to grant West Ham the tenancy of the Olympic Stadium. At the High Court, Mr Justice Lewis said the LLDC was entitled to make the decision which was not "irrational".[164] In November 2013 it was the House of Lords' opinion that Leyton Orient should be allowed occasional use of the stadium, with Lord Harris telling Orient and West Ham to "stop squabbling like children."[165][166][167] Dennis Hone stated that he was in talks with Barry Hearn over occasional usage, but that it would not mean a permanent groundshare.[168] In early December, the LLDC said that there was nothing to stop Orient from negotiating a rental agreement with whichever firm ends up running the stadium. Orient, however, would not be able to negotiate a 99-year deal like West Ham and would only have usage of the stadium when the Hammers are not playing.[169][170] On 1 July 2014, Leyton Orient brought an end to their dispute with the Premier League regarding the future use of the stadium, after a confidential agreement between the two parties was reached.[171][172] Supporters of various rival clubs pressed for an inquiry into the LLDC's granting of West Ham's tenancy, arguing that West Ham were being given an unfair advantage by the arrangement. However, in September 2015 the government rejected holding such an inquiry.[173] In October 2015, the LLDC released a 207-page document with redacted sections. West Ham's annual rent was not revealed as this was seen to be commercially sensitive information.[174] On 14 April 2016 it was revealed that West Ham will pay £2.5 million per year during a 99-year lease of the stadium but will not have to fund police, stewarding, heating, pitch maintenance, or corner flags. Barry Hearn described the deal as one his dog could have bettered.[175] In September 2018, Lyn Garner of the London Lecacy Development Corporation revealed that the £2.5m paid per year by West Ham did not even cover the cost of staging matches leading to increased debts in running the stadium for the 97-year remainder of their tenancy agreement.[176] Stadium operatorIn October 2014 The Evening Standard reported that French company Vinci SA were favourites to be given a contract to run the stadium for ten years. The company which already operates several other stadiums, including the Stade de France in Paris, had reportedly beaten off competition from other companies including Anschutz Entertainment Group who run The O2.[177] In February 2015, Vinci Stadium, a subsidiary of Vinci Concessions, were appointed to manage the stadium starting in April 2015 for a 25-year period. The company will also be responsible for the London Marathon Charitable Trust Community Track and events on the south park lawn. This is the first stadium outside France to be managed by Vinci.[178][179][180][181] SportsAlthough West Ham United are the primary tenants, the stadium operators arrange many other events for the stadium. AthleticsAnniversary GamesCharles Sale reported in the Daily Mail during December 2012 that the London Legacy Development Corporation were keen to take financial advantage by hosting events in the stadium due to the work to convert the stadium not starting until autumn 2013.[182] On 24 January 2013, it was confirmed that the London Athletics Grand Prix, a Diamond League event, would be switched to the stadium.[183] In February 2013, it was announced that after the stadium would also hold a Paralympic athletics event on 28 July.[184] In April Sainsbury's were announced as sponsors and the event was renamed the "Anniversary Games".[185][186] The London Grand Prix was scheduled to move permanently to the stadium in 2016. However, due to the 2015 Rugby World Cup taking place in the stadium, using the original seating configuration, the opportunity came to move the Grand Prix to the stadium a year early, again under the name of the Anniversary Games.[187][188][189][190][191] During the 2015 events national records were set by Dafne Schippers (100 m), Dina Asher-Smith (100 m),[192] Shara Proctor(long jump),[193] while Georgina Hermitage (400 m T37) and Sophie Hahn (100 m T38) set world records.[194] The Muller Anniversary Games, the fourth anniversary event, took place in the stadium on 22–23 July 2016. The IPC Grand Prix events were incorporated alongside Diamond League events on the second day of the meet. The London meet is the only Diamond League meeting to date to span two consecutive days. The 2017 Muller Anniversary Games was shortened to a one-day event on Sunday 9 July 2017.[195] Its move to an earlier time of the month was due to the 2017 World Athletics Championships The 2018 Muller Anniversary Games returned to a two-day event on its typical weekend of 21–22 July. 2017 World Athletics and World Para Athletics ChampionshipsLondon had bid to host the 2015 World Athletics Championships using the Olympic Stadium. It went up against Beijing's Olympic Stadium and the Polish city of Chorzów. However, the stadium had to withdraw their bid due to uncertainties arising out of the timing of the announcement of who would operate the stadium after the Olympics, thus gifting Beijing the championships.[196] With issues resolved over the stadium's future, London again used the stadium to bid for the 2017 World Athletics Championships.[197] The bid was made official in August with Lord Coe personally submitting the bid a few weeks later at the 2011 World Athletic Championships in Daegu which was supported by London's Mayor Boris Johnson and the British Government.[198] On 11 November 2011, the IAAF officially awarded the 2017 World Championships to London.[199] The World Para Athletics Championships (formerly the IPC Athletics World Championships) were planned to take place a month before the able-bodied event[200] and were formally confirmed for the stadium in December 2012.[201] The 2017 able-bodied athletics event was the final track championship for Mo Farah[202] and Usain Bolt.[203] The World Para Athletics Championships were held between 14–23 July 2017, with 800,000 tickets available across 16 sessions. The IAAF World Championships followed between 4–13 August 2017 with 700,000 tickets available. 3,300 athletes from 200 countries competed for 690 medals across 245 events.[204] 2018 Athletics World CupIn February 2018, London Stadium was announced as the venue for the inaugural Athletics World Cup. The event was held on 14 and 15 July.[205] FootballWest Ham United play at this stadium, having moved from their former Boleyn Ground in August 2016.[206][207] The club announced in March 2013 that the stands behind the goals will be named after former players Bobby Moore and Trevor Brooking; there were stands at the Boleyn Ground named after them.[46] West Ham sold out the 50,000 season ticket allocation for the stadium by May 2016 for the 2016–17 season.[208]The opening game for West Ham was a Europa League match against NK Domžale on 4 August 2016,[209] which West Ham won 3–0 with the stadium sold out, albeit with a reduced capacity of 54,000 as conversion works were still being finished.[210] The official opening match was a friendly with Juventus on 7 August with a 2–3 defeat.[211] West Ham's first Premier League match at the stadium was against Bournemouth with an attendance of 56,977.[212] Watford were the first Premier League side to beat West Ham at the London Stadium, overcoming a two-goal deficit to beat West Ham 4–2.[213][214] In February 2019, it was announced that the East Stand would be renamed in honour of Billy Bonds.[215] Crowd controlAt the beginning of the 2016–17 season, West Ham's games were marred by instances of crowd trouble. Against Bournemouth on 21 August some fans arrived with tickets for seats that did not exist. Fighting also occurred between rival supporters outside the stadium.[216] On 26 August during a Europa League game against FC Astra Giurgiu fighting broke out in the stadium with a supporter being arrested on suspicion of causing ABH.[217] Against Watford, rival fans fought following poor crowd segregation. On 1 October 2016, against Middlesbrough three people were arrested as violent clashes occurred.[218] On 22 October 2016, against Sunderland rival fans confronted each other as Sunderland fans returned to transport taking them home.[219] By 25 October 2016, 23 banning orders had been issued to fans with nine arrests.[220] There was further crowd trouble on 26 October 2016 during West Ham's EFL Cup fourth-round game against London rivals, Chelsea. Seven people were arrested as police introduced a ban on the sale of alcohol. Plastic bottles, seats and coins were thrown during West Ham's 2–1 victory. Hundreds of supporters clashed and riot police entered the concourse.[221][222] West Ham vice-chairman Karren Brady said any supporter identified as having taken part in the violence would receive a lifetime ban. MP Mark Field called for West Ham to play behind closed doors should any further violence occur.[223] In October 2016, football stadium design expert, Paul Fletcher said that the stadium should be pulled down and rebuilt as in its current design it was not right for football fans as they were too far from the pitch.[224] In December 2016, a cameraman working for Arsenal TV was punched in the face by a West Ham supporter towards the end of West Ham's 1–5 defeat by Arsenal.[225] In March 2018, there were protests against West Ham United owner, David Sullivan at the stadium during a 3-0 home defeat to Burnley. There were four pitch invasions and Sullivan was escorted from his seat before the end of the match.[226] Sullivan was also hit on the head by a coin thrown by one of the supporters.[227][228] Karren Brady called the events "one of the most painful days" in the club's history.[229] Following the crowd trouble, West Ham banned five supporters for life for invading the pitch. Several people who had thrown coins and other objects were also given lifetime bans.[230] Calling the scenes at the stadium a "disgrace", London mayor, Sadiq Khan said that the crowd trouble had been organised and co-ordinated. Investigation had revealed that over a dozen fights had broken out in the ground between West Ham supporters and that 26 people had attempted to invade the pitch with twenty-two being stopped by stewards. There were 150 separate incidents, including 50 public order offences and 40 assaults. CCTV footage shows a co-ordinated move by a known group of individuals towards the directors' box.[231] Measures including increased security presence and preventing fans approaching the area holding members of the West Ham board were announced in late March. Entirely funded by the UK taxpayer and costed at £60,000, the provisions were planned for the next game, against Southampton.[232] In June 2018, West Ham were charged by the FA with offences relating to crowd disturbances at the game against Burnley in March.[233] On 31 October 2018, during West Ham's EFL Cup game against Tottenham Hotspur, further pitch invasions took place with one invader wearing a Scream mask.[234] In January 2019, West Ham were fined £100,000 following the disturbances in the match against Burnley in March 2018.[235] Other sportsIn May 2014 it was announced that the Essex Eagles had agreed a deal in principle to play Twenty20 cricket matches at the stadium.[236] The venue was also touted as a possible venue for the 2019 Cricket World Cup.[237]. However, the venue was not included in the final fixtures list.[238] The stadium was not chosen due to the existing facilities running east to west which would have made the game difficult to watch, as at most cricket venues the pitch runs north to south. When investigation took place by the time they turned everything to a north-south axis the capacity of the stadium would have decreased by 30,000.[239] The International Cricket Council additionally had concerns over potential serious injuries to players caused by the raised sand based outfield.[240] Baseball{{main|MLB London Series}}On 8 May 2018, Major League Baseball announced a two-year deal to host a series of baseball games at London Stadium in 2019 and 2020. The Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees (a major rivalry in the league) will play a two-game series at London Stadium from 29-30 June 2019, branded as the MLB London Series. In its baseball configuration, the stadium will have a capacity of 60,000; plans were prepared to adjust the stadium's seating to emulate the "intimate" experience and amenities of American baseball stadiums, as well as constructing larger locker rooms akin to the clubhouses of U.S. parks. A new playing surface will be overlaid on top of the stadium's existing grass.[241] MotorsportIn November 2015 the stadium hosted the 2015 Race of Champions event. It was the first occasion since 2008 that Great Britain hosted the event, with Wembley Stadium last staging the contest in 2008.[242] The English team of Andy Priaulx and Jason Plato won the nations cup whilst Sebastian Vettel took the Champion of Champions crown.[243][244] Rugby leagueThe first Rugby league match at the stadium was played between England and New Zealand on 7 November 2015, in front of 44,000 spectators. The match was the second test of a three-test series between the sides.[245][246] The venue also hosted the match between England and Australia as part of the 2016 Rugby League Four Nations (att: 36,000). In June 2016, it was announced that the Stadium will form part of England's bid to host the 2021 Rugby League World Cup.[247]
Rugby Union2015 World Cup{{further|2015 Rugby World Cup}}In July 2012 the Olympic Park Legacy Company submitted a bid to England Rugby 2015 to host some matches of the 2015 Rugby World Cup. On 2 May 2013, it was officially announced that the Olympic Stadium was due to host four Pool matches during the World Cup and the Bronze final.[248] The first rugby union match at the stadium took place on 29 August 2015 as part of a testing programme ahead of the World Cup. The match featured the first ever game between the invitational Barbarians side and Samoa.[249][250][251] The Barbarians won 27–24, with Samoa having Kane Thompson sent off for punching. The game was delayed when pitch sprinklers came on during the first half.[252]
Premiership RugbyAt fixture launch on 7 July 2017, it was announced that Saracens would host their annual Derby Day clash against Harlequins at the London Stadium on 24 March 2018. This was the first time since 2010 that this fixture did not take place at Wembley. The match ended in a 24-11 win for Saracens in front of a crowd of 55,329 and was the first ever Premiership Rugby match at the stadium.[253] Both teams would return to the stadium the following year in a repeat of the fixture which ended as a 27-20 win for Saracens in front of a crowd of 42,717. Concerts{{unreferenced section|date=December 2017}}
Access
The stadium is located in the south of Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. Stratford and Stratford International railway stations are the main stations nearest to the Olympic Park, and are roughly a 20-minute walk to the stadium.[255] Stratford International is served by Southeastern trains on High Speed 1 offering four trains per hour to St Pancras International, as well as other services to Kent, while Stratford station has London Overground services to North, West and South London, and is on the Great Eastern Main Line to London Liverpool Street and East Anglia.[255] Stratford is on London Underground's Jubilee and Central lines to Central London and the Docklands Light Railway (DLR).[255] The DLR offers a direct service to London City Airport. In addition, Hackney Wick (London Overground) and Pudding Mill Lane (DLR) serve the stadium, but may be closed during bigger events due to capacity limitations. From 2019 the stadium will be served by Crossrail. Stations nearby:
Travellers by car are advised to use the public car parks at Westfield Stratford City, Stratford International station and the Stratford Centre.[256] The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park also has several docking stations for the London Cycle Hire scheme.[255]
The following routes serve the London Stadium directly:[256][257]
A further 17 services use Stratford bus station and Stratford City bus station, which offer a network of services across East London. In addition, route 25 from City Thameslink serves Central London.[256] National Express coach services to Stratford bus station provide a direct connection to Stansted Airport[258] and several other routes to Essex and East Anglia.[259]References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2018/november/19-november/west-ham-united-statement-london-stadium-capacity|title=London Stadium capacity clarification |publisher=West Ham United F.C.}} 2. ^http://www.london-stadium.com/faq/ 3. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jul/18/west-ham-football-2012-olympic-stadium|title=Inside West Ham's new home: how football came to 2012’s Olympic July Stadium|first=Owen|last=Gibson|work=The Guardian|date=18 July 2015|accessdate=28 December 2016}} 4. ^It is located in the Lower Lea Valley, {{convert|6|mi|km|0}} east of central London. 5. ^{{cite web|title=New Stadium capacity increased to 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web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/london-stadium-cricket-world-cup-2019-venues-stadiums-jonathan-liew-column-a8326251.html|title=Why the London Stadium’s hidden intricacies remind us to appreciate cricket|date=27 April 2018|website=The Independent|accessdate=23 January 2019}} 240. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/cricket/story/_/id/23325943/setting-sun-sealed-fate-olympic-stadium-london-venue-omitted-world-cup-plans|title='Setting sun' sealed fate of Olympic Stadium as London venue is omitted from World Cup plans|date=26 April 2018|website=ESPN.com|accessdate=23 January 2019}} 241. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2018/jul/21/you-want-to-make-sure-you-get-it-right-baseballs-big-plans-for-london|title='You want to make sure you get it right': Baseball's big plans for London|last=Carpenter|first=Les|date=2018-07-21|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-13}} 242. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/f1/story/_/id/13064660/london-olympic-stadium-host-2015-race-champions |title=London's Olympic Stadium to host 2015 Race of Champions |publisher=ESPN |accessdate=30 September 2015}} 243. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/10073036/team-england-claim-race-of-champions-nations-cup-crown|title=Team England claim Race of Champions Nations Cup crown|author=William Esler at the Olympic Stadium|work=Sky Sports|accessdate=14 May 2016}} 244. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/10074479/sebastian-vettel-crowned-champion-of-champions-at-race-of-champions|title=Sebastian Vettel crowned Champion of Champions at Race of Champions|author=William Esler at the Olympic Stadium|work=Sky Sports|accessdate=14 May 2016}} 245. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-league/31627292|date=25 February 2015|title=Olympic Stadium to host England-New Zealand rugby league Test|accessdate=27 February 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}} 246. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/feb/24/olympic-stadium-rugby-league-test-england-new-zealand|first=Aaron|last=Bower|date=24 February 2015|accessdate=27 February 2015|title=Olympic Stadium to host rugby league Test between England and New Zealand|work=The Guardian}} 247. ^{{cite web|last1=The Rugby Football League|title=England to Bid For Rugby League World Cup|url=http://www.rugby-league.com/article/37870/england-to-bid-for--rugby-league-world-cup|publisher=Rugby League.com|accessdate=8 July 2016}} 248. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/22379872|date=2 May 2013|accessdate=24 August 2013|title=Rugby World Cup 2015: Olympic Stadium to host games|publisher=BBC News}} 249. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/31531097 |title=Olympic Stadium: Barbarians face Samoa in first match at venue |publisher=BBC|date=19 February 2015 |accessdate=30 September 2015}} 250. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/barbarians/rugby/story/256881.html |title=Olympic Stadium to make rugby bow with Barbarians-Samoa ahead of World Cup | ESPN Scrum |publisher=ESPN |accessdate=30 September 2015}} 251. ^{{cite web|last=Purewal |first=Nick |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/article-2959814/Olympic-Stadium-Rugby-World-Cup-warm-Barbarians-Samoa.html |title=Olympic Stadium to get Rugby World Cup warm-up when Barbarians take on Samoa | Daily Mail Online |work=Daily Mail |date=19 February 2015 |accessdate=30 September 2015}} 252. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/34096805 |title=Sprinklers put dampener on rugby's Olympic Stadium bow |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=5 September 2015}} 253. ^{{cite web|title=Saracens v Harlequins at London Stadium|url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/news/saracens-v-harlequins-at-london-stadium/|publisher=Premiership Rugby|accessdate=11 July 2017}} 254. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.nme.com/news/acdc--2/93981 | title=Axl Rose and AC/DC play first ever concert at London's Olympic Stadium | publisher=NME | date=5 June 2016 | accessdate=5 June 2016}} 255. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Getting Here|url=http://www.london-stadium.com/plan-your-visit/gettinghere|publisher=London Stadium|accessdate=23 June 2016}} 256. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk/the-park/plan-your-visit/getting-here|title=Getting here|accessdate=23 May 2014|publisher=Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park}} 257. ^{{cite web|title=North East London Bus Map|url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/north-east-london-bus-map.pdf|publisher=Transport for London|accessdate=12 July 2016|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819104737/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/north-east-london-bus-map.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 258. ^{{cite web|title=A9 London Stratford to Stansted Airport|url=http://coachtracker.nationalexpress.com/routes/A9/I/London_Stratford-Stansted_Airport|publisher=National Express|accessdate=12 July 2016}} 259. ^{{cite web|title=London (Stratford) Bus Station|url=http://coachtracker.nationalexpress.com/stops/50151/London_Stratford_Bus_Station|publisher=National Express|accessdate=12 July 2016}} External links{{Commons category|Olympic Stadium (London)}}
|before = Beijing National Stadium Beijing |title = Summer Olympics Opening and closing ceremonies (Olympic Stadium) |years = 2012 |after = Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro }}{{succession box |before = Beijing National Stadium Beijing |title = Summer Paralympics Opening and closing ceremonies (Olympic Stadium) |years = 2012 |after = Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro }}{{succession box |before = Beijing National Stadium Beijing |title = Olympic Athletics competitions Main venue |years = 2012 |after = Estádio Olímpico João Havelange Rio de Janeiro }}{{succession box |before = Beijing National Stadium Beijing |title = Paralympic Athletics competitions Main venue |years = 2012 |after = Estádio Olímpico João Havelange Rio de Janeiro }}{{succession box | title=World Championships in Athletics }}{{succession box | title=Invictus Games }}{{s-end}}{{Navboxes|list1={{West Ham United F.C.}}{{Summer Olympic stadia}}{{2012 Summer Olympics venues}}{{2012 Summer Paralympics venues}}{{2015 Rugby World Cup venues}}{{Olympic venues athletics}}{{IAAF World Athletic Championships stadiums}}{{Premier League venues}}{{London landmarks}}{{Live Nation}} }}{{Portal bar|London|Olympics|Paralympics|Athletics|English football|Cricket|Rugby union|Rugby league}} 24 : 2012 establishments in England|Venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics|Athletics venues in London|Music venues in London|Sports venues in London|Premier League venues|Sports venues completed in 2012|Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Newham|Lee Valley Park|Stratford, London|Athletics (track and field) venues in England|Football venues in London|Cricket grounds in London|Rugby union stadiums in London|Rugby league stadiums in London|Olympic athletics venues|Olympic stadiums|Rugby World Cup stadiums|Sport in the London Borough of Newham|Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Newham|West Ham United F.C.|Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park|2012 Summer Paralympic venues|Populous buildings |
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