请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Papal tombs in old St. Peter's Basilica
释义

  1. History

  2. Papal tombs

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

  6. External links

The papal tombs in old St. Peter's Basilica were the final resting places of the popes, most which dated from the fifth to sixteenth centuries. The majority of these tombs were destroyed during the sixteenth through seventeenth century demolition of old St. Peter's Basilica, except for one which was destroyed during the Saracen Sack of the church in 846. The remainder were transferred in part to new St. Peter's Basilica, which stands on the site of the original basilica, and a handful of other churches of Rome.

History

Along with the repeated translations from the ancient catacombs of Rome and two fourteenth century fires in Basilica of St. John Lateran, the rebuilding of St. Peter's is responsible for the destruction of approximately half of all papal tombs. As a result, Donato Bramante, the chief architect of modern St. Peter's Basilica, has been remembered as "Mastro Ruinante".

Although the original basilica's construction was begun during the reign of emperor Constantine I and completed in the fourth century, Pope Leo I (440–461) was the first pope buried in the Constantian basilica.[1] Over the centuries, both the atrium, chapels, and the nave of the basilica were packed with papal tombs, which were juggled between different sections of the church as construction took place on each section of the basilica. All that remains of the original tombs are a few sarcophagi and sculptural fragments.[2] Allegedly, Pope Julius II, the pope who initiated the destruction of the Constantinian basilica, wished to clear space for a "monstrous" tomb of his own by Michelangelo.[3]

Very little is known about the placement and appearance of the original tombs: one of the most valuable accounts is that of church canon and historian Giacomo Grimaldi (a senator of Genoa and the father of Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni), who sketched the tombs as they were moved around the basilica on the way to their destruction;[4] Grimaldi's sketches record the shape and complexity of the early tombs, many of which were three-tiered.[2] A few destroyed papal tombs are also detailed in the writings of Alphonsus Ciacconius.[5]

Not all popes were buried in Rome. See list of non-extant papal tombs

Papal tombs

{{MediaWiki:Toc
400–500{{·}}500–600{{·}}600–700{{·}}700–800{{·}}800–900{{·}}900–1000{{·}}1000–1100{{·}}1100–1200{{·}}1200–1300{{·}}1300–1400{{·}}1400–1500{{·}}1500–1600

Partially extant, moved, or rebuilt tombs are shown with a darkened background.

PontificatePortraitCommon English nameNotes
{{anchor|400–500440–461Leo I
Saint Leo
Leo the Great		Tomb located in portico.[6] First pope buried on the porch of Old Saint Peter's Basilica; translated multiple times, combined with Leos II, III, and IV circa 855; removed in the seventeenth century and placed under his own altar, below Algardi's relief, Fuga d'Attila (pictured) in the Chapel of the Madonna of Partorienti.[1]
468–483Simplicius
Saint Simplicius		Tomb located in portico, near tomb of Leo I. Destroyed during the demolition.[7]
492–496 Gelasius I
Saint Gelasius		Tomb located in portico[8]
496–498 Anastasius IITomb located in atrium. Destroyed during the demolition.[8]
498–514 Symmachus
Saint Symmachus		Tomb located in portico. Destroyed during the demolition.[8]
{{anchor|500–600514–523 Hormisdas
Saint Hormisdas		Destroyed during the demolition[8]
523–526 John I
Saint John		Located in the nave. Destroyed during the demolition.[9]
526–530 Felix IV
Saint Felix		Located in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition.[9]
530–532 Boniface IILocated in the portico. Destroyed during the demolition.[9]
533–535 John IIDestroyed during the demolition[10]
535–536 Agapetus I
Agapitus
Saint Agapetus		Located in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition.[10]
556–561 Pelagius ILocated in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition.[11]
561–574 John IIIDestroyed during the demolition[12]
575–579 Benedict ILocated in the vestibule of the sacristy. Destroyed during the demolition.[12]
579–590 Pelagius IILocated in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition.[12]
590–604Gregory I, O.S.B.
Saint Gregory
Gregory the Great		Located in the portico. Originally buried in the portico of Old St. Peter's, partly transferred to Soissous; during the demolition of St. Peter's, transferred to Sant'Andrea della Valle then Cappella Clementina, near the entrance of the modern St. Peter's.[13]
{{anchor|600–700604–606Sabinian
Saint Sabinian		Original monument in the atrium of Old Saint Peter's destroyed during the demolition;[14] small fragment of the original epitaph remains in the crypt of St. Peter's Basilica[26]
607-607 Boniface IIIDestroyed during the demolition[14]
608–615Boniface IV, O.S.B.
Saint Boniface		Originally buried in the portico of Old Saint Peter's; translated to the interior; one arm translated to Santa Maria in Cosmedin; other relics translated to the Chapel of St. Sylvester beside the Church of the Quattro Coronati; remainder translated to another chapel of St. Peter's;[15] oratory which once contained the tomb is extant, as well as a sketch of the tomb by Ciampini[16]
615–618 Adeodatus I[17]
619–625 Boniface VDestroyed during the demolition[17]
625–638 Honorius IDestroyed during the demolition[18]
638–640 SeverinusLocated in the porch. Destroyed during the demolition.[19]
640–642 John IVDestroyed during the demolition[19]
642–649 Theodore ILocated in the atrium.[19] Destroyed during the demolition.[19]
654–657 Eugene I
Saint Eugene		Destroyed during the demolition[20]
657–672 Vitalian
Saint Vitalian		Destroyed during the demolition[20]
672–676 Adeodatus II, O.S.B.Destroyed during the demolition[20]
676–678 DonusDestroyed during the demolition[20]
678–681 Agatho
Saint Agatho		Destroyed during the demolition[20]
681–683Leo II
Saint Leo		Originally buried in Old Saint Peter's; translated under the altar of the Chapel of the Madonna della Colonna; combined with Leo I in the early seventeenth century; for centuries believed to be under the altar of the Church of San Stefano in Ferrara; combined remains of Leo's I, II, and IV in Chapel of the Madonna of Partorienti when found during the demolition[21]
684–685 Benedict II
Saint Benedict		Destroyed during the demolition[22]
685–686 John VLocated in the atrium. Destroyed in a Saracen raid in 846.[23]
686–687 CononLocated in the left nave. Destroyed during the demolition.[24]
687–701 Sergius I
Saint Sergius		First pope buried in Saint Peter's proper (not a portico); tomb destroyed during the demolition[24]
700–800}}701–705 John VIDestroyed during the demolition[25]
705–707John VIILocated in the Chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Destroyed during the demolition; surviving mosaic of John VII in the Vatican grottoes believed to be part of his original tomb[25]
708-708 SisinniusLocated in the left nave. Destroyed during the demolition.[26]
708–715 ConstantineLocated in the left nave. Destroyed during the demolition.[26]
715–731 Gregory II
Saint Gregory		Located in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition.[26]
731–741 Gregory IIILocated in the Oratory of Our Lady. Destroyed during the demolition.[26]
741–752 Zachary
Saint Zachary		Destroyed during the demolition[26]
751|Never took office as Pope}}Pope-elect StephenLocated in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition.[26]
752–757 Stephen IILocated in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition.[27]
757–767Paul I
Saint Paul		Located in the Oratory of Our Lady. Temporarily buried in San Paolo fuori le Mura; moved to the Oratory of Our Lady in Old Saint Peter's; destroyed during the demolition.[27]
767–772 Stephen IIILocated in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition[27]
772–795Adrian IOriginal monument in the Oratory of Cathedra Petri destroyed during the demolition;[28] inscription, composed by Charlemagne, remains in the portico of modern St. Peter's[29][30]
795–816Leo III
Saint Leo		Located in the Chapel of the Madonna of Partorienti. Originally buried in Old Saint Peter's (above); combined with Leo II and IV by Pope Paschal II; combined sarcophagus destroyed during the demolition; combined with Leo I in 1601 and placed in a sarcophagus under the altar of our Savior della Colonna in new Saint Peter's (below)[31]
800–900}}816–817 Stephen IVDestroyed during the demolition[31]
824–827 Eugene IIDestroyed during the demolition[32]
827–827 ValentineDestroyed during the demolition[32]
827–844 Gregory IVDestroyed during the demolition[32]
844–847 Sergius IILocated in the Altar of the chapel of Saints Sixtus and Fabian. Destroyed during the demolition.[32]
847–855Leo IV, O.S.B.
Saint Leo		Located under the altar of Our Savior della Colonna. Combined with Leos I, II, and III.[32]
855–858 Benedict IIILocated in the Narthex. Destroyed during the demolition.[33]
858–867Nicholas I
Saint Nicholas
Nicholas the Great		Originally buried in the atrium of Old Saint Peter's; epitaph partially preserved during the demolition, extant in the Vatican grottoes[33]
867–872Adrian IIOriginally buried in Old Saint Peter's; epitaph partially preserved during the demolition, still visible in the Vatican grottoes[33]
872–882 John VIIILocated in the portico or nave. Destroyed during the demolition.[34]
882–884 Marinus ILocated in the portico. Destroyed during the demolition.[34]
885–891 Stephen VLocated in the portico. Destroyed during the demolition.[35]
891–896 FormosusOriginally buried in old Saint Peter's; exhumed, defrocked, defingered, and thrown in the Tiber River (see: Cadaver Synod); reinterred in Old Saint Peter's; destroyed during the demolition[36]
896-896 Boniface VILocated in the portico. Destroyed during the demolition.[36]
896–897 Stephen VILocated in the portico. Destroyed during the demolition.[36]
897–897 RomanusDestroyed during the demolition[37]
897 Theodore IIDestroyed during the demolition[37]
898–900 John IX, O.S.B.Located in the portico, left nave, or just outside. Destroyed during the demolition.[37]
900–1000}}900–903 Benedict IVLocated near the gate of Guido. Destroyed during the demolition.[38]
400–500}}904–911 Sergius IIIDestroyed during the demolition[38]
911–913 Anastasius IIILocated in the atrium. Destroyed during the demolition.[39]
913–914 LandoDestroyed during the demolition[39]
928–928 Leo VIDestroyed during the demolition[40]
928–931 Stephen VIIDestroyed during the demolition[40]
931–935 John XIDestroyed during the demolition[40]
936–939 Leo VII, O.S.B.Destroyed during the demolition[40]
939–942 Stephen VIIIDestroyed during the demolition[40]
942–946 Marinus IIDestroyed during the demolition[40]
964–965 Leo VIIIDestroyed during the demolition[41]
973–974 Benedict VIDestroyed during the demolition[42]
983–984 John XIVDestroyed during the demolition[42]
985–996 John XVLocated in the Oratory of St. Mary. Destroyed during the demolition.[43]
996–999Gregory VTomb discovered on August 14, 1607 under the pavement of St. Peter's; exhumed and reburied on January 15, 1609 in a fourth/fifth century sarcophagus[44]
1000–1100}}1012–1024 Benedict VIIIDestroyed during the demolition[45]
1024–1032 John XIXDestroyed during the demolition[45]
1045–1046 Gregory VIDestroyed during the demolition[46]
1049–1054Leo IX
Saint Leo		Originally buried in the east wall of Old Saint Peter's, close to the altar of Gregory I; coffin opened on January 11, 1606 during the demolition and parts were taken as relics; remainder reburied under the altar of Saints Marziale and Valeria,[47] now dedicated to the stigmata of St. Francis of Assisi[48]
1088–1099 Urban II, O.S.B.
Blessed Urban		First tomb destroyed during the demolition[49]
1100–1200}}1145–1153 Eugene III, O.Cist.
Blessed Eugene		Destroyed during the demolition
1154–1159Adrian IV, O.S.A.Reused an Early Christian sarcophagus[50]
1200–1300}}1227–1241 Gregory IXDestroyed during the demolition[51]
1241–1241 Celestine IVDestroyed during the demolition[52]
1277–1280Nicholas IIIOriginal destroyed during the demolition; combined with two Rainaldo Orsinis in 1620[53]
1294–1303Boniface VIIIOriginal tomb chapel, into which Boniface VIII had moved the relics of Boniface IV, destroyed during the demolition[54][55]
{{anchor|1300–1400}}1378–1389Urban VISaved during the deconstruction of Old Saint Peter's; nearly dumped by workmen for use as a water trough[56][57]
1389–1404 Boniface IXLocated in the Chapel of Saints Peter and Paul. Tomb by Giovanni Tomacelli among the first destroyed during the demolition.[58]
{{anchor|1400–1500}}1404–1406Innocent VIIOriginally buried in the Chapel of Saints Peter and Paul, moved to the Chapel of St. Thomas in 1455, moved into a mid-fifteenth century copy of the original sarcophagus on September 12, 1606[59]
1447–1455Nicholas VMoved from the left outer aisle of Old Saint Peter's to the right outer aisle. Still monument by Mino da Fiesole, but not sarcophagus, destroyed during the demolition.[60]
1464–1471Paul IIEffigy by Giovanni Dalmata; figures and bas-reliefs by Mino da Fiesole. Monument moved in 1544 and torn down in seventeenth century; sarcophagus survived demolition.[61]
1471–1484Sixtus IV, O.F.M.Sculpted by Antonio del Pollaiolo. Originally located in the choir chapel of Old Saint Peter's; moved in 1610 to the sacristy; moved in 1625 to the Chapel del Coro in new Saint Peter's; combined with Julius II in 1926; moved again in 1940s.[62]
1484–1492Innocent VIIISculpted by Antonio del Pollaiolo. First papal tomb to depict a live pope rather than a deathbed effigy; originally placed in the Oratory of Our Lady in Old St. Peter's; moved to the sudarium on September 5, 1606 during the demolition.[62]
{{anchor|1500–1600}}1503–1503Pius IIISculpted by Sebastiano Ferrucci. Originally built in Old Saint Peter's; last papal mausoleum erected in Old St. Peter's; moved to Sant'Andrea della Valle during the reign of Paul V.[63]
1523–1534Clement VIIOriginally buried in a brick tomb in Old Saint Peter's; current tomb is across from that of Leo X, another Medici pope in Santa Maria sopra Minerva[64]
1534–1549Paul IIISculpted by Guglielmo della Porta. Moved in 1599.[65]
1550–1555Julius IIIOriginally buried in St. Peter's Basilica sans monument in a red stone sarcophagus in the chapel of San Andrea; reinterred in an ancient sarcophagus in 1608, which was reopened two years later during the demolition;[66] sometimes cited as buried in the Del Monte chapel of San Pietro in Montorio along with his adopted cardinal-nephew, Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte[67]
1555–1555Marcellus IINo monument; fourth century sarcophagus, bearing a traditio legis[68]
1572–1585Gregory XIIIOriginal monument destroyed; new monument built in eighteenth century[69]
1590–1591Gregory XIVSculpted by Prospero Antichi.[70]
1591–1591Innocent IXNo monument[70]

See also

  • Index of Vatican City-related articles
  • Papal tombs
  • St. Peter's tomb

Notes

1. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 40.
2. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 272.
3. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 274.
4. ^Grimaldi, Giacomo. Ed. R. Niggl. 1972. Descrizione della Basilica Antica di S. Pietro in Vaticano: Codice Barberini Latino 2733. Vatican City.
5. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 12.
6. ^Reardon, 2004, pp. 40–41.
7. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 41.
8. ^1 2 3 Reardon, 2004, p. 42.
9. ^1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 43.
10. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 44.
11. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 45.
12. ^1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 46.
13. ^Reardon, 2004, pp. 46–48.
14. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 48.
15. ^Reardon, 2004, pp. 49–51.
16. ^1 Mann, 2003, p. 22.
17. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 51.
18. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 52.
19. ^1 2 3 Reardon, 2004, p. 53.
20. ^1 2 3 4 Reardon, 2004, p. 54.
21. ^Reardon, 2004, pp. 54–55.
22. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 55.
23. ^Reardon, 2004, pp. 55–56.
24. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 56.
25. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 57.
26. ^1 2 3 4 5 Reardon, 2004, p. 58.
27. ^1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 59.
28. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 60.
29. ^Gardner, 1992, ill. 16.
30. ^Mann, 2003, p. 24.
31. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 61.
32. ^1 2 3 4 Reardon, 2004, p. 62.
33. ^1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 64.
34. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 65.
35. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 66.
36. ^1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 67.
37. ^1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 68.
38. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 69.
39. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 70.
40. ^1 2 3 4 5 Reardon, 2004, p. 71.
41. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 72.
42. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 74.
43. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 75.
44. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 76.
45. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 81.
46. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 82.
47. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 84.
48. ^Mann, 2003, p. 27.
49. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 88.
50. ^Gardner, 1992, ill. 11.
51. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 100.
52. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 101.
53. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 111.
54. ^Gardner, 1992, ill. 106–108, 111–112.
55. ^Reardon, 2004, pp. 120–121.
56. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 137.
57. ^Gardner, 1992, ill. 147.
58. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 140.
59. ^Reardon, 2004, pp. 141–142.
60. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 153.
61. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 163.
62. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 167.
63. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 177.
64. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 182.
65. ^Reardon, 2004, pp. 185–186.
66. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 186.
67. ^Aldrich, Robert, and Wotherspoon, Garry. (2000). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History from Antiquity to World War II. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-25369-7}}. p. 278.
68. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 187–188.
69. ^Reardon, 2004, p. 195.
70. ^1 Reardon, 2004, p. 199.

References

  • {{citation | last = Gardner | first = Julian | title = The Tomb and the Tiara | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-19-817510-0 }}
  • {{citation | last = Mann| first = H. K. | year = 2003| title =Tombs and Portraits of the Popes of the Middle Ages| publisher =Kessinger Publishing| isbn = 978-0-7661-2903-0}}
  • Reardon, Wendy J. 2004. The Deaths of the Popes. Macfarland & Company, Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-1527-4}}

External links

  • {{de icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100127105000/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/requiem/ Information and images on papal tombs (1417 and 1799)] from the Requiem project
{{Vatican City topics|state=collapsed}}{{coord|41.9022|N|12.4533|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

5 : Burial places of popes|Burials at St. Peter's Basilica|Papal tombs|History of the papacy|Sarcophagi
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/13 22:29:35