| 词条 | Longinus | |
| 释义 |
|name=Saint Longinus |birth_date=1st century |death_date=1st century |feast_day=* March 15: Roman Catholic Church (Extraordinary Form)
|venerated_in=Anglican Communion Coptic Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodoxy Roman Catholic Church |image= Fra Angelico 027.jpg |imagesize=200px |caption=Longinus pierces the side of Jesus with the Holy Lance. Fresco by Fra Angelico (1395–1455), San Marco, Florence |birth_place= |death_place= |titles= |beatified_date= |beatified_place= |beatified_by= |canonized_date= |canonized_place= |canonized_by= |attributes=Military attire, lance[1] |patronage= |major_shrine= Inside the St. Peter's Basilica, in the Vatican. |suppressed_date= |issues= }} Longinus {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|ɒ|n|ˈ|dʒ|aɪ|n|ə|s}} is the name given to the unnamed Roman soldier who pierced Jesus in his side with a lance and who in medieval and some modern Christian traditions is described as a convert to Christianity.[2] It first appeared in the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus.[3] The lance is called in Christianity the "Holy Lance" (lancea) and his story is related in the Latin Vulgate Bible during the Crucifixion.[4] This act is said to have created the last of the Five Holy Wounds of Christ. This individual, unnamed in the Gospels, is further identified in some versions of the legend as the centurion present at the Crucifixion, who said that Jesus was the son of God.[5] Longinus' legend grew over the years to the point that he was said to have converted to Christianity after the Crucifixion, and he is traditionally venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, and several other Christian communions. Origins of the StoryNo name for this soldier is given in the canonical Gospels; the name Longinus is instead found in the Acts of Pilate a text appended to the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus. Longinus did not start out as a saint. An early tradition, found in the 4th-century pseudepigraphal "Letter of Herod to Pilate", claims that Longinus suffered for having pierced Jesus, and that he was condemned to a cave where every night a lion came and mauled him until dawn, after which his body healed back to normal, in a pattern that would repeat till the end of time.[5] Later traditions turned him into a Christian convert, but as Sabine Baring-Gould observed: "The name of Longinus was not known to the Greeks previous to the patriarch Germanus, in 715. It was introduced amongst the Westerns from the Apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus. There is no reliable authority for the Acts and martyrdom of this saint."[6] However, an old tradition does link the birthplace of Longinus with the village of Anxanum (Lanciano), Samnite territory, in today's Abruzzo region of central Italy.[7] The name is probably Latinized from the Greek lonche (λόγχη), the word used for the lance mentioned in John 19:34.[8] It first appears lettered on an illumination of the Crucifixion beside the figure of the soldier holding a spear, written, perhaps contemporaneously, in horizontal Greek letters, LOGINOS (ΛΟΓΙΝΟϹ), in the Syriac gospel manuscript illuminated by a certain Rabulas in the year 586, in the Laurentian Library, Florence. The spear used is known as the Holy Lance, and more recently, especially in occult circles, as the "Spear of Destiny", which was revered at Jerusalem by the sixth century, although neither the centurion nor the name "Longinus" were invoked in any surviving report. As the "Lance of Longinus", the spear figures in the legends of the Holy Grail.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} Blindness or other eye problems are not mentioned until after the tenth century.[9] Petrus Comestor was one of the first to add an eyesight problem to the legend and his text can be translated as "blind", "dim-sighted" or "weak-sighted. The Golden Legend says that he saw celestial signs before conversion and that his eye problems might have been caused by illness or age.[10] The touch of Jesus's blood cures his eye problem: Christian legend has it that Longinus was a blind Roman centurion who thrust the spear into Christ's side at the crucifixion. Some of Jesus's blood fell upon his eyes and he was healed. Upon this miracle Longinus believed in Jesus.[11] The body of Longinus is said to have been lost twice, and that its second recovery was at Mantua in 1304, together with the Holy Sponge stained with Christ's blood, wherewith it was told—extending Longinus' role—that Longinus had assisted in cleansing Christ's body when it was taken down from the cross. The relic, corpules of alleged blood taken from the Holy Lance, enjoyed a revived cult in late 13th century Bologna under the combined impetus of the Grail romances, the local tradition of eucharistic miracles, the chapel consecrated to Longinus, the Holy Blood in the Benedictine monastery church of Sant'Andrea,{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} and the patronage of the Bonacolsi.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The relics are said to have been divided and then distributed to Prague and elsewhere, with the body taken to the Basilica of Sant'Agostino in Rome. However, official guides of the Basilica do not mention the presence of any tomb associated with Saint Longinus. It is also said that the body of Longinus was found in Sardinia; Greek sources assert that he suffered martyrdom in Gabala, Cappadocia.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} Present-day venerationLonginus is venerated, generally as a martyr, in the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Armenian Apostolic Church. His feast day is kept on 16 October in the Roman Martyrology, which mentions him, without any indication of martyrdom, in the following terms: "At Jerusalem, commemoration of Saint Longinus, who is venerated as the soldier opening the side of the crucified Lord with a lance".[12] The original feast day of 15 March is still maintained in the liturgical calendar in the Extraordinary Form. The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates him on 16 October. In the Armenian Apostolic Church, his feast is commemorated on 22 October.[13] The statue of Saint Longinus, sculpted by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, is one of four in the niches beneath the dome of Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City. A spearpoint fragment said to be from the Holy Lance is also conserved in the Basilica. Longinus and his legend are the subject of the Moriones Festival held during Holy Week on the island of Marinduque, the Philippines. In popular culture
GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite web |last1=Stracke |first1=Richard |title= Saint Longinus | url = http://www.christianiconography.info/longinus.html |website=Christian Iconography | date=2015-10-20}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Fuhrmann|first1=Christopher|title=Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order|date= 11 April 2014|edition= Reprint|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199360017|page=231|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yspXtgPVoJQC&pg=PA231&dq=Longinus+Roman+soldier+mythology&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjgyY3mroraAhXN3KQKHchCAS44ChDoAQg4MAM#v=onepage&q=Longinus%20%20&f=false}} 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Barber |first1=Richard |last2= |authorlink1=Richard Barber |title=The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief |date=2004 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674013902 |page=118 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_lLbiZCNhlAC&pg=PA118&dq=gospel+of+nicodemus+Longinus&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBt5SApZvhAhXlrnEKHXI1DkoQ6AEITDAH#v=onepage&q=gospel%20of%20nicodemus%20Longinus&f=false |accessdate=24 March 2019 |language=en}} 4. ^John 19:34. 5. ^Ehrman, Bart, "Forged: Writing in the Name of God", Chapter 5. 6. ^1 Baring-Gould, The Lives of the Saints, vol. III (Edinburgh) 1914, sub "March 15: S[aint] Longinus M[artyr]"; Baring-Gould adds, "The Greek Acts pretend to be by S. Hesychius (March 28th), but are an impudent forgery of late date." ([https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/athens/olympus/9587/bglong.html&date=2009-10-25+12:53:55 on-line text]). 7. ^Sniadach, Keith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tAGu13pleIgC&pg=PT46&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false Relics of God: A Supernatural Guide to Religious Artifacts, Sacred Locations & Holy Souls.] Keith Sniadach, 2010. p. 73. Web. 19 Apr. 2011. 8. ^See at Kontos; "The name cannot be ascribed to any tradition; its obvious derivation from logchē (λόγχη), spear or lance, shows that it was, like that of Saint Veronica, fashioned to suit the event," noted Elizabeth Jameson, The History of Our Lord as Exemplified in Works of Art 1872:160. 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Sticca|first1=Sandro|title=The Latin Passion Play: Its Origins and Development|date=1970|publisher=State University of New York|isbn=978-0873950459|page=159|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4qFkLsngq8MC&pg=PA159&dq=Longinus+Jesus%7CChrist+blind&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm15GoiY3aAhWpDMAKHSxJBjkQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=Longinus%20Jesus%7CChrist%20blind&f=false|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 10. ^{{cite book|author1=Ruth House Webber|editor1-last=Caspi|editor1-first=Michael|title=Oral Tradition and Hispanic Literature: Essays in Honor of Samuel G. Armistead|date=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0815320623|page=633|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Yej1AwmvO6gC&pg=PA633&dq=Petrus+Comestor++longinus+blindness&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxzubTi43aAhXBK8AKHcUvCp0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Petrus%20Comestor%20%20longinus%20blindness&f=false|accessdate=27 March 2018|chapter=Jimena’s Prayer in the Cantor de Mio Cid and the French Epic Prayer}} 11. ^{{cite book | last1 = Godwin | first1 = Malcolm | title = The Holy Grail: Its Origins, Secrets & Meaning Revealed | publisher = Viking Penguin | year= 1994 | page = 51 | isbn = 0-670-85128-0 }} 12. ^"Hierosolymae, commemoratio sancti Longini, qui miles colitur latus Domini cruci affixi lancea aperiens" - Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2001 {{ISBN|88-209-7210-7}}), Die 16 octobris 13. ^Calendar of Saints (Armenian Apostolic Church) 14. ^{{cite book | title = The Gospel of Matthew and Its Readers: A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel | last = Clarke | first = Howard W. | year = 2003 | publisher = Indiana University Press | isbn = 0-253-34235-X | page = 241}} 15. ^Leonard Maltin, 2004 Movie & Video Guide, (New York: New American Library, 2003), 558 sub loco. 16. ^Light Brigade, Goodreads 17. ^[https://www.darkhorse.com/Books/12-743/Hellboy-Volume-1-Seed-of-Destruction-TPB Hellboy: Seed of Destruction] Dark Horse External links{{Commons category|Saint Longinus}}
11 : 1st-century Romans|1st-century Christian saints|1st-century deaths|Blind people|Christian hagiography|Christian mythology|People in the canonical gospels|Romans from unknown gentes|Year of birth unknown|Military saints|Christian saints from the New Testament |
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