| 词条 | Parimelalhagar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Parimelalhagar ({{lang-ta|பரிமேலழகர்}}) (c. 13th century CE), also known as Vanthuvarai Perumal, was a Tamil poet and scholar known for his commentary on the Thirukkural.{{sfn|Vedhanayagam, 2017|pp=7–8}} He was the last among the canon of ten medieval commentators of the Kural text most highly esteemed by scholars.{{sfn|Velusami and Faraday, 2017|p=54}}{{sfn|Natarajan, 2008|pp=1–6}} He was also among the five oldest commentators whose works had been preserved and made available to the Modern era, the others being Manakkudavar, Pari Perumal, Kaalingar, and Paridhi. Although the chapter ordering, and the verse ordering within each chapter, of the Tirukkural as set by Parimelalhagar varies greatly from the original work of Valluvar, the scholars and publishers of the modern era primarily follow Parimelalhagar’s ordering. Thus, it is Parimelalhagar’s ordering that is used to number the Kural chapters and couplets today. Early lifeParimelalhagar was born in Kancheepuram in the erstwhile Tondai state in a Vaishnavite Brahmin family and is believed to have lived during the late 13th century CE.{{sfn|Jagannathan, 1963}} He belonged to the lineage of priests of Sri Ulagalandha Perumal temple in his home town.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar, 2009|pp=26–29}} He is also known by various names as Parimelalhagiyaar, Parimelalhagiyan, and Parimelalhagaraiyan. Sivagyana Munivar mentions him as Parimelalhagiyaar in his work.{{sfn|Aravindan, 1968|pp=379–423}} There are accounts of his living in both the cities of Kancheepuram and Madurai. Verse 41 of the Thondaimandala Sadhagam says that "Parimelalhagar of Kancheepuram served as beacon to the Kural." Additionally, an inscription on a plaque dating back to 1271 CE, which was erected in the 22nd year of the rule of the Telugu Chola King Vijayakanda Gopalan, mentions a land transaction done by Parimelalhagiya Dhadhan. According to M. Raghava Iyengar, this Parimelalhagiya Dhadhan was none other than Parimelalhagar. These serve as evidences to the claim that Parimelalhagar lived in Kancheepuram. Verses 1547 and 1548 of the Perunthirattu indicate that he was a political figure in the town of Okkur near Madurai in the Pandya Kingdom. The word usage that he employed in his Kural commentary (as in couplet 650) appears to be the colloquial version of the language spoken in Tirunelveli district even today. Incidentally, there are also several tombs indicating the name "Parimelalhagar" found across the district. These indicate that he must have lived in the Pandya Kingdom, chiefly Madurai.{{sfn|Aravindan, 1968|pp=379–423}} Right from him young age, Parimel was well versed in Sanskrit language's Tharka, Vyakarna, Sankya, and Vedanta and Tamil language's Tolkappiyam and other classic literary works.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar, 2009|pp=26–29}} He is believed to have had a good understanding of Agama, Siddhanta and Vedanta, which are considered vital to unravel the riches of the Tirukkural, which helped him do justice to his commentary.{{sfn|Kolappan, 2015}} When Parimel chose to write a literary criticism, he analysed in depth the works of the previous nine commentators before his time and eliminated the flaws found in those earlier commentaries. When he completed his writing and perfected the work, he decided to stage it in the court of the Pandya ruler. Legend has it that the King wanted Parimel to stage his work seated on a bronze horse mounted in his court. When Parimel did so, the bronze horse moved, serving as an evidence to his scholarly stature. Thus he came to be known as Parimelalhagar (meaning "the handsome equestrian"). The name is sometime indicated as "Parimelalhagiyar" and "Parimelalhagaraiyyan". His commentary on the Kural came to be called as "Parimelalhagiyar Virutthi".{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar, 2009|pp=26–29}} He is believed to have written the commentary around 1271–1272 CE as indicated in an inscription at the Varadharaja Perumal Temple at Kanchipuram.{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|p=9}} This is indicated in the work Sasana Tamil Kavi Saritham by Raghava Iyangar.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar, 2009|pp=26–29}} Parimel has also written a commentary on Paripaadal, one of the work of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthogai).{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar, 2009|pp=26–29}} However, a Parimelalhagar commentary on the Tirumurugattrupadai is believed to have written by a different poet of his namesake.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar, 2009|pp=26–29}} ReligionThere are several evidences indicating that Parimelalhagar belonged to the Vaishnavite sect. His explanations to Kural couplets 610 and 1103, his usage of the Nalayira Divya Prabandham in various instances, his employment of verses from the Tiruvai Molhi in couplets 349 and 370, and his citing Nammalvar's verses in chapter 39 of the second book of the Kural text all indicate that he was a Vaishnavite.{{sfn|Aravindan, 1968|pp=379–423}} Commentary to the Kural textParimelalhagar's version of the Kural text varies from that of Manakkudavar in about 220 instances, including 84 in Book I, 105 in Book II, and 32 in Book III of the Kural text. With regard to the commentary by Kaalingar, Parimelalhagar's version varies in about 215 places.{{sfn|Kumaravelan, 2008|pp=9–10}} He has cited other earlier commentators in as many as 133 places within his commentary. He has justified the changes that he has made to the Kural text in about 48 instances.{{sfn|Perunchithiranar, 1933|p=19}} Literature citedParimelalhagar had an excellent command of both Tamil and Sanskrit. His in-depth knowledge of Tamil can be seen in his usage of more 230 linguistic and literature examples that he has employed in his commentary on the Kural.{{sfn|Navalar, 1991|p=x}} In as many as 286 instances, he even lucidly elaborates the meaning of highly literary Tamil words of his time.{{sfn|Perunchithiranar, 1933|p=19}} He has also cited various works of the Tamil literature in his commentary. These include various Sangam texts (including Purananuru, Kaliththokai, Agananuru, Natrinai, Kurunthogai, Pattinappaalai, Paripaadal, Nedunalvaadai, Pathitrupathu, and Porunaraatruppadai), epics (including Jeevaka Chinthamani, Silappadikaram, Manimekalai, Valayapathi, and the Mahabaratha), moral works of the Eighteen Lesser Texts (including Naladiyar, Nanmanikkatigai, Palamoli Nanuru, and Thirikatukam), religious scriptures (including Tiruvaaimolhi and Tirukkovaiyar), grammar texts (including Purapporul Venbamalai, Tolkappiyam, and Iraiyanar Akapporul), Mutthollaayiram, and the mathematical text of Yerambam.{{sfn|Rajendiran, 2018|pp=18, 35}}{{sfn|Rajendiran, 2018|pp=(vol. 3) 218–219}} Publication of the commentaryOf all the commentaries available of the Kural text, the Parimelalhagar commentary was the first to be published by modern printing technology and remains the widely published commentary. It first came to print in 1840.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} As of 2013, Perimelalhagar's commentary appeared in more than 200 editions by as many as 30 publishers.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=469}} Variations in ordering of the Kural versesThe following table depicts the variations among the early commentators' ordering of, for example, the first ten verses of the Tirukkural. Note that the ordering of the verses and chapters as set by Parimelalhagar, which had been followed unanimously for centuries ever since, has now been accepted as the standard structure of the Kural text.
It is found that there are as many as 120 variations found in the ordering of the Kural couplets by Parimelalhagar with respect to the commentary by Manakkudavar. PraiseGeorge L. Hart regards Parimelalhagar's treatise on yoga asanas as one of the purest literary works in Tamil.{{sfn|Hart, n.d.}} Many scholars consider Parimelalhagar's commentary to be highly exquisite that only learned intellectuals can completely grasp the subtleties found in his commentary.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar, 2009|pp=26–29}} Simon Casie Chetty, in his Tamil Plutarch, mentions Parimelalhagar as a Tamil poet who was renowned mainly because of his commentary on the Tirukkural. Though there were nine other commentaries too, Parimelalhagar's was regarded as the best of the ten.{{sfn|Chetty, 1859|p=65}} According to P. S. Sundaram, Parimelalhagar's commentary on the Kural is praised for his in-depth knowledge of both Sanskrit and Tamil, his acumen in detecting the errors of earlier commentators, and the fulness and brevity of his own commentary.{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|p=9}} In his commentary, Parimelalhagar begins each chapter of the Kural by citing a reason for its placement in the sequence.{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|p=9}} Other worksApart from his work on the Kural, Parimelalhagar has also written commentary on the Paripaadal, another Sangam work.{{sfn|Aravindan, 1968|pp=423–428}} See also
CitationsReferences{{ref begin|30em}}
| edition= First | date = 1990 | location = Gurgaon | pages = | language = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-01-44000-09-8 | mr = | zbl = | jfm = |ref={{sfnRef|Sundaram, 1990}} }}
Further reading
5 : Tirukkural|Tamil poets|Tirukkural commentators|Ten medieval commentators|Medieval Tamil poets |
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