“Pass a Loutre Wildlife Management Area”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Pass a Loutre Wildlife Management Area (WMA) is a {{convert|66000|acre|km2|adj=on}} protected wetland in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States. The WMA is located due south and bordering the 48,000 acre Delta National Wildlife Refuge, accessible only by air or boat, contains the Pass A L'Outre Lighthouse ({{coord|29|11|26.6|N|89|2|29.3|W|type:landmark_region:US_dim:7}}), and Port Eads is within the boundary.

Location

The WMA is situated on the lower Mississippi River, starting at the Head of Passes, including an extreme northern portion of the Southwest Pass, all of the South Pass, and Pass a Loutre,^[1] in the Plaquemines-Balize delta lobe of the Mississippi River Delta Basin.^[2]

Description

The WMA is a combination of low marsh, tidal marsh, mudflats, and salt marsh, covering three of the five main types of wetlands.

Fauna

The Pass a Loutre WMA, within the Mississippi Delta, sometimes referred to as "The Birds Foot",^[3]^[4] has a diverse range of wildlife including whitetail deer and rabbit, fur bearing animals and alligators, and indigenous as well as migratory birds and waterfowl that includes game species.

Fish

Fish are abundant. Freshwater species include bass, bream, catfish, crappie, warmouth, drum, and garfish. Inland saltwater fish, found in the saltwater marches include redfish, speckled trout and flounder.^[5]

Invasive Pests

Since 2017, over 80% of the reed beds of Roseau Cane in the WMA have been damaged by the invasive "Roseau Cane Mealybug", Nipponaclerda biwakoensis, threatening wildlife habitat throughout the affected regions of the WMA.^[6]

Mississippi Flyway

Pass a Loutre is the final destination of the Mississippi Flyway bird migration route for many species.^[7] About 40% of all migratory birds use this route including American goldfinch, American tree sparrow, Baltimore oriole, black-capped chickadee, blue grosbeak, blue jay, brown-headed cowbird, Bullock's oriole, chipping sparrow, common grackle, common redpoll, dark-eyed junco, downy woodpecker, evening grosbeak, field sparrow, hairy woodpecker, house finch, indigo bunting, northern cardinal, northern flicker, orchard oriole, pileated woodpecker, pine grosbeak, pine siskin, purple finch, red-bellied woodpecker, red-breasted nuthatch, red-winged blackbird, rose-breasted grosbeak, ruby-throated hummingbird, tufted titmouse, and the white-breasted nuthatch.^[8]

The Audubon Society priority species are the American oystercatcher, black skimmer, brown pelican, clapper rail, least tern, little blue heron, mottled duck, piping plover, reddish egret, red knot, ruddy turnstone, sanderling, seaside sparrow, short-billed dowitcher, snowy plover, western sandpiper, and Wilson's plover.

WMA use

Starting July 1, 1993, a Wild Louisiana Stamp, hunting license, or fishing license is required to use any Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries administered land. This includes wildlife refuges, wildlife management area, and habitat conservation areas. Any person under sixteen or sixty and over are exempt from this requirement.^[9]

Wetland enhancement programs

There have been many wetland enhancement programs in the WMA. Sixteen small-scale sediment diversions (crevasses), have been completed since 1986, as well as sediment retention measures.^[10]

Artificial Reef Program

The WMA extends into the Gulf of Mexico as part of the "Artificial Reef Program" created by La. R.S. 56:639.1 et seq., and participants are the LDWF, the Louisiana State University School of the Coast and Environment, formerly the Center for Coastal, Energy, and Environmental Resources, and the Louisiana Sea Grant College Program.^[11]

Loutre Restoration Project

In 2015 the Pass a Loutre Restoration Project received a $1,000,000 matching grant from the North-American Wetland Conservation Act (NAWCA). Partners in the grant are the Coastal Protection & Restoration Authority of Louisiana, and the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, which will provide and additional $2,150,000. The project has an impact 2,034 acres of coastal marsh and 225 acres of beach/dune habitat, including migration and wintering habitat, and two remote bird nesting islands.^[12]

See also

References

1. ^WMA map- Retrieved 2017-03-29
2. ^[https://lacoast.gov/reports/cwcrp/1993/Appendix_C_MS_River_DeltaBasin.pdf Mississippi River Delta Basin map]: Louisiana Coastal Wetlands Restoration Plan, Introduction (7 of 80), figure 1; By the Louisiana Coastal Wetlands Conservation and Restoration Task Force (November 1993)- Retrieved 2017-03-29
3. ^Portrait of the Bird’s foot delta: part one- Retrieved 2017-03-29
4. ^Bird’s Foot Delta: part two - Retrieved 2017-03-29
5. ^LDWF: Fauna- Retrieved 2017-03-29
6. ^Scientists identify pest laying waste to Mississippi River Delta wetlands grass
7. ^Audubon: Mississippi Flyway- Retrieved 2017-03-29
8. ^Bird Migration: Birds of the Mississippi Flyway - Retrieved 2017-03-29
9. ^Justia; LA Rev Stat § 56:109, D.(1)- Retrieved 2017-03-29
10. ^[https://lacoast.gov/reports/cwcrp/1993/Appendix_C_MS_River_DeltaBasin.pdf Louisiana Coastal Wetlands Restoration Plan]: "Mississippi River Delta Basin": pp. 3 (8 of 80), By the Louisiana Coastal Wetlands Conservation and Restoration Task Force (November 1993)- Retrieved 2017-03-29
11. ^Marine Protected Areas in the Gulf of Mexico: A Survey (pp. 76-77) - Retrieved 2017-03-29
12. ^[https://www.fws.gov/birds/grants/north-american-wetland-conservation-act/nawca-project-summaries1508.php NAWCA grant]- Retrieved 2017-03-29