“Patent thicket”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A patent thicket is a concept with negative connotations that has been described as "a dense web of overlapping intellectual property rights that a company must hack its way through in order to actually commercialize new technology,"^[1] or, in other words, "an overlapping set of patent rights” which requires innovators to reach licensing deals for multiple patents from multiple sources."^[2]

The expression may come from SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp. patent litigation case in the 1970s, wherein SCM's central charge had been that Xerox constructed a "patent thicket" to prevent competition.^[3]

Patent thickets are used to defend against competitors designing around a single patent.^[4] It has been suggested by some that this is particularly true in fields such as software or pharmaceuticals, but Sir Robin Jacob has pointed out that "every patentee of a major invention is likely to come up with improvements and alleged improvements to his invention" and that "it is in the nature of the patent system itself that [patent thickets] should happen and it has always happened".^[5]

Patent thickets are also sometimes called patent floods,^[6] or patent clusters.^[7] According to a report by Professor Ian Hargreaves, published in May 2011, patent thickets "obstruct entry to some markets and so impede innovation."^[8] Patent thickets are said to have become{{when|date=December 2012}} common in fields like{{vague|date=December 2012}} nanotechnology as more fundamental science is patented. and some authors have expressed concern that this could reduce technological development and innovation.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

The economics of innovation literature suggests that patent thickets may have an ambiguous effect on patent transactions. On one hand, dispersion in the ownership of patents increases the number of patent owners with whom bargains have to be struck, and this may reduce the incentives to conduct patent transactions. But there is a second, countervailing effect: the presence of overlapping patent rights may reduce the value at stake in each individual patent licensing negotiation, and this may facilitate licensing deals.^[14]^[15]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book |authorlink=Carl Shapiro |first=Carl |last=Shapiro |chapterurl=http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/thicket.pdf |chapter=Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard-Setting |year=2001 |title=Innovation Policy and the Economy |volume=I |editor-last=Jaffe |editor-first=Adam B. |pages=119–150 |location=Cambridge |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0-262-60041-2 |display-editors=etal}}
2. ^Digital Opportunity, A review of Intellectual Property and Growth, An independent report by Ian Hargreaves {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112213030/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview.htm |date=2013-01-12 }}, May 2011, page 18.
3. ^Donald Paneth, News Dictionary, 1978, Published 1979, Facts On File, Inc., pa. 9, {{ISBN|0-87196-107-5}}
4. ^{{cite book |last=Rubinfeld |first=Daniel L. |last2=Maness |first2=Robert |year=2005 |chapter=The Strategic Use of Patents: Implications for Antitrust |title=Antitrust, Patents and Copyright: EU and US Perspectives |editor1-last=Leveque |editor1-first=Francois |editor2-last=Shelanski |editor2-first=Howard |location=Northampton |publisher=Edward Elgar |pages=85–102 |chapterurl=http://www.law.berkeley.edu/faculty/rubinfeldd/Profile/publications/Strategic_Use_of_Patents.pdf |isbn=1-84542-603-7 }}
5. ^"Patents and Pharmaceuticals", a paper given on 29 November 2008 at the Presentation of the Directorate-General of Competition’s Preliminary Report of the Pharma-sector inquiry, by the Rt. Hon. Sir Robin Jacob
6. ^{{cite paper |quote=...multiplicity of patents, referred to as ‘patent thickets’ and ‘patent floods’... |first=Mattias |last=Ganslandt |url=http://www.ifn.se/Wfiles/wp/wp726.pdf |title=Intellectual Property Rights and Competition Policy |work=IFN Working Paper No. 726 |year=2008 |page=12 }} Also in {{cite book |editor-last=Maskus |editor-first=Keith E. |year=2009 |title=Intellectual Property, Growth and Trade |series=Frontiers of Economics and Globalization |volume=2 |publisher=Emerald Group |pages=233–261 |isbn=978-0-444-52764-6 }}
7. ^{{cite paper |quote=One commonly applied strategy is filing numerous patents for the same medicine (forming so called ‘patent clusters’ or ‘patent thickets’) |author=European Commission |url=http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/preliminary_report.pdf |title=Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry: Preliminary Report |work=DG Competition Staff Working Paper |date=28 November 2008 |page=9 }}
8. ^Digital Opportunity, A review of Intellectual Property and Growth, An independent report by Ian Hargreaves {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112213030/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview.htm |date=2013-01-12 }}, May 2011, page 5.
9. ^Clarkson, G., & DeKorte, D. (2006). The problem of patent thickets in convergent technologies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1093(1), 180-200.
10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Sabety|first1=T.|title=Nanotechnology Innovation and the Patent Thicket: Which IP Policies Promote Growth?|journal=Nanotechnology Law & Business|date=2004|volume=1|issue=3|page=477|url=http://www.nanolabweb.com/index.cfm/action/main.default.viewArticle/articleID/38/}}
11. ^Bawa, R., Bawa, S. R., & Maebius, S. B. (2005). The nanotechnology patent ‘gold rush’. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 10(5), 426-433.
12. ^Harris, D. L. (2009). Carbon nanotube patent thickets. Nanotechnology & Society, 163-184.
13. ^D'Silva, J. (2009). Pools, thickets and open source nanotechnology. European intellectual property review, 31(6), 300-306.
14. ^ Galasso, A. & Schankerman, M (2010). Patent thickets, courts, and the market for innovation. RAND Journal of Economics, 41(3), 472–503.
15. ^ http://www.voxeu.org/article/improving-efficiency-market-innovation