“Patrick Pearse”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Patrick Henry Pearse (also known as Pádraig or Pádraic Pearse; {{lang-ga|Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais}}; 10 November 1879 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish teacher, barrister, poet, writer, nationalist, republican political activist and revolutionary who was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916. Following his execution along with fifteen others, Pearse came to be seen by many as the embodiment of the rebellion.

Early life and influences

Pearse, his brother Willie, and his sisters Margaret and Mary Brigid were born at 27 Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, the street that is named after them today.^[1]^[2] It was here that their father, James Pearse, established a stonemasonry business in the 1850s,^[3] a business which flourished and provided the Pearses with a comfortable middle-class upbringing.^[4] Pearse's father was a mason and monumental sculptor, and originally a Unitarian from Birmingham in England.^[5] His mother, Margaret Brady, was from Dublin, and her father's family from County Meath were native Irish speakers. She was James's second wife; James had two children, Emily and James, from his first marriage (two other children died in infancy). Pearse's maternal grandfather Patrick was a supporter of the 1848 Young Ireland movement, and later a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB). Pearse recalls attending a ballad singer perform republican songs, afterwords he went around looking for armed men ready to fight, he found none and declared sadly to his grandfather that "the fenians are all dead". His maternal grand uncle, James Savage, fought in the American Civil War.^[6] The Irish-speaking influence of Pearse's great-aunt Margaret, together with his schooling at the CBS Westland Row, instilled in him an early love for the Irish language and culture.^[7]

Pearse grew up surrounded by books.^[8] His father had had very little formal education, but was self-educated;^[9] Pearse was radicalised from an early age. He recalls that at the age of ten he prayed to God, promising him he would dedicate his life to Irish freedom.^[10] Pearse's early heroes were ancient Gaelic folk heroes such as Cúchulainn, though in his 30s he began to take a strong interest in the leaders of past republican movements, such as the United Irishmen Theobald Wolfe Tone and Robert Emmet{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}.

Pearse soon became involved in the Gaelic revival. In 1896, at the age of 16, he joined the Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge), and in 1903, at the age of 23, he became editor of its newspaper An Claidheamh Soluis ("The Sword of Light").^[11]

In 1900, Pearse was awarded a B.A. in Modern Languages (Irish, English and French) by the Royal University of Ireland, for which he had studied for two years privately and for one at University College Dublin. In the same year, he was enrolled as a Barrister-at-Law at the King's Inns.^[12] Pearse was called to the bar in 1901. In 1905, Pearse represented Neil McBride, a poet and songwriter from Feymore, Creeslough, Donegal, who had been fined for having his name displayed in "illegible" writing (i.e. Irish) on his donkey cart. The appeal was heard before the Court of King's Bench in Dublin. It was Pearse's first and only court appearance as a barrister. The case was lost but it became a symbol of the struggle for Irish independence. In his 27 June 1905 An Claidheamh Soluis column, Pearse wrote of the decision, "...it was in effect decided that Irish is a foreign language on the same level with Yiddish."^[13]^[14]^[15]

St Enda's

As a cultural nationalist educated by the Irish Christian Brothers, like his younger brother Willie, Pearse believed that language was intrinsic to the identity of a nation. The Irish school system, he believed, raised Ireland's youth to be good Englishmen or obedient Irishmen, and an alternative was needed. Thus for him and other language revivalists saving the Irish language from extinction was a cultural priority of the utmost importance. The key to saving the language, he felt, would be a sympathetic education system. To show the way he started his own bilingual school for boys, St. Enda's School (Scoil Éanna) in Cullenswood House in Ranelagh, a suburb of County Dublin, in 1908.^[16] The pupils were taught in both Irish and English. Cullenswood House is now the home of a Gaelscoil, Lios na nÓg. Two years later St. Enda's School moved to The Hermitage in Rathfarnham, County Dublin, now home to the Pearse Museum.

With the aid of Thomas MacDonagh, Pearse's younger brother Willie Pearse, their mother and both Margaret and Mary Brigid Pearse, along with other (often transient) academics, it soon proved a successful experiment. Pearse did all he planned, and even took students on field trips to the Gaeltacht in the West of Ireland. Pearse's restless idealism led him in search of an even more idyllic home for his school. He found it in the Hermitage, Rathfarnham, to which he moved St Enda's in 1910. Pearse was also involved in the foundation of St Ita's school for girls, a school with aims similar to those of St Enda's.^[16]

However, the new home, while splendidly located in an 18th-century house surrounded by a park and woodlands, caused financial difficulties that almost brought Pearse to disaster. He strove continually to keep ahead of his debts while doing his best to maintain the school. In February 1914, he went on a fund-raising trip to the United States, where he met John Devoy and Joseph McGarrity both of whom were impressed by his fervour and supported him in raising sufficient money to secure the continued existence of the school.

The Volunteers and Home Rule

In April 1912 John Redmond leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, which held the balance of power in the House of Commons committed the government of the United Kingdom to introducing an Irish Home Rule Bill. Pearse gave the Bill a qualified welcome. He was one of four speakers, including Redmond, Joseph Devlin MP, leader of the Northern Nationalists, and Eoin MacNeill a prominent Gaelic Leaguer, who addressed a large Home Rule Rally in Dublin at the end of March 1912. Speaking in Irish, Pearse said he thought that "a good measure can be gained if we have enough courage", but he warned, "Let the English understand that if we are again betrayed, there shall be red war throughout Ireland."^[17]

In November 1913 Pearse was invited to the inaugural meeting of the Irish Volunteers—formed in reaction to the creation of the Ulster Volunteers—whose aim was "to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland".^[18] In an article entitled "The Coming Revolution" (November 1913) Pearse wrote:

The Home Rule Bill just failed to pass the House of Lords, but the Lords' diminished power under the Parliament Act 1911 meant that the Bill could only be delayed, not stopped. It was placed on the statute books with Royal Assent in September 1914, but its implementation was suspended for the duration of the First World War.

John Redmond feared that his "national authority" might be circumvented by the Volunteers and decided to try to take control of the new movement. Despite opposition from the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Volunteer Executive agreed to share leadership with Redmond and a joint committee was set up. Pearse was opposed to this and was to write:^[19]

The Volunteers split, one of the issues being support for the Allied and British war effort. A majority followed Redmond into the National Volunteers in the belief that this would ensure Home Rule on their return. Pearse, exhilarated by the dramatic events of the European war, wrote in an article in December 1915:

Irish Republican Brotherhood

In December 1913 Bulmer Hobson swore Pearse into the secret Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB),^[21] an organisation dedicated to the overthrow of British rule in Ireland and its replacement with an Irish Republic. He was soon co-opted onto the IRB's Supreme Council by Tom Clarke.^[22] Pearse was then one of many people who were members of both the IRB and the Volunteers. When he became the Volunteers' Director of Military Organisation in 1914^[23] he was the highest ranking Volunteer in the IRB membership, and instrumental in the latter's commandeering of the remaining minority of the Volunteers for the purpose of rebellion. By 1915 he was on the IRB's Supreme Council, and its secret Military Council, the core group that began planning for a rising while war raged on the European Western Front.

On 1 August 1915 Pearse gave a graveside oration at the funeral of the Fenian Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa. He was the first republican to be filmed giving an oration.^[24] It closed with the words:

Easter Rising and death

It was Pearse who, on behalf of the IRB shortly before Easter in 1916, issued the orders to all Volunteer units throughout the country for three days of manoeuvres beginning Easter Sunday, which was the signal for a general uprising. When Eoin MacNeill, the Chief of Staff of the Volunteers, learned what was being planned without the promised arms from Germany, he countermanded the orders via newspaper, causing the IRB to issue a last-minute order to go through with the plan the following day, greatly limiting the numbers who turned out for the rising.

When the Easter Rising eventually began on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, it was Pearse who read the Proclamation of the Irish Republic from outside the General Post Office, the headquarters of the Rising. Pearse was the person most responsible for drafting the Proclamation, and he was chosen as President of the Republic.^[25] After six days of fighting, heavy civilian casualties and great destruction of property, Pearse issued the order to surrender.

Pearse and fourteen other leaders, including his brother Willie, were court-martialled and executed by firing squad. Thomas Clarke, Thomas MacDonagh and Pearse himself were the first of the rebels to be executed, on the morning of 3 May 1916. Pearse was 36 years old at the time of his death. Roger Casement, who had tried unsuccessfully to recruit an insurgent force among Irish-born prisoners of war from the Irish Brigade in Germany, was hanged in London the following August.

Writings

Pearse wrote stories and poems in both Irish and English. His best-known English poems include "The Mother", "The Fool", "The Rebel" and "The Wayfarer".^[28] He also wrote several allegorical plays in the Irish language, including The King, The Master, and The Singer. His short stories in Irish include Eoghainín na nÉan ("Eoineen of the Birds"), Íosagán ("Little Jesus"), An Gadaí ("The Thief"), Na Bóithre ("The Roads"), and An Bhean Chaointe ("The Keening Woman"). These are translated into English by Joseph Campbell (in the Collected Works of 1917).^[29] Most of his ideas on education are contained in his famous essay "The Murder Machine". He also wrote many essays on politics and language, notably "The Coming Revolution" and "Ghosts".

Pearse is closely associated with the song, "Oró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile", for which he composed additional lyrics.

Reputation

Largely as a result of a series of political pamphlets that Pearse wrote in the months leading up to the Rising, he soon became recognised as the main voice of the Rising. In the middle decades of the 20th century Pearse was idolised by Irish nationalists as the supreme idealist of their cause. With the outbreak of conflict in Northern Ireland in 1969 Pearse's legacy was used by the Provisional IRA. However, Pearse's reputation and writings have been subject to criticism by some historians, who have seen him as fanatical, psychologically unsound and ultra-religious. As Conor Cruise O'Brien, onetime Labour TD and former unionist politician, put it: "Pearse saw the Rising as a Passion Play with real blood." Others have defended Pearse, suggesting that to blame him for the violence in Northern Ireland was unhistorical and a distortion of the real spirit of his writings. Though the passion of those arguments has waned in Northern Ireland since the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, his complex personality still remains a subject of controversy for those who wish to debate the evolving meaning of Irish nationalism.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Pearse's ideas have also been seen within the context of European cultural history as a part of a rejection of "reason" by European social thinkers.^[30] Additionally, his place within Catholicism, where his orthodoxy was challenged in the early 1970s^[31] has been addressed to suggest that Pearse's theological foundations for his political ideas share in a long existing tradition in western Christianity.^[32]

Former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern described Pearse as one of his heroes and displayed a picture of Pearse over his desk in the Department of the Taoiseach.^[35]

Pearse's mother Margaret Pearse served as a TD in Dáil Éireann in the 1920s. His sister Margaret Mary Pearse also served as a TD and Senator.

In a 2006 book, psychiatrists Michael Fitzgerald and Antoinette Walker speculated that Pearse had Asperger syndrome.^[36] Pearse's apparent "sexual immaturity", and some of his behaviour, has been the subject of comment since the 1970s by historians such as Ruth Dudley Edwards, T. Ryle Dwyer and Sean Farrell Moran, who speculated that he was attracted to young boys.^[37]^[38] His most recent biographer, Joost Augusteijn, concluded that "it seems most probable that he was sexually inclined this way."^[39] Fitzgerald and Walker maintain that there is no evidence of homosexuality; they say that his apparent lack of sexual interest in women, and his "ascetic", celibate lifestyle are explained by his autism.^[36] Cultural historian Elaine Sisson has said that Pearse's interest in boys needs to be seen in the context of the time, in particular the Victorian phenomenon of the "cult of the boy".^[40]

In almost all of Pearse's portraits he struck a sideways pose, concealing his left side. This was to hide a strabismus or squint in his left eye, which he felt was an embarrassing condition.^[41]

Commemoration

Educational institutions

Cullenswood House, the Pearse family home in Ranelagh where Pádraic first founded St Enda's, today houses a primary Gaelscoil (school for education through the Irish language) called Lios na nÓg, part of a community-based effort to revive the Irish language. Crumlin (Dublin) has the Pearse College of Further Education, and there was formerly an Irish language summer school in Gaoth Dobhair called Colaiste an Phiarsaigh. In Rosmuc there is an Irish-medium vocational school, Gairmscoil na bPiarsach. The main lecture hall at the Cadet School in Ireland is named after P.H. Pearse. In September 2014, Gaelcholáiste an Phiarsaigh, a new Irish language medium secondary school, opened its doors for the first time in the former Loreto Abbey buildings, just 1 km from the Pearse Museum in St Endas Park, Rathfarnham. Today Glanmire County Cork boasts the best secondary level Irish speaking college in Ireland called Coláiste an Phiarsaigh, which was named in honour and structured around Patrick Pearse's beliefs.

Sports venues and clubs

A number of Gaelic Athletic Association clubs and playing fields in Ireland are named after Pádraic or both Pearses:

There are also soccer clubs named Pearse Celtic FC in Cork and in Ringsend, Dublin; and Liffeys Pearse FC, a south Dublin soccer club formed by the amalgamation of Liffeys Wanderers and Pearse Rangers. A Pearse Rangers schoolboy football club remains in existence in Dublin.

Other commemorations

Footnotes

1. ^{{Cite journal | last = Thornley | first = David | title = Patrick Pearse and the Pearse Family | journal = Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review | volume = 60 | issue = 239/240 | pages = 332–346 | publisher = Irish Province of the Society of Jesus | location = Dublin | date = Autumn–Winter 1971 | jstor = 30088734 | issn = 0039-3495 }}
2. ^{{Cite book | last = Miller | first = Liam | title = The noble drama of W.B. Yeats | publisher = Dolmen Press | year = 1977 | location = Dublin | page = 33 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KapbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22pearse+street%22+patrick+willie | isbn = 978-0-391-00633-1}}
3. ^{{Cite book | last = Casey | first = Christine | title = Dublin: the city within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road with the Phoenix Park | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2005 | location = New Haven and London | page = 62 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AQzYxvX_U8MC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = 978-0-300-10923-8}}
4. ^{{Cite book | last = Stevenson | first = Garth | title = Parallel paths: the development of nationalism in Ireland and Quebec | publisher = McGill-Queen's Press | year = 2006 | location = Montreal & Kingston | page = 189 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Sao_h6T4cB0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA189#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = 978-0-7735-3029-4}}
5. ^Patrick Pearse: Life. Ricorso, Bruce Stewart. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
6. ^{{Cite book |title=16 Lives: Patrick Pearse |page=17}}
7. ^"The Home Life of Padraic Pearse" Edited by Mary Brigid Pearse. Published by Mercier press Dublin and Cork.
8. ^{{Cite book | last = Walsh | first = Brendan | title = The pedagogy of protest: the educational thought and work of Patrick H. Pearse | publisher = Peter Lang | year = 2007 | location = Oxford | page = 12 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UA3fbLv1EQoC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = 978-3-03910-941-8}}
9. ^{{Cite web | last = Crowley | first = Brian | title = 'The strange thing I am': his father's son? | work = History Ireland | publisher = History Publications Ltd | year = 2009 | url = http://www.historyireland.com/volumes/volume14/issue2/news/?id=114021 | accessdate =5 December 2010}}
10. ^{{Cite book |title=16 Lives: Patrick Pearse |page=18}}
11. ^Flanagan, Frank M., "Patrick H. Pearse", The Great Educators, March 20, 1995
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/pearse.html|title=CELT: Chronology of Patrick Pearse, also known as Pádraig Pearse (Pádraig Mac Piarais)|website=ucc.ie}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://giveitsomesparkle.wordpress.com/2011/09/09/padraig-pearse-the-cart-and-an-old-song-book/|title=Padraig Pearse, the cart and an old song book|date=9 September 2011|website=Sparkle|access-date=10 April 2016}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/98115729|title=Neil McBride|date=1 October 2012|website=findagrave.com|access-date=10 April 2016}}{{Primary source inline|date=July 2018}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|last=McGill|first=P.J.|year=1966|title=Pearse Defends Niall Mac Giolla Bhride in Court of King's Bench, Dublin|journal=Donegal Annual|volume=1966|pages=83–85 (from 27 June 1905 article written by Patrick Pearse).|via=Google Books}}
16. ^¹{{Cite web|url = http://www.nli.ie/1916/pdf/4.4.pdf|title = Patrick Pearse|work = The 1916 Rising: Personalities and Perspectives|year = 2006|publisher = National Library of Ireland|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060519214523/http://www.nli.ie/1916/pdf/4.4.pdf|archivedate = 19 May 2006|df = dmy-all}}
17. ^Ruth Dudley Edwards, Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure, (1977) p. 159
18. ^{{Cite book|last=Foy|first=Michael|last2=Barton|first2=Brian|title=The Easter Rising|publisher=Sutton Publishing|year=2004|pages=7–8|isbn=0-7509-3433-6}}
19. ^¹²Seán Cronin, Our Own Red Blood, Irish Freedom Press, New York, 1966, pg.15
20. ^"Peace and the Gael", in Patrick H. Pearse, Political writings and speeches, Phoenix, Dublin, (1924) p. 216, National Library of Ireland
21. ^In a statement to the Bureau of Military History, dated 26 January 1948, Hobson claimed: "After the formation of the Irish Volunteers in October, 1913, [sic, the Volunteers were formed in November] Pádraig Pearse was sworn in by me as a member of the IRB in December of that year ... I swore him in before his departure for the States." (See: National Library of Ireland, 3.2.1 Bulmer Hobson and Denis McCullough, in The 1916 Rising: Personalities and Perspectives, p. 18. Retrieved 1 January 2008. Hobson, in his Foundation of Growth of the Irish Volunteers, 1913–1914, also states that Pearse was not a member of the IRB when the Irish Volunteers were founded in November.
22. ^Kathleen Clarke says in My Fight for Ireland's Freedom that it was "towards the end of 1913" when Tom Clarke had Pearse co-opted onto the Supreme Council of the IRB.
23. ^Eoin Neeson, Myths from Easter 1916, Aubane Historical Society, Cork, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-903497-34-0}} Pg.87
24. ^{{Cite book |title=16 Lives: Patrick Pearse |page=121}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=Patrick Pearse|url=http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/patrick-pearse|website=Century Ireland|publisher=RTÉ/Boston College|accessdate=1 March 2017}}
26. ^¹Quotations from P.H. Pearse, Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, Mercier Press, RP 1979, {{ISBN|0-85342-605-8}}
27. ^Author:Patrick Pearse – Wikisource at en.wikisource.org
28. ^{{Cite book |title=The Mercier Companion to Irish literature |author=Seán McMahon and Jo O'Donoghue |year=1998 |publisher=Mercier Press |location=Cork |isbn=1-85635-216-1 |page=183 }}
29. ^Patrick Pearse, Short Stories. Trans. Joseph Campbell. Ed. Anne Markey. Dublin, 2009
30. ^Sean Farrell Moran, "Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt Against Reason," Journal of the History of Ideas, 1989, 4.
31. ^Francis J. Shaw, S.J., "The Canon of Irish History—A Challenge," in Studies, 61, 242, 115–53
32. ^Moran, "Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology" in The Irish Terrorism Experience, eds. Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day, 1991, 9–29
33. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/a-different-profile-of-padraig-pearse-1.299409|title=A different profile of Padraig Pearse|work=The Irish Times|access-date=22 June 2018}}
34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/patrick-pearseproto-fascist-eccentric-or-mainstream-european-thinker/|title=Patrick Pearse:proto-fascist eccentric or mainstream European thinker?|date=5 March 2013|work=History Ireland|access-date=22 June 2018}}
35. ^Bertie Ahern, interviewed about Pearse on RTÉ, 9 April 2006.
36. ^¹{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/rebel-pearse-was-no-gay-blade-but-had-autistic-temperment-26410577.html |title=Rebel Pearse was no gay blade but had autistic temperment |last=Collins |first=Liam |date=9 April 2006 |accessdate=28 January 2019}}
37. ^Ruth Dudley Edwards, Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure, Victor Gollancz, 1977, pp. 52–4
38. ^Sean Farrell Moran, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FgZbzSE1kuUC&pg=PA122 Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising, 1916], 1994, p. 122.
39. ^Joost Augusteijn, Patrick Pearse: The Making of a Revolutionary, 2009, p. 62
40. ^{{cite AV media |date=2001 |title=True Lives: P.H. Pearse; Fanatic Heart |medium=television documentary |time=42:23 |location=Dublin |publisher=RTÉ}}
41. ^John Spain, "Pearse's heroic sideways pose? He did it to hide embarrassing squint", Irish Independent, 24 August 2013
42. ^[https://archive.is/20130419221529/http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/2008/interactandreviews/reviews/24jul.shtml BBC Proms] 24 July 2008
43. ^"Belfast club wrecked", Ottawa Citizen, p1, 26 May 1938
44. ^Dublin City Public Libraries {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118163235/http://dublincitypubliclibraries.com/dublin-buildings/seven-towers-ballymun |date=18 January 2013 }} history of Ballymun Towers
45. ^ Account of Gorsedd commemoration, 1999
46. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.urbanbookcircle.com/prvoslav-ldquopearserdquo-vujcic.html |publisher=Urban Book Circle |title=Prvoslav Vujcic biography |accessdate=3 March 2019 |date=16 May 2013 }}
47. ^{{cite web|title=Dublin and Kilkenny dominate Leinster Pearse medal nominations|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/gaelic-games/dublin-and-kilkenny-dominate-leinster-pearse-medal-nominations-1.2863485|website=The Irish Times|accessdate=12 November 2016}}