| 词条 | Patrone 88 |
| 释义 |
| name = Patrone 88 | image = Clip Mauser Gewehr 88.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = Five-round clip with 1888 pattern M/88 ammunition | origin = German Empire | type = Rifle | service = 1888–1918 | used_by = German Empire | wars = Boxer RebellionWorld War I | designer = German Rifle Testing Commission | design_date = 1888 | manufacturer = | production_date = 1888–present as 8×57mm I | number = | variants = 8×57mm I and 8×57mm IR (rimmed) | parent = | is_SI_specs = yes | case_type = Rimless, bottleneck | bullet = 8.09 | neck = 8.99 | shoulder = 10.95 | base = 11.94 | rim_dia = 11.95 | rim_thick = 1.30 | case_length = 57.00 | length = 82.00 | case_capacity = 4.03 | rifling = 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in) | primer = Large rifle | max_pressure = 380.00 | pressure_method = C.I.P. | filling = | filling_weight = 2.75 g (42.4 gr) | detonation = | yield = | is_SI_ballistics = yes | bwunit = gram | bw1 = 14.6 | btype1 = FMJ | vel1 = 620 | en1 = 2806 | test_barrel_length = 740 mm (29.1 in) | balsrc = }} The Patrone 88 (cartridge 88) or M/88 is a rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge. It was a first-generation smokeless propellant cartridge designed by the German Gewehr-Prüfungskommission (G.P.K.) (Rifle Testing Commission) as the then new smokeless propellant introduced as Poudre B in the 1886 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel started a military rifle ammunition revolution. The Patrone 88 cartridge was loaded with {{convert|2.75|g|gr|abbr=on}} of single-base (based on nitrocellulose) smokeless powder. The cartridge was based on a Swiss design and was loaded with a {{convert|8.08|mm|in|abbr=on}} diameter {{convert|14.6|g|gr|abbr=on}} round-nose full metal jacket bullet that was cupronickel plated and reached a muzzle velocity of {{convert|620|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}. The bullet core consisted of 95% lead and 5% antimony. It served as parent cartridge of several 8×57mm rimless and rimmed rifle cartridges. Military useThe Patrone 88 was adopted by the German Empire in 1888 as service cartridge along with the Gewehr 1888 service rifle. In the original bore the diameter of the lands was {{convert|7.90|mm|in|abbr=on}} and the diameter of the grooves was {{convert|8.10|mm|in|abbr=on}}. In 1894/1895 the bore dimensions were changed in an attempt to improve accuracy and barrel life. The diameter of the lands remained {{convert|7.90|mm|in|abbr=on}} and the diameter of the grooves was changed to {{convert|8.20|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The {{convert|8.08|mm|in|abbr=on}} diameter of the bullets the Patrone 88 was loaded with remained however unchanged and accuracy did not improve. As of 1915 the Patrone 88 bullets became tombac plated.[1][2][3] In German military service the Patrone 88 was replaced in 1904 and 1905 by the S Patrone a.k.a. 7.92×57mm Mauser. Besides the S Patrone chambering, the S Patrone bore (designated as "S-bore") was also dimensionally redesigned. The S Patrone and its new spitzer bullet provided the accuracy and barrel life improvements the German military was looking for. As the bolt thrust of the 7.92×57mm Mauser is relatively low compared to many other service rounds used in the early 20th century, many arms originally chambered for the Patrone 88 could and were adapted for chambering the S Patrone by reaming out metal from the chamber as it required a wider chamber throat to take the differently shaped and thicker brass of the new S Patrone. Civilian use and offspringCivilian rifles were also chambered for the Patrone 88. After the adoption of the 7.92×57mm Mauser by the German military, the Patrone 88 was not abandoned by civilian users like hunters. German civilian gunsmiths kept trying to improve the chambering. They took a similar engineering approach as the German military used by reducing the diameter of the lands and grooves whilst leaving the Patrone 88 cartridge case itself unchanged. These efforts solved the problems the German military had experienced with the Patrone 88 and resulted and were finalized in what is now known as the 8×57mm I chambering. In 1939 the Normalisierungsverordnung (Normalization regulation) effectively prohibited the production of non S-bore/7.92×57mm Mauser chambered arms in Nazi Germany. In post World War 2 Germany the production of the various preceding chamberings is allowed again, but these chamberings have become rare in post 1939 produced arms.[2] The rimless 8×57mm I cartridge has been used as parent case for a rimmed 8×57mm IR variant. Civilian 8×57mm I cartridge drawings and dimensionsThe cartridge has a cartridge case capacity of 4.03 ml (62 grains) H2O. 8×57mm I maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters. Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 19.1 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in), 4 grooves, Ø of the lands = {{convert|7.80|mm|in|abbr=on}}, Ø grooves = {{convert|8.07|mm|in|abbr=on}}, land width = {{convert|4.40|mm|in|abbr=on}} and the primer type is large rifle. According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the 8×57mm I can handle up to {{convert|380.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.[4] This means that 8×57mm I chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2017) proof tested at {{convert|475.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} PE piezo pressure.[4] References{{commons category|8x57 mm Patrone 88}}1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq2Dnj4sDZIC&pg=PA374&lpg=PA374&dq=patrone+88+M/88+german&source=bl&ots=scvCn8LBDQ&sig=NjEVQJXjfqEQnviGSe0rEM23F1M&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNwK6C1b_UAhUGdD4KHflcCAo4ChDoAQg0MAI#v=onepage&q=patrone%2088%20M/88%20german&f=false|title=Rifles of the World|last=Walter|first=John|date=2006-03-25|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=0896892417|language=en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Patrone 88}}2. ^1 [https://wildundhund.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/old_docs/052_057_8x57_1106.pdf 8×57mm IS cartridge portrait - Totgesagte leben länger, Wild und Hund 11/2006 {{de icon}}] 3. ^Die Patrone 7.92mm (8x57) {{de icon}} 4. ^1 C.I.P. TDCC datasheet 8 x 57 I 2 : Pistol and rifle cartridges|Military cartridges |
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