| 词条 | Losing Chess |
| 释义 |
|tright | |rd|nd| |qd|kd|bd|nd|rd |pd|bd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd | | | | | | | | | |bl| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |pl| | | |pl|pl|pl|pl| |pl|pl|pl |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl| |nl|rl |After 1.e3 b5 2.Bxb5 Bb7 (diagram) White must capture 3.Bxd7, the only legal move. Then Black must also capture, but can choose among Nxd7, Qxd7, Kxd7, or Bxg2. }} Losing Chess (also known as Antichess, the Losing Game, Giveaway Chess, Suicide Chess, Killer Chess, Must-Kill, Take-All Chess, Capture Chess or Losums) is one of the most popular chess variants.[1][2] The objective of each player is to lose all of their pieces or be stalemated, that is, a misère version. In some variations, a player may also win by checkmating or by being checkmated. The origin of the game is unknown, but believed to significantly predate an early version, named Take Me, played in the 1870s. Because of the popularity of Losing Chess, several variations have spawned. The most widely played (main variant) is described in Popular Chess Variants by D. B. Pritchard. {{algebraic notation|pos=toc}}Rules (main variant)The rules are the same as those for standard chess, except for the following special rules:
A player wins by losing all their pieces, or being stalemated. Apart from move repetition, draw by agreement, and the fifty-move rule, the game is also drawn when a win is impossible (for example, when the only pieces remaining are {{chessgloss|bishops of opposite colors}}). AnalysisBecause of the forced capture rule, Losing Chess games often involve long sequences of {{chessgloss|forced move|forced}} captures by one player. This means that a minor mistake can doom a game. Such mistakes can be made from the very first move—losing openings for White include 1.a3, 1.b4, 1.c3, 1.d3, 1.d4, 1.e4, 1.f3, 1.f4, 1.h3, 1.h4, 1.Nc3 and 1.Nf3. Some of these openings took months of computer time to solve, but wins against 1.e4, 1.d4, and 1.d3 consist of simple series of forced captures and can be played from memory by most experienced players.{{efn|Solutions by David Bronstein were published in Popular Chess Variants (2000), pp. 33–34:
This main variant of Losing Chess was weakly solved in October 2016; White is able to force a win beginning with 1.e3.{{efn|name=solve|{{cite web |last1=Watkins |first1=Mark |title=Losing Chess: 1. e3 wins for White|url=http://magma.maths.usyd.edu.au/~watkins/LOSING_CHESS/LCsolved.pdf |accessdate=29 August 2017}} - This solution is valid for both FICS and "International" rules on stalemate.}} David Pritchard, the author of The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants, wrote that the "complexity and beauty" of Losing Chess is found in its endgame. He noted that, in contrast with regular chess, Losing Chess endgames with just two pieces require considerable skill to play correctly, whereas three- or four-pieces endgames can exceed human capacity to solve precisely.{{sfnp|Pritchard|2000|p=34|ps=}} VariationsVariations regarding stalemate{{chess diagram small|tleft | | | | | | | |nd|bl | | | | | | |pl| | | | | | | | | | | | | |pd| | | | | |pd| |pl| | | | | |pl| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |White to move, but there are no legal moves. The position is stalemate. The game result depends on the variant being played. }} Implementations of the main variant can vary in regard to stalemate.[3] "International" rules are as described above, with the stalemated player winning. FICS rules resolve stalemate as a win for the player with the fewer number of pieces remaining; if both have the same number, it is a draw (the piece types are irrelevant). "Joint" FICS/International rules resolves stalemate as a draw unless it is a victory for the same player under both rulesets.{{efn|name=solve}} The stalemate in the diagram is a win for White under "International" rules, a win for Black under FICS rules, and a draw under "joint" rules. {{clear}}Variants in The Encyclopedia of Chess VariantsPritchard discusses the following variants of the game in The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants.{{sfnp|Pritchard|1994|p=176|ps=}} Variant 2Rules are the same as the main rules, except: {{unordered list|style=list-style-position:inside|Pawns promote only to queens. |Stalemate is a draw. }}Variant 3 Rules are the same as the main rules, except:
Rules are the same as variant 3, except:
Notes{{notelist|notes=}}References1. ^Pritchard (2007), p. 86 Bibliography2. ^Parlett (1999), p. 324 3. ^{{cite web |last1=Bodlaender |first1=Hans |title=Losing Chess |url=http://www.chessvariants.org/diffobjective.dir/giveaway.html |website=The Chess Variant Pages |accessdate=25 January 2016}}
|last=Parlett |first=David |authorlink=David Parlett |title=The Oxford History of Board Games |publisher=Oxford University Press Inc |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-212998-8}}
|last=Pritchard |first=D. B. |authorlink=David Pritchard (chess player) |title=The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants |publisher=Games & Puzzles Publications |chapter=Losing Chess |pages=176–79 |year=1994 |isbn=0-9524142-0-1}}
|last=Pritchard |first=D. B. |authorlink=David Pritchard (chess player) |title=Popular Chess Variants |publisher=B.T. Batsford Ltd |chapter=§7 Losing Chess |pages=32–38 |year=2000 |isbn=0-7134-8578-7}}
|last=Pritchard |first=D. B. |authorlink=David Pritchard (chess player) |editor-last=Beasley |editor-first=John |title=The Classified Encyclopedia of Chess Variants |publisher=John Beasley |chapter=§10.9 Playing to lose |pages=85–89 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-9555168-0-1}} External links
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