| 词条 | Pe'a |
| 释义 |
The Pe'a is the popular name of the traditional male tatau (tattoo) of Samoa, also known as the {{lang|sm|malofie}}, a term used in the Samoan language chiefly vocabulary and "respect" register ({{lang|sm|gagana fa'aaloalo}}).{{what|date=March 2019}} DescriptionThe Pe'a covers the body from waist to the knees. The word tattoo in the English language is believed to have originated from the Samoan word "{{lang|sm|tatau}}". The {{lang|sm|tatau}} process for the Pe'a is extremely painful,[2] and undertaken by {{lang|sm|tufuga ta tatau}} (master tattooists), using a set of handmade tools: pieces of bone, turtle shell and wood. The {{lang|sm|tufuga ta tatau}} are revered masters in Samoan society. In Samoan custom, a Pe'a is only done the traditional way, with aspects of cultural ceremony and ritual, and has a strong meaning for the one who receives it. The {{lang|sm|tufuga ta tatau}} works with two assistants, called {{lang|sm|au Koso}}, who are often apprentice tattooists and they stretch the skin, wipe the excess ink and blood and generally support the tattooist in their work. The process takes place with the subject lying on mats on the floor with the tattooist and assistants beside them. Family members of the person getting the tattoo are often in attendance at a respectful distance to provide words of encouragement, sometimes through song. The Pe'a can take less than a week to complete, or, in some cases, years. The ink colour is black. The tattoo starts on the back and finishes on the belly button. Overall, the design is symmetrical with a pattern consisting mainly of straight lines and larger blocks of dark cover, usually around the thighs. Some art experts have made a comparison between the distinctive Samoan tattoo patterns to other artforms including designs on tapa cloth and Lapita pottery.[3] Traditional Samoan tattooing of the Pe'a, body tattoo, is an ordeal that is not lightly undergone. It can take many weeks to complete, is very painful and used to be a necessary prerequisite to receiving a {{lang|sm|Fa%27amatai|matai}} title; this however is no longer the case. Tattooing was also a very costly procedure, the tattooer receiving in the region of 700 fine mats as payment. It was not uncommon for half a dozen boys to be tattooed at the same time, requiring the services of four or more tattooers. It was not just the men who received tattoos, but the women too, although their designs are of a much lighter nature, resembling a filigree rather than having the large areas of solid dye which are frequently seen in men's tattoos. Nor was the tattooing of women as ritualised as that of the men.[4] LamaBetter known by its Hawai{{okina}}ian name, {{lang|haw|kukui}}, the oily kernel of the husked candlenut, known in Samoan as {{lang|sm|tuitui}} or {{lang|sm|lama}}, is burned and the black soot collected is used as the color base for the traditional ink used in Samoan tattooing. The modern {{lang|sm|tufuga}} artists utilize commercially produced inks that comply with international tattoo regulations and local health safety codes. Societal significanceSamoan males with a Pe'a are called {{lang|sm|Soga'imiti}} and are respected for their courage. Untattooed Samoan males are colloquially referred to as {{lang|sm|telefua}} or {{lang|sm|telenoa}}, literally "naked". Those who begin the tattooing ordeal but do not complete it due to the pain, or more rarely the inability to adequately pay the tattooist, are called {{lang|sm|Pe'a mutu}}, a mark of shame.[5] The traditional female tattoo in Samoa is the Malu. In Samoan society, the Pe'a and the Malu are viewed with cultural pride and identity as well as a hallmark of manhood and womanhood. '{{lang|sm|Tatau}} is an ancient Polynesian art form which is associated with the rites of passage for men. Pe'a is also the Samoan word for the flying fox (fruit bat, Pteropus samoensis), and there are many Polynesian myths, proverbs and legends associated with this winged creature.[6] One legend from the island of Savai'i is about Nafanua, Samoa's goddess of war, rescued by flying foxes when she was stranded on an inhospitable island.[7] OriginsIn Polynesia, the origins of tattoo is varied. Samoa credit Fiti as the source of the {{lang|sm|tatau}}, the Fijians credit the Samoans, and the Māori of New Zealand credit the underworld.[8] In Samoan mythology, the origin of the {{lang|sm|tatau}} in Samoa is told in a myth about twin sisters Tilafaiga and Taema who swam from Fiti (as in Fitiuta, Manu'a) to Samoa with a basket of tattoo tools. As they swam they sang a song which said only women get tattooed. But as they neared the village of Falealupo on the island of Savai'i, they saw a clam underwater and dived down to get it. When they emerged, their song had changed, the lyrics now saying that only men get the tattoo and not women. This song is known in Samoa as the {{lang|sm|Pese o le Pe'a}} or {{lang|sm|Pese o le Tatau}}.[9] The word {{lang|sm|tatau}} has many meanings in Samoa. {{lang|sm|Tā}} means to strike, and in the case of tattooing, the tap tap sound of the tattooist's wooden tools. {{lang|sm|Tau}} means to reach an end, a conclusion, as well as war or battle. {{lang|sm|Tatau}} also means rightness or balance. It also means to wring moisture from something, like wet cloth, or in the case of the pe'a process, the ink from the skin. {{lang|sm|Tata}} means to strike repeatedly or perform a rhythm. For example, {{lang|sm|tātā le ukulele}} means 'play the ukulele.' ImplementsThe tools of the {{lang|sm|tufuga ta tatau}} comprise a set of serrated bone combs ({{lang|sm|au}}), which were lashed to small tortoise shell fragments which were in turn lashed to a short wooden handle; a tapping mallet ({{lang|sm|sausau}}) for driving the combs into the skin; coconut shell cups ({{lang|sm|ipuniu}}) to mix and store the tattooing ink ("lama") made from burnt candlenut soot; and lengths of tapa cloth ("solo") used to wipe blood and clean tools.[1] The tools are traditionally stored in a cylindrical wooden container called "tunuma" which are lined with tapa cloth and designed to hold the 'au vertically with the delicate combs facing the center of the cylinder to prevent damage. The "sausau" mallet was shaped from a length of hardwood approximately as long as the forearm and about the diameter of the thumb. Various sizes of "au" combs were painstakingly fashioned by filing sections of boar tusk with tiny abrasive files knapped from volcanic flint, chert, and/or basalt rock.[11] The smallest combs, used to make dots ("tala"), are aptly called 'au fa'atala, or 'au mono. Single lines of varying widths were tapped with various sizes of 'au sogi, while the solid blocks of tattooing were accomplished with the 'au tapulu. Tattooing GuildThe prestigious role of master tattooist ({{lang|sm|tufuga ta tatau}}) has been maintained through hereditary titles within two Samoan clans, the Sa Su'a (matai) family from Savai'i and the Sa Tulou'ena {{lang|sm|matai}} family of Upolu.[12] In ancient times the masters were elevated to high social status, wealth, and legendary prestige due to their crucial roles in Samoan society. It is known that Samoan {{lang|sm|tufuga}} also performed tattooing for Tongan and Fijian paramount chiefly families. The late Sua Sulu'ape Paulo II was a well-known master whose life and work features in the photography of New Zealander Mark Adams. His brother Su'a Suluape Petelo, who lives and carries out Samoan tattooing at Faleasi'u village in Upolu, is one of the most respected master tattooists today. Masters from these {{lang|sm|{{okina}}aiga}} (families), were designated in their youth and underwent extensive apprenticeships in the role of {{lang|sm|solo}} and tattooist assistants for many years, under their elder {{lang|sm|tufuga}}. The traditional art of tattoo in Samoa was suppressed with the arrival of English missionaries and Christianity in the 1830s.[13] However, it was perpetuated throughout the colonial era and was continually practiced in its intact form into the modern age.[14] This was not the case, however, in the other Polynesian islands, and the master tattooists of the Su'a Sulu'ape family have been instrumental in the revival of traditional tattooing in French Polynesia, Tonga, New Zealand, the Cook Islands, and Hawaii, where a new generation of Pacific tattooists have learned the Samoan techniques and protocols. In popular cultureAn early documentation of the pe'a on film is seen in Moana (1926), directed by American Robert J. Flaherty and filmed in Safune on the island of Savai'i. The film shows the young hero Moana receiving pe'a. The pe'a is featured in the 2007 horror film The Tattooist. The Disney animated film Moana (2016) shows a young man receiving his first pe'a. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson has a partial pe'a on his left arm. His grandfather, Peter Maivia, also had a pe'a on his lower body. Non-Samoans and the Pe'aIt is extremely rare for non-Samoans to receive the {{lang|sm|pe'a}} or the {{lang|sm|malu}}. Tongan nobility of the Tu'i Kanokupolu dynasty established the practice of pe'a tattooing among Tongan aristocracy in the pre-contact era. There are stories of Tongan royalty, Tu'i Tonga Fatafehi Fakauakimanuka and King George Tupou I of Tonga, traveling to Samoa to undergo the ritual under Samoan {{lang|sm|tufuga ta tatau}}. European beachcombers and runaway sailors were the first non-Polynesians to receive the pe'a during the early 1800s; among the earliest non-Polynesians to receive the pe'a was an American named Mickey Knight, as well as a handful of Europeans and Americans who had jumped ship, were abandoned, or visited Samoa.[15] During the colonial era when Samoa fell under German rule, several Europeans underwent the pe'a ritual, including Englishman Arthur Pink, Erich Schultz (the last German governor of Samoa), and a number of German colonial officials.[16][17][15] In more recent times, many {{lang|sm|afakasi}} (half Samoans) and other non-Samoan men have become {{lang|sm|soga'imiti}}, including Noel Messer, FuneFe'ai Carl Cooke, Rene Persoons and artist Tony Fomison, (1939–1990), one of New Zealand's foremost painters, who received a {{lang|sm|pe'a}} in 1979. It is also known that several women, such as Karina Persoons, received a malu from {{lang|sm|tufuga}} Su'a Sulu'ape Petelo.[19] Lyrics Pese o le Tatau songIt is known that the last verse was written in modern times, as it does not match the orthography of the first verses. Oral tradition maintains that this song is derived from a pre-colonial chant. {{col-begin|width=585px}}{{col-break|width=40%}}Samoan language{{lang|sm|O le mafuaaga lenei ua iloaO le taaga o le tatau i Samoa O le malaga a teine to'alua Na feausi mai Fiti le vasa loloa Na la aumai ai o le atoau ma sia la pese e tutumau Fai mai e tata o fafine Ae le tata o tane A o le ala ua tata ai tane Ina ua sese sia la pese Taunuu i gatai o Falealupo Ua vaaia loa o se faisua ua tele Totofu loa lava o fafine Ma ua sui ai sia la pese Fai mai e tata o tane Ae le tata o fafine Talofa i si tama ua taatia O le tufuga lea ua amatalia Talofa ua tagi aueue Ua oti'otisolo le au tapulutele Sole Sole, ai loto tele O le taaloga a tama tane E ui lava ina tiga tele Ae mulimuli ana ua a fefete O atu motu uma o le Pasefika Ua sili Samoa le ta'taua O le soga'imiti ua savalivali mai Ua fepulafi mai ana faaila Aso faaifo, faamulialiao Faaatualoa, selu faalaufao O le sigano faapea faaulutao Ua ova i le vasalaolao}} {{col-break|width=50%}}English languageThis is the known origin Of the tattooing of the tatau in Samoa A journey by two maidens Who swam from Fiji across the open sea They brought the tattooing kit And recited their unchanging chant That said women were to be tattooed But men were not to be tattooed Thus the reason why men are now tattooed Is because of the confusion of the maidens' chant Arriving at the coast of Falealupo They spotted a giant clam As the maidens dived Their chant was reversed To say that men were to be tattooed And not women Pity the youth now lying While the tufuga starts Alas he is crying loudly As the tattooing tool cuts all over Young fellow, young fellow, be brave This is the sport of male heirs Despite the enormous pain Afterwards you will swell with pride Of all the countries in the Pacific Samoa is the most famous The sogaimiti walking towards you With his fa'aila glistening Curved lines, motifs like ali Like centipedes, combs like wild bananas Like sigano and spearheads The greatest in the whole world! {{col-end}}References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://tattoozza.com/samoan-tattoos|title=Traditional Samoan tattoos - TattoozZa|website=tattoozza.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-27}} [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/samoans/3/1/1 |title=Pe‘a tattooing – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |date=2012-09-21 |accessdate=2013-08-19}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9qre3FXC-4C&dq=Samoan+tattoo+Lapita+tapa+patterns&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Pacific Tapa|first=Roger Neich|last=Mick Prendergrast|page=9|year=2004|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-2929-8|accessdate=25 April 2010}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.samoa.co.uk/tattoos.html |title=Tattoos |publisher=Samoa|accessdate=2013-08-19}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjPYQtxY3sgC&pg=PA213&dq=tatau+pe'a&lr=#v=onepage&q=tatau%20pe'a&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of body adornment, Part 46|last=DeMello|first=Margo|page=213}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5uMnqE9fZQC&pg=PA402&dq=tatau+pe'a#v=onepage&q=tatau%20pe'a&f=false|title=Inside out: literature, cultural politics, and identity in the new Pacific|last=Vilsoni Hereniko|first=Rob Wilson|page=402}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0ljHimkYOgC&pg=PA155&dq=tatau+pe'a#v=onepage&q=tatau%20pe'a&f=false|title=Facing the Pacific: Polynesia and the U.S. imperial imagination|first=Jeffrey|last=Geiger|page=155}} 8. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YaWiE6prLwC&pg=PA23&dq=master+tattooist+tufuga&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false|title=Tattooing the world: Pacific designs in print & skin|first=Juniper|last=Ellis|page=25}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3E9g0AvfO4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=Samoa+tattoo+song&source=bl&ots=Dw6d60pGfh&sig=XvZ3LZ6VX3-vQMD56ZbYx4isGQ8&hl=en&ei=u7HNSq6jM5SEMrGPtJED&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7#v=onepage&q=Samoa%20tattoo%20song&f=false|title=Penina uliuli:Contemporary challenges in mental health for Pacific peoples|authors=Philip Culbertson, Margaret Nelson Agee, Cabrini 'Ofa Makasiale|page=32}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|title=Samoan Material Culture|last=Hīroa|first=Te Rangi|page=637}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nzepc.auckland.ac.nz/authors/wendt/tatauing.asp |title=NZEPC - Albert Wendt - Tatauing the Post - Colonial Body |publisher=Nzepc.auckland.ac.nz |date= |accessdate=2013-08-19}} 12. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTTEgTu03GUC&pg=PA233&lpg=PA233&dq=pe'a+tattoo&source=bl&ots=C9AlR2_Fd9&sig=9N-KWRh6Bb3rdTfMxqvov3_F-kY&hl=en&ei=6rPhSveGMonWtgPW54W2Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CA8Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=pe'a&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of body adornment|last=DeMello|first=Margo|page=234}} 13. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YaWiE6prLwC&pg=PA23&dq=tatau+Samoa+christianity#v=onepage&q=tatau%20Samoa%20christianity&f=false|title=Tattooing the world:Pacific Designs in Print and Skin|first=Juniper|last=Ellis|page=23}} 14. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Samoan Art and Artists|last=Mallon|first=Sean|page=111}} 15. ^1 {{cite book|title=Sailor and Beachcomber|year=1915|author=Arnold Safroni-Middleton}} 16. ^1 {{cite book|title=An Enduring Legacy - The German Influence in Samoan Culture and History|last=Retzlaff|first=Misa Telefoni}} 17. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Skrine|first1=Amy|title= Mark Adams' Pe'a Exhibition and Tattoo| journal = Graduate Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies|volume=4|issue=2|pages=95–98}} }} External links{{Commons category|Tattoos in Polynesia}}
Bibliography
5 : Polynesian tattooing|Tattooing traditions|Samoan culture|Samoan words and phrases|Tattoo designs |
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